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PubMed1976

An intraluminal transducer/telemetry system for oviductal motility studies.

A method for measurement of changes in lumen diameter of the oviduct has been developed. Miniature intraluminal "doughnut-shaped" transducers, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter, constructed from conductive silicone rubber are implanted in the rabbit isthmus and respond to localized changes--increases or decreases--in lumen diameter. Multiple transducer implants in the same tube permit rate as well as direction of contractions to be determined. A custom-designed, micropower dual-channel telemetry system was fabricated to record motility from unrestrained animals. Typical data collected using this system to determine the effects of induced ovulation on instantaneous changes in lumen diameter are presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by soluble EphB4.

EphB receptors and their ephrinB ligands play a key role in the formation of a regular vascular system. Recent studies have also shown the involvement of Eph/ephrin interactions in malignant tumor progression and angiogenesis. We have generated soluble monomeric EphB4 (sEphB4)-expressing A375 melanoma cells to study the effect of dominant negatively acting sEphB4 on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Soluble EphB4-expressing A375 tumors grown subcutaneously in nude mice show dramatically reduced tumor growth compared to control tumors. The proliferative capacity of sEphB4-expressing cells in monolayer culture is not altered. Yet, sEphB4-expressing A375 cells cannot establish proper cell-cell contacts in three-dimensional spheroids. However, sEphB4 transfectants have reduced proliferation and apoptosis rates when grown in three-dimensional culture in vitro or in subcutaneous tumors in vivo. Analysis of the vascular phenotype of the tumors revealed a reduction of intratumoral microvessel density in sEphB4-expressing tumors. Corresponding to these mouse experiments, a matched pair analysis of EphB4 and ephrinB2 expression in human colon carcinomas revealed significantly upregulated levels of EphB4 expression compared to adjacent normal tissue. Taken together, the data identify dual effects of sEphB4 on the tumor and the vascular compartment that collectively inhibit tumor growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reliability and changes in validity of self-reported cardiovascular disease risk factors using dual response: the behavioral risk factor survey.

The authors previously studied the validity of self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors assessed by telephone surveys, and found the validity low, especially for self-reported hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. One way to improve validity is to combine repeated measurements (dual response) into a single measure. The authors explored this and the reliability of self-reported CVD data collected by the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey in three New York counties from January 1989 to May 1990. Nine hundred and eleven subjects were interviewed by telephone to collect CVD risk factor and health behavior information. Interviewees were offered physical examination and laboratory testing to verify self-reported CVD risk factors; 628 participated. Subjects were also reinterviewed to assess the test-retest reliability of the survey, and to study how validity of self-reported CVD data changes by dual response. Reliability coefficients for CVD risk factors, preventive health practices, and knowledge of risk factor levels ranged from 0.42 to 0.99. Minimal improvement in sensitivity of self-reported risk factors was found using dual response, and it did not improve specificity. Also, for prevalence of risk factors, dual response minimally improved self-reported rates compared to objective estimates. Combining self-reported measurements causes minimal changes in the validity of these variables. Physiological assessment for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, or correction for misclassification, is needed for valid individual measurement and for community prevalence estimates from telephone surveys. Self-reported cigarette smoking, obesity, and diabetes mellitus have better validity, but physiological assessment or correction for misclassification may supplement these self-reported risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults.

This paper describes data on bone mineral levels in the proximal femur of US adults based on the nationally representative sample examined during both phases of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-94), and updates data previously presented from phase 1 only. The data were collected from 14,646 men and women aged 20 years and older using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and included bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and area of bone scanned in four selected regions of interest (ROI) in the proximal femur: femur neck, trochanter, intertrochanter and total. These variables are provided separately by age and sex for non-Hispanic whites (NHW), non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) and Mexican Americans (MA). NHW in the southern United States had slightly lower BMD levels than NHW in other US regions, but these differences were not sufficiently large to prevent pooling of the data. The updated data provide valuable reference data on femur bone mineral levels of noninstitutionalized adults. The updated data on BMD for the total femur ROI of NHW have been selected as the reference database for femur standardization efforts by the International Committee on Standards in Bone Measurements.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Bone mineral density changes in young women: a two year study.

Achievement of a high peak bone mass is considered a pivotal preventive strategy against future osteoporotic fractures. The ostensible interaction between physiology and lifestylefor the development of bone mass over time is sparsely outlined among young women. The aim of this study was to follow bone density and bone resorption over time among healthy young women in relation to lifestyle factors and to evaluate the perceived influence of other factors. Data were collected in 1999 and in 2001. Healthy young women (n=152) were given a structured questionnaire, a heel bone scanner (dual X-ray absorptiometry) performed bone mineral density measurements and deoxypyridinoline was measured in urine. Data were analyzed by linear, multiple and logistic regression analysis. Mean bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.562 g/cm2 (+/-0.090). Bone density at baseline was the best predictorfor the bone density atfollow-up. Bone density at baseline together with smoking and alcohol (dichotomized) accounted for 86.5% of the variation in bone density 2 years later. Of the participants 62% had decreased/unchanged bone density and 38% had increased their bone density from 1999 to 2001. Use of oral contraceptives or alcohol at baseline was associated with an increased risk of belonging to the group who decreased their bone density. Deoxypyridinoline was not a strongpredictor to bone density and all potential predictors of deoxypyridinoline had a minor influence (<10%). In conclusion, lifestyle behaviors such as use of oral contraceptives, smoking and alcohol consumption seem to have a negative influence on BMD development among young women and warrant further scrutiny.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Factors affecting engagement of dual diagnosis patients in outpatient treatment.

This study examined factors associated with engagement in outpatient treatment of patients with dual diagnoses of psychiatric disorder and substance use disorder. The charts of all 57 patients referred to a dual diagnosis treatment program during a six-month period were reviewed, and data on patients' substance use diagnosis, psychiatric diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, and referral source were collected. Patients referred from inpatient treatment were more likely to attend three or more appointments at the dual diagnosis program than those referred from outpatient treatment. Substance of abuse interacted with both referral source and sex in predicting engagement.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral fractures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: We studied 107 SLE patients. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine and BMD measurements by dual x-ray absorptiometry were performed. Vertebral deformities were scored according to the method of Genant et al: fractures were defined as a reduction of > or = 20% of the vertebral body height. Osteoporosis was defined as a T score less than -2.5 SD and osteopenia as a T score less than -1.0 SD in at least 1 region of measurement. RESULTS: Osteopenia was present in 39% of the patients and osteoporosis in 4% (93% female; mean age 41.1 years). In multiple regression analysis, low BMD in the spine was associated with a low body mass index (BMI), postmenopausal status, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. Low BMD in the hip was associated with low BMI and postmenopausal status. At least 1 vertebral fracture was detected in 20% of the patients. Vertebral fractures were associated with ever use of intravenous methylprednisolone and male sex. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for low BMD in SLE patients are low BMI, postmenopausal status, and vitamin D deficiency. While osteoporosis defined as a low T score was found in only 4% of the patients, osteoporotic vertebral fractures were detected in 20%. The high prevalence of low BMD and vertebral fractures implies that more attention must be paid to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and fractures in SLE.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

Marital adjustment and child conduct problems: a comparison of the correlation across subsamples.

This research examines differences in the magnitude of the correlation between marital adjustment and child conduct problems across four pairs of subsamples: (a) families with boys versus families with girls, (b) families of clinic-referred children versus families of nonclinic children, (c) families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) versus families of higher SES, and (d) overcrowded families versus families with an adequate number of rooms in the home. This report is based on a secondary analysis of data from a nationwide sample of 1,107 dual-parent families with a child between 6 and 12 years of age. Data were collected both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Results indicate that the correlation between parents' reports of marital adjustment and child conduct problems is significantly stronger in families of clinic-referred children compared with families of nonclinic children and in families of lower SES compared with families of higher SES.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of linkage between height and weight and age at menarche during the secular shift in growth of Japanese children.

During the past century, Japanese children have shown a most dramatic secular trend toward earlier menarche and accelerated tempo of growth. In order to assess the inter-relationship between these dual secular trends, we analysed the data on height and weight measurements of Japanese children, collected by the Japanese Ministry of Education in the years from 1900 through 1986, with reference to various retrospective studies on the age of menarche among Japanese. Between 1950 and 1983, both the mean height and weight at menarche varied significantly but percentage of the mean height achieved at menarcheal age, as compared with the mature height, remained relatively stable at approximately 95%. The results indicate that the secular trend toward earlier menarche reflects largely, if not solely, the secular change in tempo of physical growth in Japanese children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gender differences in criminality: bipolar disorder with co-occurring substance abuse.

Outpatient interviews to collect criminal history data were conducted with 55 women and 77 men who had the dual diagnosis of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder with co-morbid substance abuse disorders (DD-RCBD), to ascertain gender-related similarities and differences. Fifty-three percent of women and 79 percent of men reported that they had been charged with a crime, and nearly half of those charged had been incarcerated. Men with DD-RCBD were more likely to have committed a felony and had a trend of committing more misdemeanors. Although women with DD-RCBD were less likely to have a criminal history than their male counterparts, they were far more likely to have a criminal history than were women in the general population. Implications from this pilot study include the need for earlier identification of bipolar disorder and for the increased availability of psychiatric and substance abuse services within correctional facilities.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of offenders with mental illness only and offenders with dual diagnoses.

OBJECTIVE: The study compared offenders who had severe mental illness only and offenders who had severe mental illness and substance abuse problems-dual diagnoses-to determine whether these groups differed. Offenders with dual diagnoses who were involved with the criminal justice system at different levels were compared to explore their profiles and experiences after release. METHODS: Secondary data collected on offenders who had diagnoses of severe mental illness and of substance abuse in Massachusetts were used to examine sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and criminal justice characteristics, service needs, and community reentry experiences in the first three months postrelease of 265 offenders with major mental illness and 436 with dual diagnoses. RESULTS: Offenders with dual diagnoses were more likely to be female and to have a history of being on probation and of using mental health services. On release from correctional custody, they had more immediate service needs than offenders with mental illness alone, including a need for housing and sex offender treatment, and they were more likely to require an assessment for dangerousness. They were also more likely to return to correctional custody. CONCLUSIONS: The data do not suggest that offenders with dual diagnoses have a distinct clinical background, but rather that substance abuse is an important feature that affects their real or perceived level of functioning, engagement with the criminal justice system, and dependence on social service institutions in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dual SAW sensor technique for determining mass and modulus changes.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, which are sensitive to a variety of surface changes, have been widely used for chemical and physical sensing. The ability to control or compensate for the many surface forces has been instrumental in collecting valid data. In cases in which it is not possible to neglect certain effects, such as frequency drift with temperature, methods such as the "dual sensor" technique have been utilized. This paper describes a novel use of a dual sensor technique, using two sensor materials (quartz and GaAs) to separate out the contributions of mass and modulus of the frequency change during gas adsorption experiments. The large modulus change in the film calculated using this technique and predicted by the Gassmann equation provide a greater understanding of the challenges of SAW sensing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Worldwide clinical experience with a new dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator system.

INTRODUCTION: Management of atrial tachyarrhythmias represents a significant challenge in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Drug therapy of these arrhythmias is limited by moderate efficacy, ventricular proarrhythmia, and drug-device interactions. This study tested the safety and efficacy of a new dual-chamber ICD to detect and treat atrial as well as ventricular tachyarrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: A dual-chamber ICD (Medtronic 7250 Jewel AF) was implanted in 293 of 303 patients at 49 centers in Europe, Canada, and North America. Specific data were collected at implant and during a mean follow-up period of 7.9+/-4.7 months. There were no clinically evident failures to detect and treat ventricular arrhythmias. In patients with at least one of the dual-chamber detection criteria activated, 1,056 of 1,192 episodes of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation detected were judged to be appropriate (89% positive predictive accuracy). Therapy efficacy was 100% in the ventricular fibrillation zone and 98% in the ventricular tachycardia zone. Positive predictive accuracy for detection of atrial episodes was 95% (1,052/1,107). For episodes classified as atrial tachycardia by the device, the efficacy of atrial antitachycardia pacing and high-frequency (50-Hz) burst pacing was 55% and 17%, respectively. High-frequency burst pacing terminated 16.8% of episodes classified as atrial fibrillation, and atrial defibrillation had an estimated efficacy of 76%. The actuarial estimates of 6-month complication-free survival and total survival were 88% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This novel dual-chamber ICD is capable of safely and effectively discriminating atrial from ventricular tachyarrhythmias and of treating atrial tachyarrhythmias without compromising detection and treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

A single laser flow cytometry method to evaluate the binding of three antibodies.

Here we describe a flow cytometry method which permits the collection of data regarding three staining parameters of a single cell from a suitable combination of dual parameter stainings using PE- and FITC-labelled mAbs and a single argon laser. The technique neither requires a third dye with non-overlapping emission spectra nor a second light source. In order to test the accuracy of this method, we compared data calculated using this triple parameter analysis with data obtained by double staining a presorted population homogeneously positive for one parameter. In experiments using either resting or in vitro activated T cells, the percentages obtained with both methods were identical (P greater than 0.05). Using this method we tested which T cell sub-subpopulation is responsible for the weak CD25 (IL-2R alpha) expression constantly associated with freshly isolated human T cells and concluded that it is predominantly expressed on the CD4+ CD45RO+ (CD4 positive memory) T cell subpopulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Bone mineral density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception on bone mineral density in reproductive-age women. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional comparison of bone mineral density levels in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and in women of similar age not using this method. The study recruited 457 nonpregnant women aged 18-39 years who were enrollees of a Washington state health maintenance organization. One hundred eighty-three women were receiving injections and 274 were not. Bone mineral density at several anatomic sites (spine, femoral neck, greater trochanter, and whole body) was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Data on other factors potentially related to bone density were collected through questionnaire and examination. RESULTS: Overall, age-adjusted mean bone density levels were lower for users of this method than for nonusers at all anatomic sites: The mean difference was 2.5% for the spine (P = .03) and 2.2% for the femoral neck (P = .12). Exposure to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate continued to be significantly (P < .01) associated with decreased bone density at the femoral neck, spine, and trochanter after multivariate adjustment for other risk factors related to bone density. Age-specific comparisons indicated that the major differences in bone density between users and nonusers occurred in the youngest age group (women 18-21 years); the mean femoral neck bone density was 10.5% lower (P < .01) for the exposed women, and differences were consistent (P < .01) across all anatomic sites. We also noted a significant dose-response relation between longer use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and decreased bone density levels in this age group (P < .01 for all sites). CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that contraception with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, particularly long-term use, may adversely affect bone mineral density levels in young women aged 18-21 years. The implications for future bone health need further study.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Body cell mass: model development and validation at the cellular level of body composition.

Existing models to estimate the metabolically active body cell mass (BCM) component in vivo remain incompletely developed. The classic Moore model is based on an assumed BCM potassium content of 120 mmol/kg. Our objectives were to develop an improved total body potassium (TBK)-independent BCM prediction model on the basis of an earlier model (Cohn SH, Vaswani AN, Yasumura S, Yuen K, and Ellis KJ. J Lab Clin Med 105: 305-311, 1985), to apply this improved model in subjects to explore the sex and age dependence of the TBK/BCM ratio, to develop a new TBK/BCM model on the basis of physiological associations between TBK and total body water (TBW) at the cellular level of body composition, and to fit this new model with available reference data. Subjects were 112 healthy adults who had the following components measured: TBW by 2H2O or 3H2O, extracellular water by NaBr, total body nitrogen by in vivo neutron activation, bone mineral by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and TBK by whole body counting. Human reference data were collected from earlier published reports. The improved Cohn model-derived TBK/BCM ratio was (mean +/- SD) 109.0 +/- 10.9 mmol/kg and was not significantly related to sex and age. A simplified version of the new TBK-TBW model provided a TBK/BCM ratio almost identical (109.1 mmol/kg) to that derived by the improved Cohn model. The TBK-BCM prediction formula derived from the improved and new models [BCM (kg) = 1/109 x TBK (mmol); or BCM = 0.0092 x TBK] gives BCM estimates approximately 11% higher than the classic Moore model (BCM = 0.0083 x TBK) formulated on rough tissue composition estimates. The present analyses provide a physiologically based, improved, and validated TBK-BCM prediction formula that should prove useful in body composition and metabolism research.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Key virulence factors responsible for differences in pathogenicity between clinically proven live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine SA14-14-2 and its pre-attenuated highly virulent parent SA14.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neuroinvasive and neurovirulent orthoflavivirus, can be prevented in humans with the SA14-14-2 vaccine, a live-attenuated version derived from the wild-type SA14 strain. To determine the viral factors responsible for the differences in pathogenicity between SA14 and SA14-14-2, we initially established a reverse genetics system that includes a pair of full-length infectious cDNAs for both strains. Using this cDNA pair, we then systematically exchanged genomic regions between SA14 and SA14-14-2 to generate 20 chimeric viruses and evaluated their replication capability in cell culture and their pathogenic potential in mice. Our findings revealed the following: (i) The single envelope (E) protein of SA14-14-2, which contains nine mutations (eight in the ectodomain and one in the stem region), is both necessary and sufficient to render SA14 non-neuroinvasive and non-neurovirulent. (ii) Conversely, the E protein of SA14 alone is necessary for SA14-14-2 to become highly neurovirulent, but it is not sufficient to make it highly neuroinvasive. (iii) The limited neuroinvasiveness of an SA14-14-2 derivative that contains the E gene of SA14 significantly increases (approaching that of the wild-type strain) when two viral nonstructural proteins are replaced by their counterparts from SA14: (a) NS1/1', which has four mutations on the external surface of the core &#x3b2;-ladder domain; and (b) NS2A, which has two mutations in the N-terminal region, including two non-transmembrane &#x3b1;-helices. In line with their roles in viral pathogenicity, the E, NS1/1', and NS2A genes all contribute to the enhanced spread of the virus in cell culture. Collectively, our data reveal for the first time that the E protein of JEV has a dual function: It is the master regulator of viral neurovirulence and also the primary initiator of viral neuroinvasion. After the initial E-mediated neuroinvasion, the NS1/1' and NS2A proteins act as secondary promoters, further amplifying viral neuroinvasiveness.

Animals↗