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PubMed1994

Double-blind comparison of ondansetron, droperidol and saline in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

We have compared the efficacy of ondansetron with droperidol and saline in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in 120 ASA I and II patients undergoing hip and knee replacements and femoral resections. They received a standardized combined extradural and general anaesthetic and at the end of surgery were allocated randomly to receive droperidol 1.25 mg, ondansetron 4 mg or 0.9% saline in a 25-ml bag. An extradural mixture containing 0.5% plain bupivacaine 10 ml, fentanyl 500 micrograms and saline 30 ml was infused and PONV assessed for 24 h. Both ondansetron and droperidol were superior to saline in preventing vomiting (P < 0.01) although there was no significant difference between them. The incidence of vomiting was 17% for ondansetron, 18% for droperidol and 45% for saline. There was no significant difference in the incidence of nausea between the groups. Metoclopramide, the rescue antiemetric, was demanded by 38%, 34% and 17% of patients receiving saline, droperidol and ondansetron, respectively (ondansetron vs droperidol P < 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vivo assessment of droperidol-induced bronchial relaxation in dogs using a superfine fibreoptic bronchoscope.

Droperidol has been reported to cause bronchodilatation but its mechanism(s) of action is unknown. We have evaluated the spasmolytic effect of droperidol on histamine- and serotonin (5-HT)-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs. Bronchial cross-sectional area was assessed with a superfine fibreoptic bronchoscope. Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were allocated randomly to one of two groups (histamine and 5-HT) to receive either histamine or 5-HT to induce bronchoconstriction. Changes in bronchial cross-sectional area were presented as percentage of basal bronchial cross-sectional area. Continuous i.v. infusion of histamine 500 micrograms kg-1 h-1 or 5-HT 500 micrograms kg-1 h-1 decreased percentage bronchial cross-sectional area by 46.4 (14.3)% or 68.9 (13.7)%, respectively. In both groups, droperidol reversed bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner. In the histamine but not in the 5-HT group, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased significantly after i.v. droperidol. In addition, propranolol antagonized droperidol-induced relaxation in the histamine but not in the 5-HT group. Our data indicate that the spasmolytic effect of droperidol on canine airway was caused, at least in part, by both catecholamine releases and 5-HT receptor antagonism.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Granisetron-droperidol combination for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients undergoing breast surgery.

We have compared the efficacy and safety of the combination granisetron-droperidol with each antiemetic alone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after breast surgery. In a randomized, double-blind study, 150 female patients received granisetron 3 mg, droperidol 1.25 mg or granisetron 3 mg with droperidol 1.25 mg (n = 50 each) i.v., immediately before induction of anaesthesia. A standard general anaesthetic technique was used. The incidence of PONV during the first 24 h after anaesthesia was 18% with granisetron, 38% with droperidol and 4% with the granisetron-droperidol combination (P < 0.05; overall Fisher's exact probability test). We conclude that the granisetron-droperidol combination was more effective than each antiemetic alone in the prevention of PONV in female patients undergoing breast surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of postural stability after low-dose droperidol in outpatients undergoing gynaecological dilatation and curettage procedure.

BACKGROUND: Low-dose droperidol is suggested to be cost-effective in preventing nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery. This clinical study evaluated patient postural stability using a computerized force platform after an i.v. dose of droperidol 0.625 mg in outpatients undergoing gynaecological dilatation and curettage procedures. METHODS: After institutional approval and informed consent, 120 females were randomly assigned to receive either 0.9% saline (placebo) or droperidol 0.625 mg i.v. before surgery. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2-2.5 mg kg-1 and fentanyl 50-100 micrograms, and was maintained with intermittent boluses of propofol 25-50 mg and fentanyl 25-50 micrograms i.v. After operation, the Post-Anaesthesia Discharge Score (PADS), patient self-assessment scores for pain, nausea, drowsiness and dizziness, and extrapyramidal symptoms were recorded. Body sway velocity was measured while the patient was standing on a firm surface with eyes open then closed vs standing on a foam surface with eyes open then closed, at the time of arrival in the operation holding area (baseline), on achieving a PADS of 9 after surgery and on discharge home. RESULTS: At the time of achieving a PADS of 9, body sway was significantly greater in the droperidol group than in the placebo group (overall 61% vs 33% above baseline). There were no differences between groups with respect to scores for pain, nausea, drowsiness and dizziness. Three patients (5%) in the droperidol group reported nervousness and restlessness postoperatively (not significant). CONCLUSION: Low-dose droperidol 0.625 mg i.v. for anti-emetic prophylaxis can cause balance disturbances in females after gynaecological dilatation and curettage procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of ondansetron and droperidol in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after inpatient minor gynecologic surgery.

Ondansetron and droperidol are both effective in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). In this randomized, double-blind study, 80 inpatients scheduled for minor gynecologic surgery received either ondansetron 8 mg intravenously (i.v.) or droperidol 2.5 mg i.v. 5 min prior to induction of isoflurane-narcotic anesthesia. PONV was absent in 68% of the patients after ondansetron and in 88% after droperidol (P < 0.05). The respective times of complete arousal from anesthesia were 171 min and 229 min (P < 0.001). After ondansetron and droperidol, the incidence of severe drowsiness, restlessness, anxiety, or dizziness was 5% and 28%, respectively (P < 0.01). Thus after minor gynecologic surgery, droperidol 2.5 mg i.v. was superior to ondansetron 8 mg i.v. in the prevention of PONV. However, relative to ondansetron, droperidol entailed an average 1-h delay in recovery from anesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of costs and efficacy of ondansetron and droperidol as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for elective outpatient gynecologic procedures.

Ondansetron and droperidol are both effective prophylactic antiemetics for gynecologic outpatient procedures. However, increased drowsiness, delayed discharge, and postdischarge restlessness may occur with droperidol, and ondansetron is costly. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 161 women, we compared the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of ondansetron (4 mg intravenously [i.v.] with droperidol (0.65 mg or 1.25 mg i.v.) in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after outpatient gynecologic surgery. The incidence of PONV, times to achieving preset recovery criteria, and patient-evaluated visual analog scales for sedation, anxiety, pain, and nausea were recorded, along with postdischarge emetic episodes, medications, quality of sleep, and time to resumption of food intake, normal activity, and return to work. A decision analysis tree was used to divide each data set into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, and costs and probabilities were assigned to each subgroup. The cost-effectiveness ratio was determined by summing these weighted costs and dividing by the number of patients free from both PONV and side effects of antiemetic therapy. The incidence of PONV in the hospital and after discharge, the need for rescue antiemetic therapy, and recovery and discharge times were similar for the ondansetron and both droperidol groups but differed significantly from those for the placebo group. The cost-effectiveness ratios for both droperidol 0.65 mg and 1.25 mg groups were significantly lower than those for the ondansetron and placebo groups. We conclude that droperidol 0.625 mg i.v. provides antiemetic prophylaxis comparable to that of ondansetron 4 mg i.v. without increasing side effects or delaying discharge and is most cost-effective.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

A granisetron-droperidol combination prevents postoperative vomiting in children.

UNLABELLED: This study was performed to compare the efficacy of a granisetron-droperidol combination with each antiemetic alone to prevent postoperative vomiting after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children. One hundred eighty pediatric patients, ASA physical status I, aged 4-10 yr, were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation and assigned to one of three treatment regimens: granisetron 40 microg/kg (Group G), droperidol 50 microg/kg (Group D), or granisetron 40 microg/kg plus droperidol 50 microg/kg (Group GD) (n = 60 in each group). These drugs were administered i.v. after an inhaled induction. The same standard general anesthetic technique and postoperative analgesia were used throughout. The rate of complete response, defined as no emesis and no need for rescue antiemetic, 0-3 h after anesthesia was 83% in Group G, 60% in Group D, and 97% in Group GD (P = 0.029 versus Group G, P = 0.001 versus Group D). The corresponding rates 3-24 h after anesthesia were 83%, 55%, and 97% (P = 0.029 versus Group G, P = 0.001 versus Group D). No clinically important adverse events were observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, a granisetron-droperidol combination is superior to each antiemetic alone in complete response in children undergoing general anesthesia for tonsillectomy. IMPLICATIONS: We compared the efficacy of granisetron plus droperidol with each antiemetic alone for the prevention of postoperative vomiting in children. The granisetron-droperidol combination was highly effective against postoperative emesis.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1975

Effects of fentanyl and droperidol on canine left ventricular performance.

The effects of fentanyl and droperidol on left ventricular performance were evaluated in the neurally intact dog right-heart-bypass preparation under conditions of constant cardiac output, arterial pressure, and heart rate. Fentanyl, .01 and .02 mg/kg body weight, and droperidol, 0.5 mg/kg, did not affect left ventricular performance. However 1.0 mg/kg droperidol caused a significant (P less than .05) increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a small decrease in maximum left ventricular dP/dt (.05 less than P less than .10). No significant change in myocardial oxygen consumption was observed. This study indicates that large doses of droperidol may depress left ventricular performance and may account for a portion of the hypotension observed after its administration in man. (Key words: Anesthetics, intravenous, fentanyl; Anesthetics; intravenous, droperidol; Heart, function, fentanyl; Heart, function, droperidol.).

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1982

The influence of droperidol, diazepam, and physostigmine on ketamine-induced behavior and brain regional glucose utilization in rat.

Diazepam and droperidol are used clinically with ketamine anesthesia to reduce emergence hallucinations, vivid unpleasant dreams, and hyperexcitability. Also, there are reports that the recovery time from ketamine anesthesia is shortened after administration of physostigmine. The authors investigated the influence of diazepam, droperidol, and physostigmine pretreatment on ketamine anesthesia by measuring the brain local regional activity and behavioral responses in rat. The 2-deoxyglucose brain local metabolic mapping method was used to determine regional brain functional activity. The recovery of tail flick response and righting reflex from ketamine anesthesia were prolonged by diazepam and by droperidol pretreatment, but the duration of agitation was shortened; physostigmine caused no significant change in any of these responses. Ketamine alone caused a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the rate of glucose utilization along the hippocampal molecular layer (control 87 mumol . 100 g-1 . min-1; ketamine 166 mumol . 100 g-1 . min-1) and a decrease in medial geniculate (25%), inferior colliculus (37%), and lateral habenula (18%). Diazepam, droperidol, and physostigmine pretreatment did not significantly alter any ketamine-induced glucose use changes, except for a decreased activity in hippocampal molecular layer with diazepam pretreatment (20%) and an increased activity in the lateral habenula with droperidol pretreatment (94%, P less than 0.05). These findings corroborate the "epileptogenic" character of ketamine anesthesia and implicate the hippocampus as a major focus. The reduced activity in the hippocampus induced by diazepam retreatment and the increased activity in the lateral habenula induced by droperidol pretreatment may be factors in the clinical reduction of ketamine hyperexcitability and hallucination by these drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A double-blinded comparison of metoclopramide and droperidol for prevention of emesis following strabismus surgery.

Vomiting in the postoperative period is common in children after strabismus surgery. One hundred ten pediatric patients, ages 8 months to 14 yr, admitted for outpatient strabismus surgery were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded study to compare droperidol and metoclopramide to placebo for the prevention of postoperative emesis. Each child was prospectively assigned at random to one of four treatment groups: metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg, metoclopramide 0.25 mg/kg, droperidol 0.075 mg/kg, or saline control. Drugs were administered intravenously immediately after induction of inhalation anesthesia. No neuromuscular blocking agents were used. Tracheal extubation was performed while patients were still deeply anesthetized. Acetaminophen and meperidine were given in standard doses for postoperative pain to all children. The incidence of vomiting was less in both the droperidol (33%) and metoclopramide 0.25 mg/kg (29%) groups when compared to controls (88%) (P less than 0.01). Patients receiving metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg had a 68% incidence of vomiting (P not significant). The mean frequency of emesis was reduced in all treatment groups compared with control (P less than 0.05). Patients receiving droperidol and metoclopramide 0.25 mg/kg also had decreased postoperative stays (metoclopramide 201 min; droperidol 213 min) versus control (258 min, P less than 0.05). No child exhibited extrapyramidal symptoms, excessive drowsiness, or agitation. We conclude that metoclopramide in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, administered prior to the start of surgery, is at least as effective as droperidol in preventing postoperative emesis and can reduce the time to patient discharge compared to control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic antiemetic therapy with ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo.

BACKGROUND: In an era of growing economic constraints on healthcare delivery, anesthesiologists are increasingly expected to understand cost analysis and evaluate clinical practices. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are distressing for patients and may increase costs in an ambulatory surgical unit. The authors compared the cost-effectiveness of four prophylactic intravenous regimens for PONV: 4 mg ondansetron, 0.625 mg droperidol, 1.25 mg droperidol, and placebo. METHODS: Adult surgical outpatients at high risk for PONV were studied. Study drugs were administered intravenously within 20 min of induction of nitrous oxide-isoflurane or enflurane anesthesia. A decision-tree analysis was used to group patients into 12 mutually exclusive subgroups based on treatment and outcome. Costs were calculated for the prevention and treatment of PONV. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed for each group. RESULTS: Two thousand sixty-one patients were enrolled. Efficacy data for study drugs have been previously reported, and the database from that study was used for pharmacoeconomic analysis. The mean-median total cost per patient who received prophylactic treatment with 4 mg ondansetron, 0.625 mg droperidol, 1.25 mg droperidol, and placebo were $112 or $16.44, $109 or $0.63, $104 or $0.51, and $164 or $51.20, respectively (P = 0.001, active treatment groups vs. placebo). The use of a prophylactic antiemetic agent significantly increased patient satisfaction (P < 0.05). Personnel costs in managing PONV and unexpected hospital admission constitute major cost components in our analysis. Exclusion of nursing labor costs from the calculation did not alter the overall conclusions regarding the relative costs of antiemetic therapy. CONCLUSION: The use of prophylactic antiemetic therapy in high-risk ambulatory surgical patients was more effective in preventing PONV and achieved greater patient satisfaction at a lower cost compared with placebo. The use of 1.25 mg droperidol intravenously was associated with greater effectiveness, lower costs, and similar patient satisfaction compared with 0.625 mg droperidol intravenously and 4 mg ondansetron intravenously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Akathisia following low-dose droperidol for antiemesis in day-case patients.

Akathisia has been described following the use of droperidol for antiemetic prophylaxis. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated both the incidence of akathisia and its relationship to the dose of droperidol (0.5 or 1 mg). One hundred and twenty healthy women undergoing day-case gynaecological surgery were anaesthetised with propofol, fentanyl, isoflurane and droperidol according to group. Patients were assessed by structured telephone interview at 24 h. There was an increasing incidence of both restlessness (p = 0.01) and unpleasant restlessness (p = 0.02) between the groups on Chi-squared testing. Compared to the control group, those women given droperidol 1 mg suffered more restlessness (p = 0.001) and unpleasant restlessness (p < 0.01). No statistical difference could be demonstrated between the two droperidol groups. We conclude that droperidol may commonly cause akathisia and may not, therefore, be an appropriate prophylactic antiemetic for day-case anaesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of droperidol on peripheral vasculature: use of cardiopulmonary bypass as a study model.

The effects of droperidol on the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and the venous capacitance were studied during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 24 patients. CPB was performed with either pulsatile or non-pulsatile flow. During non-pulsatile flow, droperidol (0.15 mg X kg-1 and 0.30 mg X kg-1) decreased SVR and increased venous capacitance. These values were significantly different after the 2nd and the 7th min, respectively. During pulsatile flow, the initial SVR was lower. The decremental effect of 0.30 mg X kg-1 droperidol on SVR was proportional to the preinjection level of SVR (r = 0.64). The increase in venous capacitance related to droperidol was independent of the dose and of the type of flow in all patients. It can be concluded that the vasodilating action of droperidol during CPB on the arterial bed is transient, independent of dose, and related to the preinjection level of SVR. The effect of droperidol on venous capacitance is not as rapid but has a longer duration.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMed1996

Patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and droperidol following caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The addition of droperidol to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting, but may result in unwanted side effects. METHOD: We studied 40 women randomised to receive morphine sulphate with or without added droperidol (10mg droperidol/60 mg morphine) by patient-controlled analgesia following elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. RESULTS: Median morphine demand in the 20 h after surgery was 74 mg with morphine alone, and 53 mg with added droperidol, the median consumption of which was 8.8 mg. The incidence of nausea was reduced from 80% to 38.8% (P < 0.01), and that of emesis from 55% to 16.7% (P < 0.05) by the addition of droperidol. Psychomotor function was significantly impaired to a similar degree in both groups and there was no significant difference in sedation scores or pain scores. Subjective drowsiness which resulted in withdrawal from the study occurred in two patients, both of whom were receiving droperidol, and though all patients who completed the study were satisfied with their analgesia overall, significantly more of those receiving unsupplemented morphine (11/19 compared with 4/18, P < 0.05) described it as excellent. CONCLUSION: The addition of droperidol 10 mg to morphine 60 mg for PCA following caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia reduces the incidence of nausea and emesis, but may result in drowsiness, limiting the usefulness of the technique.

Analgesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1978

Effects of droperidol on activity of carotid body chemoreceptors in cat.

1 The effect of droperidol on the spontaneous activity of carotid body chemoreceptors and on their response to various stimuli was studied in 21 anaesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Carotid body blood flow was controlled with a perfusion pump, and drugs were injected into the perfusion circuit. 2 In low doses, droperidol transiently increased the rate of spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but in higher doses it depressed chemoreceptor activity after an initial stimulation. 3 Droperidol reduced or abolished the normal increase in chemoreceptor activity produced by stagnant asphyxia. This effect did not depend solely on the ability of droperidol to suppress spontaneously occurring impulses. Chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide, and to dopamine were also inhibited. 4 Dopamine antagonists other than droperidol were also studied for their effect on chemocreceptor activity. Chlorpromazine depressed spontaneous chemoreceptor activity and also reduced the chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide and dopamine, as did pimozide. The effects of these dopamine antagonists were much briefer and less marked than those of droperiodol. 5 Although the influence that we have shown droperidol to have on peripheral chemoreceptor activity has an uncertain basis, it may have important implications in human and veterinary medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intramuscular droperidol versus intramuscular dimenhydrinate for the treatment of acute peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The emergency department (ED) treatment of acute peripheral vertigo (APV) has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of intramuscular (IM) droperidol vs IM dimenhydrinate, in the treatment of ED patients with APV. METHODS: The study was a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, performed at a suburban, teaching ED. A convenience sample of adult patients with symptoms and signs consistent with rigid diagnostic criteria for APV were randomized to one of two treatment groups. Patients more than 65 years of age were excluded to reduce the likelihood of diagnostic misclassification. Demographic and historical features were recorded on a standardized data form. Patients recorded their initial level (t0) of discomfort on a 10-centimeter (cm) visual analog scale (VAS). Treatment group 1 received 2.5 mg droperidol IM, while treatment group 2 received 50 mg dimenhydrinate IM. After 30 minutes (t30), patients again recorded the severity of their symptoms on the VAS. Chi-square, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney were used for statistical comparison as appropriate. All tests were two-tailed, with alpha set at 0.05. Primary outcome parameters were the mean change in VAS score from t0 to t30, and the percentage of patients in each treatment group who felt well enough to go home after t30 without further ED intervention. RESULTS: There were 20 patients in the droperidol group and 20 in the dimenhydrinate group. The two groups were similar with respect to mean age (40 +/- 13 years droperidol vs. 42 +/- 13 years dimenhydrinate; p = 0.6), female sex (60% vs. 50%; p = 0.7), and mean median duration of symptoms [3 (interquartile range 2-12) vs 9 (interquartile range 2-30) hours; p = 0.2]. Mean initial t0 VAS scores were 7.2 +/- 2.3 and 7.8 +/- 1.9 (p = 0.47). Both treatment groups had mean reductions in VAS scores at t30 of 3.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.3 to 4.3]. At t30, 42% of patients in the droperidol group and 45% of patients in the dimenhydrinate group felt well enough to go home without further ED intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found no difference between the therapeutic efficacies of IM droperidol and dimenhydrinate for the treatment of acute peripheral vertigo.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of intravenous droperidol on intraocular pressure and retrobulbar hemodynamics.

PURPOSE: Topically-applied dopamine antagonists reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and inrease retinal blood flow in animal models. We examined the acute effects of intravenous infusion of a dopamine blocker (droperidol) on these parameters in healthy humans. METHODS: Sixteen subjects free from ocular or systemic disease (mean age 33 +/- 10 yrs) received either 5 mg i.v. droperidol over 5 minutes, or i.v. saline placebo in double-masked fashion. IOP was determined 30 and 60 minutes later, while color Doppler imaging was used to determine flow velocities in the ophthalmic, central retinal, and nasal and temporal posterior ciliary arteries 60 minutes after drug infusion. RESULTS: 30 minutes after drug infusion, IOP was reduced 6.0 mmHg as compared with baseline (p<0.001); after 60 minutes, IOP remained reduced by 3.7 mmHg (p<0.001). Placebo had no effect on IOP. While droperidol slightly elevated blood pressure and increased the calculated ocular perfusion pressure, the drug reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (p<0.05). Droperidol elevated peak systolic velocity in the central retinal and nasal posterior ciliary arteries, without changing end-diastolic velocity or the resistance index in either of these vessels. Droperidol had no effect on flow velocities in the ophthalmic artery or the temporal posterior ciliary artery. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid and marked ocular hypotension resulting from intravenous droperidol suggests that this agent may prove useful in the management of acute ocular hypertension. The retrobulbar changes consequent to the ocular tension reduction likely represent autoregulatory responses to altered ocular perfusion pressure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of droperidol, diazepam, and hydroxyzine hydrochloride as premedication.

A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of droperidol (5 mg), hydroxyzine HCl (50 mg), diazepam (5 mg), and saline placebo, given concomitantly with meperidine (50 or 75 mg) for preoperative medication, was conducted in 280 female patients scheduled for minor gynecologic procedures. Droperidol proved to significantly superior to the other study drugs in alleviating apprehension (83% of patients calm versus 54, 46, and 34% for hydroxyzine, diazepam, and placebo, respectively). Some drowsiness, occurred in 68 percent of the droperidol-treated patients versus 31, 30, and 21 percent of the other 3 groups, respectively. Global evaluations were consistent with these findings. No clinically significant changes were observed in vital signs in any of the study-drug groups. Adverse reactions were unremarkable in all groups. Significantly less nausea occurred with droperidol than with other treatments, and signficantly less vomiting occurred with droperidol or hydroxyzine. Significantly fewer patients in the droperidol group than in the diazepam group required postoperative antiemetics.

Adolescent↗