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PubMed2004

Stability of adenosine deaminase during transportation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Measurement of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels is useful in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions. However, at ambient temperatures, the levels of this enzyme decline with time. The purpose of the present study was to identify, test, and optimize additives that stabilize ADA, consequently eliminating the need for dry ice or other cold specimen transport media. DESIGN: A preliminary screen of historically proven stabilizing agents for specific proteins demonstrated effectiveness of glycerol for maintenance of pleural fluid ADA levels. Systematic studies for exploitation of the glycerol effect included the following: (1) supplements to the glycerol of promising alternate compounds, (2) long-term stability studies at ambient and elevated temperatures, (3) a field test of an effective mixture as a means for reduction of specimen transport costs, (4) thermal stability studies for optimization of the agents for use at otherwise denaturing temperatures, and (5) inclusion of pleural fluids from patients with a variety of etiologies, including tuberculous pleurisy, in order to gauge the effectiveness of the stabilizing agents on both the high and low molecular weight forms of ADA. RESULTS: A mixture of glycerol and ethylene glycol, each at 5% concentration, maintained pleural fluid ADA levels for at least 21 days at both room temperatures and 37 degrees C. A field test of 32 pleural fluids found that ADA levels in specimens containing this mixture, sent to the laboratory by surface mail at ambient temperatures, were nearly identical to those in aliquots of the same fluids shipped over dry ice. The bias in the measurement was 0.49 IU/L, with a precision of 2.49 IU/L. The correlation coefficient between the two measurements was 0.97. Thermal stability studies found that tuberculous pleural fluids containing 10% glycerol and 0.10 mol/L sodium sulfate maintained constant ADA levels for at least 10 days at 45 degrees C, an otherwise denaturing temperature for nonstabilized specimens. CONCLUSION: The addition of stabilizing agents to pleural fluid specimens allows the transport of those specimens to distant laboratories at ambient temperatures without a decline in the ADA levels. Employment of those agents will decrease the cost of the test and facilitate its use in second- and third-world countries.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1990

Transport of viral specimens.

The diagnosis of viral infections by culture relies on the collection of proper specimens, proper care to protect the virus in the specimens from environmental damage, and use of an adequate transport system to maintain virus activity. Collection of specimens with swabs that are toxic to either virus or cell culture should be avoided. A variety of transport media have been formulated, beginning with early bacteriological transport media. Certain swab-tube combinations have proven to be both effective and convenient. Of the liquid transport media, sucrose-based and broth-based media appear to be the most widely accepted and used. Studies on virus stability show that most viruses tested are sufficiently stable in transport media to withstand a transport time of 1 to 3 days. Some viruses may withstand longer transport times. In many cases, it is not necessary to store virus specimens in a refrigerator or send them to the laboratory on wet ice or frozen on dry ice. However, the specimen should not be exposed to environmental extremes. Modern viral transport media allow for more effective use of viral culture and culture enhancement techniques for the diagnosis of human viral infections.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1986

Survival of indigenous enteric viruses during storage of waste water sludge samples.

The stability of indigenous enteric viruses in samples of settled primary and mixed-liquor activated sludges was studied at 2, 23, and -70 degrees C. Changes of virus titer which occurred in these samples were followed during an 84-day observation period, with rates of change then calculated by least-squares regression. Virus survival was found to be statistically dependent (p less than or equal to 0.05) upon storage temperature but not sludge solids content. Based upon the observed rates of inactivation, the average times which would be required for a 90% decrease in virus titer are 26 days at 23 degrees C, 180 days at 2 degrees C, and 163 days at -70 degrees C. As a group, the rates of virus inactivation observed at 2 degrees C were statistically different (p less than or equal to 0.05) from those observed at 23 degrees C, but not different from those observed at -70 degrees C. The three study temperatures were selected to approximate holding of samples in an air-conditioned room, on wet ice (H2O), and on dry ice (CO2).

Enterovirus↗
PubMed1980

A small tissue sample, rapid freeze-drying method for monoamine histochemistry.

A simple technique, and an inexpensive, easily assembled freeze-drying apparatus is described. This system rapidly dries small tissue samples to give good reproducible results in preparation for the histochemical visualization of monoamines, by utilization of liquid nitrogen and dry ice sublimation under vacuum.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1999

Comparative effectiveness of three adult mosquito sampling methods in habitats representative of four different biomes of California.

The effectiveness of New Jersey (NJ) light, dry ice baited, and gravid female traps for collecting adult mosquitoes was compared at representative habitats in the Coachella, San Joaquin, and Sacramento valleys and the Los Angeles basin of California. The NJ light traps effectively sampled Anopheles freeborni, Culex tarsalis, Psorophora columbiae, and several Aedes when abundance was high in rural areas with minimal competitive illumination. Dry ice-baited encephalitis virus surveillance or CDC style traps collected significantly more females of most species at most localities than did NJ light traps, regardless of background illumination. The Cummings modification of the Reiter gravid female trap baited with a bulrush (Schoenoplectus) infusion was the best method for collecting Culex pipiens complex females in most habitats. In the Los Angeles basin, gravid traps baited with bulrush infusion collected, on average, 4.5 times more Culex quinquefasciatus females than did traps baited with the Reiter infusion. The bulrush infusion in combination with the Cummings trap design seemed to provide resting site cues and collected males as well as empty and bloodfed females. Mosquito surveillance programs in California should include the systematic operation of dry ice-baited and gravid female traps to improve surveillance sensitivity for selected species in appropriate habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Stability of viruses in waste water sludge eluates.

The survival of indigenous enteric viruses in samples of unconcentrated and concentrated waste water sludge eluates, which had been prepared using a combination beef extract elution - organic flocculation concentration procedure, was studied at 2, 23, and -70 degrees C. Changes of virus titer occurring in the samples were followed during an 84-day observation period, with rates of change then calculated by least-squares regression. Virus survival in both types of eluates was statistically dependent (p less than or equal to 0.05) upon storage temperature. Based upon the observed rates of inactivation the average times which would be required for a 90% decrease (one log10 unit) in virus titer for unconcentrated eluates are 27 days at 23 degrees C, 198 days at 2 degrees C, and 375 days at -70 degrees C. The calculated average times required for a 90% decrease in virus titer for concentrated eluates are 22 days at 23 degrees C, 132 days at 2 degrees C, and 246 days at -70 degrees C. In both types of eluates the rates of virus inactivation at 2 degrees C were statistically different from those observed at 23 degrees C, but not different from those observed at -70 degrees C. The three study temperatures were selected to approximate holding of samples in an air-conditioned room, fluid on wet ice (H2O), and frozen on dry ice (CO2).

Enterovirus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa of black marlin, Makaira indica (Teleostei: Istiophoridae).

As a first step towards the development of a method for the cryopreservation of black marlin spermatozoa, this study investigated the effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentration and pellet size on post-thaw spermatozoal motility. Spermatozoa were recovered from the spermatic duct of testes retrieved post-mortem from four adult black marlin caught in the Coral Sea spawning grounds of Australia. Undiluted spermatozoa were stored on ice for 4 to 10 hours during transport to shore, then evaluated for motility after activation in seawater (1:10 v:v). Spermatozoa were prepared for cryopreservation in pellets by extension (1:3 v:v) in a defined fish Ringer's solution to give two final DMSO concentrations of 2.5% or 5.0%. Diluted spermatozoa were frozen directly on a dry ice block in pellet sizes of either 0.25 ml or 0.50 ml. Frozen pellets were thawed in a water bath at 40 degrees C for 60 seconds and assessed for post-thaw motility following activation in seawater. Spermatozoa recovered within 50 minutes of death and chilled on ice for 4 to 10 hours showed a mean (+/- SEM) motility immediately following activation of 91.6 +/- 7.9%. 50% of the spermatozoa remained motile for approximately 4 to 5 minutes. Following cryopreservation, mean motility declined significantly across all cryoprotectant and pellet size combinations (P < 0.001) but spermatozoa frozen in 2.5% DMSO showed higher motility than those frozen in 5.0% DMSO (P = 0.014). Pellet size had no effect on post-thaw motility (P = 0.179).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A case of fatal carbon dioxide gas poisoning].

Presents a rare case with mortal poisoning with carbon dioxide in an industrial setting. A refrigerator worker lost consciousness in a chamber for dry ice and the corpse was removed after 25 min. The author emphasizes the significance of contacts of the expert with legal bodies, administration, and witnesses of the accident.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

An effective cosmetic treatment for Ota's nevus.

The congenital facial melanocytic lesion Ota's nevus is reviewed, and an effective cosmetic treatment--sequential dry ice application and epidermal peeling combined with argon laser--is discussed. It is emphasized that Ota's nevus is not simply a dermal lesion and that patients should receive careful ophthalmological follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effects and prevention of frostbite in wound healing.

Observations on wounds sustained at subfreezing temperatures in husky dogs and in man suggested that exposed wet tissues readily become frozen. Frostbite of wounds caused tissue necrosis, wound sepsis and delayed healing, but immediate wound suture protected against this sequence. To explore the effect of wound closure on healing frostbitten tissue, healing of paired dorsal wounds was studied in 20 rats. In each animal one wound was sutured and the other was left open. In 10 animals both wounds were frozen with Dry Ice. All sutured wounds healed primarily. Most of the control open wounds had healed at 15 days, but in the frozen wounds healing was delayed and infection ensued. It is suggested that at temperatures much below freezing the immediate treatment of a wound should include prevention of frostbite by wound closure.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Injection regimen for anesthesia of the maxillary first molar.

This study evaluated whether a single or double injection is required to achieve first molar anesthesia. Subjects received posterosuperior alveolar nerve blocks. Presence or absence of anesthesia was evaluated with carbon dioxide dry ice pulp sensitivity testing. This was followed by mesial infiltration and a second pulp testing. The posterosuperior alveolar nerve block alone usually provided effective first molar anesthesia. A small percentage of subjects required an additional mesial infiltration to obtain anesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Environmental gas displacement: three accidental deaths in the workplace.

The authors describe three accidental deaths resulting from occupational hazards involving environmental gas alterations. One involved the displacement of oxygen caused by leakage of liquid nitrogen during the installation of a magnetic resonance imaging system. Two involved elevated environmental carbon dioxide concentrations: dry ice sublimation in a walk-in refrigerator in a research laboratory, and activation of a carbon dioxide fire alarm-extinguisher system by a woman locked in a bank vault. The autopsy findings, scene investigations, and certifications of these deaths, as related to the mechanisms of death, are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

[Cooling of the extremities in acute ischemic gangrene].

This is a report on 39 patients (from 36 to 84 years of age) with acute ischemic gangrene of the lower limbs and severe concomitant diseases (ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc.). Cooling of the necrotic limb with the application of a tourniquet and general nonoperative treatment were conducted in preparation for amputation. Cooling was accomplished with dry ice and common ice in 16 patients and with a special refrigerator in 23 patients. Six patients whose condition was very grave died during refrigeration. Amputation of the lower limb was performed in 33 patient, 26 of them tolerated the operation favourably. Wound complications were encountered in 9 patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Mark-release-recapture experiments to estimate the efficiency of the light trap in collecting Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes.

Efficiency of the light trap in collecting females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the principal vector mosquito of Japanese encephalitis, was evaluated by mark-release-recapture experiments. Females collected with dry ice in the field were marked and released in a pigsty. The recapture rate of marked females by the light trap was so low as around 1% or lower. Owing to this low efficiency, it is not likely that the light trap can be a useful tool in the control of Japanese encephalitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Methods for evaluating hermetic closures for screw-capped bottles.

With the described method, a large number of sealed bottles can be tested to determine their effectiveness, integrity, and reliability in preserving an inert atmosphere. The method consists of placing milligram quantities of dry ice into the bottles, capping them, and periodically weighing them on an analytical balance; leaky bottles are detected by a loss in weight. This method can be applied to test a large number of bottles with a minimum of effort and manpower and without complicated instrumentation. The data presented are highly reproducible and correlate well with data from other methods and with the physical defects of the bottles.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1980

Cryocautery of sensitized skin areas for the relief of pain due to post-herpetic neuralgia.

Fourteen patients whose post-herpetic neuralgia could not be alleviated by conventional methods were treated with cryocautery using a stick of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) applied directly to the hyperesthetic skin areas of the cutaneous scars. Follow-up evaluation revealed that 5 of 14 subjects maintained excellent pain relief and another 5 subjects showed good relief. Ten subjects discontinued further therapeutic procedures after cryocautery even though some low grade pain persisted. We believe that cryocautery of localized skin areas is a valuable method for treating patients with post-herpetic neuralgia who have not been improved by conventional methods. Disadvantages of this procedure are discussed.

Adult↗