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PubMed1980

Unilaterally ovariectomized pregnant mice: dieldrin induction of the hepatic monooxygenases and plasma progesterone levels.

Plasma progesterone, pregnancy maintenance, gestation period, and litter size were measured in mice unilaterally ovariectomized on day 6 of pregnancy (plug day = day 0) and then treated daily with dieldrin (2 mg kg-1, p.o.). By days 15--16, dieldrin had reduced the pentobarbital sleep time by 54% (P < 0.05), increased the liver mass by 8% (P < 0.05), and increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 by 66% (P < 0.05). However, the levels of plasma progesterone in the hemiovariectomized, dieldrin-treated mice were not different from those in the hemiovariectomized controls. Other experiments showed that hemiovariectomy decreased plasma progesterone by about 25%. Moreover, hemiovariectomy increased the frequency of premature delivery but it did not affect litter size; dieldrin treatment did not alter these effects. The failure of the induction to reduce plasma progesterone could result from (1) increased progesterone synthesis compensating for its elevated metabolism or (2) no (net) increase in progesterone metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal exposure to neurotoxicants dieldrin or lindane alters tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding to GABA(A) receptors in fetal rat brainstem.

GABA acts as a trophic signal for cultured embryonic rat monoamine neurons by activating GABA(A) receptors. These effects are blocked by the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin and the classic GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline. Both dieldrin and another organochlorine insecticide, lindane, block the effects of GABA on the GABA(A) receptor by binding directly to the Cl- channel. Therefore, prenatal exposure to these chemicals could lead to disturbances in the trophic actions of GABA on monoamine neurotransmitter systems in the embryonic brain and produce alterations in GABA(A) receptor expression and function. Effects of daily prenatal exposure to organochlorine insecticide (dieldrin or lindane) or bicuculline from embryonic day (E)12-17 were determined in brains of E17 fetal rats using t-[35S]butyl-bicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) binding. This radioligand was chosen because, like organochlorine insecticides, it binds directly to GABA(A) receptor/Cl- channels. [35S]TBPS binding was analyzed in extensively washed membranes from E17 brainstem and whole brain with the brainstem removed ('rest of brain') at a TBPS concentration that approximated the KD determined in [35S]TBPS saturation binding experiments performed on normal E17 rat brainstem. In utero exposure to dieldrin, lindane, or bicuculline from E12-E17 caused a significant reduction in the amount of [35S]TBPS binding in E17 brainstem compared to vehicle-injected controls, but had no significant effect on 'rest of brain'. These data suggest that in utero exposure to organochlorine insecticides that act as GABA(A) antagonists negatively regulate expression of GABAA receptors in fetal brainstem. If these effects persist, they could lead to disturbances in postnatal functions of the ascending GABAergic system, possibly with behavioral consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal exposure to the pesticide dieldrin or the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline differentially alters expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs in fetal rat brainstem.

We have previously shown that GABA acts as a trophic signal for monoamine neurons in embryonic day 14 (E14) rat brainstem cultures [Liu et al., J Neurosci 1997a; 17:2420-2428]. The organochlorine pesticide dieldrin and the classical GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline interfere with the trophic actions of GABA and alter expression of several GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA transcripts in these cultures [Liu et al., J Neurosci Res 1997b;49:645-653]. In the present study, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to dieldrin or bicuculline from E12-17 would alter mRNA expression of alpha1, beta3, gamma1, gamma2S and gamma2L GABA(A) receptor subunits in fetal (E17) rat brainstem using competitive RT-PCR to absolutely quantify these transcripts. The effects of dieldrin and bicuculline on expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit transcripts were similar across subunits. Dieldrin and bicuculline decreased expression of alpha1, beta3 and gamma1 transcripts compared to vehicle-injected controls, but did not significantly alter expression of gamma2S and gamma2L transcripts. Taken together, these studies indicate that in utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides acting as GABA(A) receptor antagonists may alter the expression and subunit composition of developing GABA(A) receptors. If these changes persist, they could have long-lasting effects on developing GABAergic neural circuitry, GABA(A) receptor function and GABA-mediated behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Metabolic fate of [14C]dieldrin in Schistocerca gregaria with particular reference to the nervous system.

1. In the metabolism of [14C]dieldrin in Schistocerca gregaria, four metabolites of dieldrin were detected. Three of these have been identified as cis-aldrindiol, trans-aldrindiol and seco-aldrin dicarboxylic acid. 2. Apart from the formation of cis and trans-aldrindiol, another metabolite, M1, was detected in the nervous system. 3. The uptake of the dose of dieldrin was maximal in nerve cords followed by thoracic muscles and gut. Degradation of dieldrin was, however, not detected in thoracic muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of P,P'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. II. Tissue residues analyses.

Selected tissues and egg yolks of Japanese Quail fed diets containing DDT or dieldrin in a four-generation (parental, F1, F2 and F3) study were analyzed for residues of parent compound and/or specific metabolites. Diets containing DDT (5 and 50 ppm) or dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) were fed to each generation for 10 wks followed by a 12-wk recovery period in order to determine generation-accumulative effects, maximum residue levels and decline of residues during recovery. Tissue-residue storage and intergeneration transmission for DDT and dieldrin were generally similar and were related to dietary levels. Tissue residues in newly hatched birds were elevated initially for each generation subsequent to the parents, but any cumulative effects between generations were transitory, as residues after 5-to-10 wks were similar in each generation. Tissue residues in all groups showed a decline during the 12-wk recovery period. Decline during recovery was greater for females than males, probably attributable to egg production. Egg yolk residues for birds fed 5.0-ppm DDT declined to near control levels during the recovery period; at 50 ppm, residues declined but remained elevated above controls. For the quail fed dieldrin, residue levels were above those in controls; as with DDT the subsequent decline was more marked in the females.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Dieldrin dilution in visceral fat of field-contaminated broilers.

Broilers aged 4, 5 and 6 weeks were selected from 8 commercial flocks which had been accidentally exposed to dieldrin in feeds. The birds were given a dieldrin-free ration and were reared to 10 weeks of age. Dieldrin residues in visceral fat were determined weekly. Results indicated that dieldrin residues are rapidly diluted in the growing chick with a half-time for dilution of approximately 12 days.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Susceptibility of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and lambda-cyhalothrin.

The susceptibility of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and lambda-cyhalothrin was determined in Karnal, Yamunanagar, and Ambala districts of Haryana State, India. The vector population showed a high degree of resistance to DDT and dieldrin. The test mortality to DDT and dieldrin ranged from 25% to 28% and 18% to 20%, respectively, in Nadasahib of Ambala districts. The mortality of An. culicifacies to malathion ranged between 65% and 68%. All the tests with lambda-cyhalothrin resulted in 100% mortality of An. culicifacies. DDT and dieldrin resistance did not confer cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in An. culicifacies.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of dietary dieldrin on reproduction in the Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mouse.

Reproduction was studied in SWV female mice that had raised one litter and then received either 0.2.5,5,10,15,20 or 25 parts/10(6) dietary dieldrin (n = 18 or 19 per group). Exposure began 4 weeks prior to the second mating and continued until day 28 postpartum (weaning). Fertile males were caged with the females during weeks 5-6 of exposure. Significantly mortality of the females occurred only at 20 and 25 parts/10(6) (89% and 56%, respectively) and all deaths occurred before parturition. Dieldrin did not affect behavioural oestrus. At 10 and 15 parts/10(6), 18% of the bred females did not become pregnant; all animals at lower doses and all survivors at higher doses were fertile. The gestation period was not affected. At 25 parts/10(6), the litter size was decreased by 17% over the control size (13.2 pups). The infertility and reduced fecundity resulted from a lesion(s) preceding implantation. Thus, in a separate experiment, 15 parts/10(6) increased the number of bred females that had no implantation sites 5 days post coitum while 25 parts/10(6) decreased the number of sites per pregnant female. As expected from the original dose-responses for infertility and decreased litter size, the converse effects did not occur. Pre-weaning mortality of all the pups occurred in 31%, 47%, 80% and 100% of the litters at 0,2.5,5, and larger than or equal to parts/10(6), respectively. Within the litters raised at 2.5 and 5 parts/10(6), the pup survival was not different from the controls (75%). Thus, in this strain, litter -oss is dieldrin's most important reproductive effect and it correlated with a dieldrin-induced maternal hepatomegaly. The birth weight of pups in litters that were lost was reduced by 3-13% and pre-death growth was reduced or absent. Pup-killing and pup-neglect were important proximate causes of mortality, but only at doses larger than or equal to 15 parts/10(6).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dieldrin initiates apoptosis in rat thymocytes.

In vitro incubation for 6 hr to pesticide dieldrin resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of cell viability comparable to that of dexamethasone. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that dieldrin administration induced a dose-dependent thymic atrophy which appeared to be mediated by endogenous corticosteroids. Agarose gel electrophorosis analysis, revealed the generation of typical apoptotic oligosomal DNA fragmentation in presence of dieldrin. However, in response to high concentrations of pesticide, cells seemed to undergo necrosis pathway. Thus, it may be concluded that dieldrin induced apoptosis in rat thymocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Exposure of spray-men to dieldrin in residual spraying.

A study of the exposure of spray-men to dieldrin was made in a pilot scheme of residual spraying in the Taveta-Pare area of East Africa. A detailed work study was completed on the operators, and sources of contamination were enumerated. Filter paper pads were placed on the skin and outside clothing and the pick-up was estimated chemically. A spray-man, while using the daily average of 2.12 kg (4.7 pounds) of dieldrin and observing the protective measures laid down, received a dermal exposure of 1.8 mg of dieldrin per kg of body-weight per day. This was possibly reduced somewhat by washing with soap and water upon completion of each day's work. The sixteen spray-men and assistants were exposed for 180 days per year and there was an interim period of 2 months between spray cycles. No clinical symptoms of poisoning were observed.Comparison is made with certain programmes where dieldrin poisoning has occurred. Attention is drawn to the reduced time of exposure in the Taveta-Pare scheme, personal washing, the great value of protective clothing and of its daily washing in soap and water and the need to use a dilute suspension of wettable powder for spraying.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1985

Involvement of the cholinergic mechanism in DDT and dieldrin action in the insect central nervous system.

The effects of DDT and dieldrin on cholinergic neurotransmission were studied using the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. Spontaneous electrical discharges in the ganglion recorded with an extracellular electrode were augmented by 0.1 mM DDT and 1 microM dieldrin. This stimulating action was partly blocked by 0.5 mM d-tubocurarine and 0.1 mM hemicholinium-3 and disappeared in a high Mg2+-low Ca2+ medium. DDT and dieldrin increased both ACh release and ACh content in the ganglion. These results suggested that DDT and dieldrin stimulate both ACh release and synthesis.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1974

Linkage studies on DDT and dieldrin resistance in species A and species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

Linkage studies in A. gambiae species A showed that the two autosomal markers diamond (Di) and collarless (c) belonged to different linkage groups: Di on linkage group 2 and c on linkage group 3. With the aid of the two markers it was possible to establish the linkage relationship between the genes for DDT resistance and for the two types of dieldrin resistance. The DDT resistance gene in species A assorted independently of c and was found to be linked with Di at a map distance of 26.3 units. The genes for the two types of dieldrin resistance, dominant and incompletely dominant, were found to be allelic. The major gene for dieldrin resistance was shown to be linked with the gene for DDT resistance in linkage group 2 at a map distance of 35.3 units. This suggested that Di and the dieldrin resistance gene were some 61.6 units apart.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Genetical linkage relationships of DDT-resistance and Dieldrin-resistance in Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann.

The tropical house mosquito Culex fatigans readily develops resistance to DDT and to dieldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane. Studies of the mode of inheritance of these two types of resistance in material from Rangoon selected to a high resistance level showed DDT-resistance to be due to a single principal gene which was almost completely dominant and dieldrin-resistance to be due to a single gene allele neither dominant nor recessive, the hybrids being intermediate.The DDT-resistance factor was linked with the chromosome-2 marker genes y (yellow larva) and ru (ruby eye), at crossover distances of approximately 20 and 45 percentage units respectively. The dieldrin-resistance factor was linked with the chromosome-3 marker gene kps (clubbed palpi) with a crossover value between 35% and 40%. In contrast to Aedes aegypti, where these two genes are close together on chromosome 2, in Culex fatigans the dieldrin-resistance gene is separated on to chromosome 3.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Influence of various solvent-water mixtures on the extraction of dieldrin and methomyl residues from radishes.

The effect of organic solvent/water ratios on the extraction of field-incurred residues of dieldrin and methomyl from radishes was determined. 14C-Dieldrin and 14C-methomyl were applied separately to radishes in commercial formulations at rates of 0.2 and 0.9 kg/ha, respectively. Fourteen days post-application, the radishes were harvested and fresh root tissues were extracted using a Polytron homogenizer. Acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol containing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% water were used as extraction solvents. For methomyl residues, the optimum water content of acetonitrile-water extraction mixtures was 40-50%; less than 40% water reduced the ability of acetonitrile to extract carbon-14. Methanol and acetone were nearly as efficient as 50% acetonitrile-water and were apparently not influenced by solvent/water ratios. For dieldrin, low water content slightly reduced the extraction efficiency of acetonitrile, with the optimum water content also being 40-50%. Percentage of water appeared to have little overall effect on methanol extraction efficiency. The extraction efficiency of acetone was lower than that of the other 2 solvents, and this effect was independent of the acetone/water ratio. Approximately 20% of the 14C-dieldrin residue was bound to radish roots 14 days post-application.

Acetone↗
PubMed1981

Persistence of dieldrin water and channel catfish from the Des Moines River, Iowa, 1971-73 and 1978.

This study was conducted to determine if dieldrin concentrations in water and fish of the Des Moines River, Iowa, decreased after registration of the compound was withdrawn by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1975. Mean June concentrations of dieldrin in river water decreased from 50 ppt in 1971 to 11 ppt in 1978. Average daily transport of dieldrin was 156 g in 1971 and 70 g in 1978. July levels in channel catfish muscle were 75 ppb in 1973 and 46 ppb in 1978. Dieldrin was still present in significant concentrations in the aquatic system 3 years after registration withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Aldrin intoxication and clearance of associated dieldrin residues in a group of feedlot cattle.

A sudden onset of bizarre neurologic dysfunction was found in 8 of 90 mixed-breed feeder calves. Seven other calves were dead, and 3 more died during the next week. A diagnosis of organochlorine toxicosis was made when rumen and abomasal contents from 1 of the calves revealed 22.4 and 20.6 micrograms of aldrin/g of ingesta, respectively. Complete feeds retrieved from self-feeders contained 54 and 528 micrograms of aldrin/g of feed. The initial concentration range in fat from 40 live calves was 6.01 to 42.44 micrograms of dieldrin/g of fat. Additional fat samples were analyzed to verify residue compliance until the entire herd was clear of residue 18 months after removal of the contaminated ration. The range of apparent half-lives for dieldrin in body fat of heifers and steers was 69 to 231 and 53 to 116 days, respectively. These findings demonstrate the considerable variability in apparent half-life of dieldrin in field cases. In cases of dieldrin-contaminated livestock, veterinarians and regulatory personnel must accurately determine the necessary slaughter withholding times so that informed economic decisions are made in the best interest of the producer while enhancing the probability of a safe food supply. Excretion rates of dieldrin from field-contaminated cattle may not be consistent with results obtained under experimental conditions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of dieldrin's hepatotoxicity.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by toxic chemicals has been implicated in acute and chronic disease states, including cancer. This increase in cellular ROS can lead to a state of oxidative stress. Many compounds selectively induce hepatic tumors in mice but not rats. The mechanism for the induction of hepatic cancer by these compounds and the observed species selectivity of this effect are not known but may be related to the induction of oxidative stress. Dieldrin is one such compound and is used in the present study to characterize the relationship between oxidative stress and the observed selective hepatotoxicity of dieldrin in mice. It was found that dieldrin induced oxidative stress in the mouse but not the rat, and the observed oxidative stress correlated with the induction of DNA S-phase synthesis. This evidence suggests that the induction of oxidative stress may be a mechanism by which dieldrin and other mouse specific compounds selectively induce their hepatic toxic effects in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differential sensitivity of two insect GABA-gated chloride channels to dieldrin, fipronil and picrotoxinin.

In the central nervous system of both vertebrates and invertebrates inhibitory neurotransmission is mainly achieved through activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Extensive studies have established the structural and pharmacological properties of vertebrate GABA receptors. Although the vast majority of insect GABA-sensitive responses share some properties with vertebrate GABAA receptors, peculiar pharmacological properties of these receptors led us to think that several GABA-gated chloride channels are present in insects. We describe here the pharmacological properties of two GABA receptor subtypes coupled to a chloride channel on dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones of the adult male cockroach. Long applications of GABA induce a large biphasic hyperpolarization, consisting of an initial transient hyperpolarization followed by a slow phase of hyperpolarization that is not quickly desensitized. With GABA, the transient hyperpolarization is sensitive to picrotoxinin, fipronil and dieldrin whereas the slow response is insensitive to these insecticides.When GABA is replaced by muscimol and cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA) a biphasic hyperpolarization consisting of an initial transient hyperpolarization followed by a sustained phase is evoked which is blocked by picrotoxinin and fipronil. Exposure to dieldrin decreases only the early phase of the muscimol and CACA-induced biphasic response, suggesting that two GABA-gated chloride channel receptor subtypes are present in DUM neurones. This study describes, for the first time, a dieldrin resistant component different to the dieldrin- and picrotoxinin-resistant receptor found in several insect species.

Journal Article↗