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PubMed1988

[Differential mortality of males and females, exemplified by West Germany].

Sex differences in mortality are described and discussed, using data from the national causes of death statistics of West Germany. As in other industrialized countries, men in the FRG, compared to women, have higher mortality rates in all leading causes of death. The sex differences are most prominent in coronary heart disease, lung cancer, fatal accidents, suicide and liver cirrhosis. For example, in the age groups 35 to 55 the male/female ratio in the mortality rates was 6 to 7 for coronary heart disease, 3 to 4 for lung cancer, and 4 for fatal accidents. The cause-specific death rates and the results from corresponding epidemiological studies indicate that genetic disadvantages of men are reinforced by factors of the social environment and 'deleterious' individual behavior. Thus a great part of the sex differences in total mortality could be influenced and should not be judged as inevitable.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

Differential mortality by ethnicity: foreign-born Irish, Italians and Jews in New York City, 1979-81.

This paper compares the mortality experience of foreign-born Irish, Italians and Jews in New York City in 1979-81. For the Irish and Italian groups, 1980 census data were used to calculate age-specific and age-standardized death rates. For the Jewish group, denominator data were not available, so proportional mortality analysis was used. An estimate was made to show the degree to which standardized proportional mortality ratios approximated relative standard mortality measures. Major causes of death and other selected causes were examined. The results of this analysis support previous studies showing mortality is significantly greater among Irish-born immigrants than among the Italian born. The proportional mortality data suggest that the Jewish and Italian groups have cause of death distributions relatively similar to each other and dissimilar to the Irish group. Alcohol-related causes of death appear to be a major source of the uniqueness of the Irish mortality experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Differential mortality risk of postprocedural creatine kinase-MB elevation following successful versus unsuccessful stent procedures.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) on mortality according to success of the stent procedure. BACKGROUND: The mortality effect of periprocedural MI relative to successful versus unsuccessful procedures has not been examined. METHODS: All-cause mortality during the first year was evaluated prospectively among 5,850 patients from coronary stent clinical trials. Myocardial infarction was classified according to creatine kinase-MB level as type 1 (>1 but <3 times normal), type 2 (>or=3 but 8 times normal or Q-wave MI). Procedures were classified as successful unless there was a final diameter stenosis >50%; final Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade <3; final National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute dissection grade >or=D; repeat revascularization within 24 h; or stent thrombosis within 24 h. RESULTS: Myocardial infarction was more frequent after unsuccessful procedures (69.6% vs. 20.4%, p < 0.001). Mortality during the first year was higher in patients with MI (2.8% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.01), but the effect was significant only for type 3 MI (4.7% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.008). Moreover, the mortality difference for any MI was confined to patients with unsuccessful procedures (13.1% vs. 0%, p = 0.03), with no significant effect among patients with otherwise successful procedures (2.1% vs. 1.7%, p > 0.20). The independent predictors of mortality were unsuccessful procedure (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), history of prior MI (p = 0.003), multivessel disease (p = 0.006), and advancing age (p < 0.001), but not periprocedural MI. CONCLUSIONS: The association of periprocedural MI with increased mortality during the first year following stent placement was confined to patients with unsuccessful procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Effects of screening errors and differential mortality on the estimation of the incidence of dementia in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.

The Canadian Study of Health and Aging produced an estimate of the incidence of dementia among elderly Canadians by following up, after 5 years, the undemented found in an initial prevalence survey. Initial and follow-up estimates could be biased by false-negative error in the screening tool used for subjects living in the community, and by erroneous classification of subjects who died in the interim. Here, we use a deterministic model to quantify those possible biases. We conclude that, using the estimates of the errors from control samples, the incidence among community subjects would be overestimated by 15%, and the incidence among the institutional subjects would be underestimated by 37%. The overall incidence would be underestimated by 14%. Most of the bias can be attributed to inaccuracies in the classification of deaths.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Differential mortality: some comparisons between England and Wales, Finland and France, based on inequality measures.

Inequalities in mortality between social classes or socioeconomic groups were compared in three European countries, using similar sources of data from large national cohort studies. People registered at a census in 1971 (1975 for France) or a sample of them, were followed until 1980 or 1981. The Gini coefficient, a measure widely used in economics, allowed the comparison of various situations involving different numbers and group sizes. It was applied to age groups 35-44, and 45-54 for men only. According to this measure, inequalities were of the same order in England and Wales and Finland, and greater in France. Differences between the three countries concerning the principal causes of death leading to inequalities were cardiovascular diseases in England and Wales, accidents and cardiovascular diseases in Finland, and cancer and cirrhosis in France.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Response of Argentine ants and red imported fire ants to permethrin-impregnated plastic strips: foraging rates, colonization of potted soil, and differential mortality.

This study investigated the effects of the permethrin-impregnated plastic on ant mortality and foraging rates, and tested its potential for preventing ants from colonizing potted soil. Direct exposure to the plastic for as short as 1 min caused significant mortality of both red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, and Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr); however, red imported fire ants were more susceptible than Argentine ants. Knockdown of virtually all ants initially occurred within 15 min after exposure. However, some moribund ants recovered from the effects within 24 h. For example, after 1 min of direct exposure to the permethrin-impregnated plastic, 70% of Argentine ants and 5% of red imported fire ants recovered from the treatment. In established colonies of Argentine ants, significantly fewer ants foraged for food up posts treated with the plastic compared with untreated posts. In addition, colonies responded to introduction of the treatment by significantly reducing their overall foraging rates, even on untreated posts. When pots filled with moistened soil were introduced into established ant colonies, 82% of Argentine ants and 99% of red imported fire ants moved into the soil. In contrast, when a 1-cm-wide coil of the plastic was placed under the pot, no ants moved into the soil. The potential for use of these materials in nursery production is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Differential mortality by sex in fetal and neonatal deaths.

Vital statistics data for the United States from 1922 to 1936 and from 1950 to 1972 were used to analyze fetal and early neonatal mortality. This analysis corroborates the previously established pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths--highest from months 3 to 5, lower from months 6 to 7 or 8, and increasing at term. It also indicates a postponement of late fetal deaths into the early infant period. Whereas earlier research reports have described the pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths, this report repeats this analysis for a recent national data base. This line of analysis is extended by using the patterns observed in the data to produce an empirical estimate of the primary sex ratio. For 1950 to 1972, this ratio (male to female) is conservatively estimated to be 120:100.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Differential mortality among semiskilled applicants of disability pension.

The mortality experience among 4,440 applicants for disability pension has been examined during a period of observation of ten years. All applicants were males and had been member of the Danish Semiskilled Workers' Union. The reference group consists of age matched male members of the same union. The applicants for disability pension experienced a considerable excess mortality when compared with the reference group. The higher mortality risk is still present more than ten years after the application has been settled. The persons who were refused disability pension experienced an elevated mortality, too. In opposition to previous studies it is not found informative to put forward a common estimate of the elevated mortality rate because the group of disability applicants is very heterogeneous concerning their mortality experience; the excess mortality is most elevated among persons granted the high level pension, among the youngest, and during the period closest to the award.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Differential mortality and transplantation rates among Asians and Pacific Islanders with ESRD.

Few studies in patients with ESRD have examined outcomes in Asian or Pacific Islander subgroups compared with white individuals. The objective of this study was to assess ethnic disparities in mortality and kidney transplantation among a multiethnic cohort of incident dialysis patients. A total of 24,963 patients who initiated dialysis within the TransPacific Renal Network (Network 17) between April 1, 1995, and September 30, 2001, were studied to ascertain death and kidney transplantation through September 30, 2002. Overall, 12,902 deaths and 2258 kidney transplantations were observed during 59,075 person-years of follow-up. Mortality on dialysis among Asians and Pacific Islanders (except Chamorros) was lower than that of white individuals after controlling for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and other risk factors for death (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] versus white individuals: Japanese 0.64 [0.57 to 0.72], Chinese 0.64 [0.52 to 0.78], Filipino 0.64 [0.57 to 0.72], Native Hawaiian 0.84 [0.72 to 0.96], Samoan 0.62 [0.48 to 0.82], and Chamorro 0.96 [0.84 to 1.20]). In contrast, Asians and Pacific Islanders were much less likely to undergo kidney transplantation (adjusted rate ratio [95% confidence interval] versus white individuals: Japanese 0.34 [0.24 to 0.46], Chinese 0.54 [0.30 to 0.88], Filipino 0.32 [0.26 to 0.47], Native Hawaiian 0.17 [0.10 to 0.30], Samoan 0.17 [0.07 to 0.38], and Chamorro 0.04 [0.01 to 0.14]). Despite wide variations in primary cause of ESRD, clinical characteristics, and body size at dialysis initiation, Asians and Pacific Islanders experience better survival but substantially lower transplantation rates compared with white individuals. Strategies that are aimed at improving access to transplantation in Asian and Pacific Islander communities may further enhance survival among Asians and Pacific Islanders with ESRD.

Age Distribution↗