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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Defensiveness in the criminally insane.

The MMPI and 16 PF were administered to 45 forensic patients and scores on five derived measures of defensiveness were computed. The 10 highest and 10 lowest scoring subjects were assigned to either a high or low defensiveness group and their responses analyzed with regard to the Schizophrenia, Paranoia, Psychopathic Deviate and Hostility clinical scales and sub-scales of the MMPI according to past or present items. Results confirm that high defensiveness subjects are selectively and cautiously interpreting items so as to admit to significantly less overall pathology and relatively less present pathology than low defensiveness subjects. This finding represents a consistent strategy of defensiveness rather than an artifact of false response bias. This study has implications for personality assessment in Forensic Psychology and the potential of trend analysis for the prediction of future dangerous behavior in a forensic patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The spanner trials and the changing law on sadomasochism in the UK.

In the United Kingdom in 1989 a group of gay men who had been engaging in consensual SM activities were put on trial and found guilty of assault. The dominants/tops were charged with assault, and the men who participated in the activities as "bottoms" or submissives were convicted of aiding and abetting assaults upon themselves. This article discusses these Spanner trials--as they came to be called--and the issues of consent and privacy on which they were argued. UK and potentially European law are being subjected to pressure for redefinition as a result of the Spanner case, as SM practitioners are beginning to experience the implications and fallout from the prosecutions. While there have been proposals to reform the laws about what has been deemed self-destructive and socially dangerous behavior, little has changed to date. The story of the prosecutions and appeals, and the pressures for a new legislative approach to decriminalize consensual SM, will be situated in the context of public interest claims to control the private actions of individuals in the interest of public health. Differences in interpretation that occur when gay men are involved as compared to heterosexual couples will also be discussed.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2004

Educational interventions successfully reduce pedestrians' overestimates of their own nighttime visibility.

Pedestrians dramatically overestimate their own visibility at night. This is likely to result in pedestrians unknowingly engaging in dangerous behavior. To determine the extent to which pedestrians' estimates of their own visibility are influenced by educational interventions, clothing reflectance, and headlamp beam setting, participants in 2 experiments estimated their own nighttime visibility by walking toward a stationary car to the point where they believed they were just recognizable as a pedestrian. In the first experiment 48 university students were tested and in the second experiment 9 high-school driver education students were tested. Overall, participants failed to appreciate the benefits of reflective clothing and of high-beam illumination. However, the participants in Experiment 1 who had heard a relevant lecture several weeks earlier gave estimates that were 10% shorter than did a control group. Participants in Experiment 2 heard a more focused and graphic-intensive lecture and gave estimates that were 56% shorter than did a control group. Potential applications of this research include increasing pedestrian safety by designing and implementing research-based public education campaigns aimed at reducing pedestrians' overestimates of their own nighttime visibility.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

Functional analysis and treatment of elopement.

Elopement is a dangerous behavior because children who run away may encounter life-threatening situations (e.g., traffic). We conducted functional analyses of the elopement of 3 children who had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities. The results identified a maintaining reinforcer for the elopement of 1 child, but the data were difficult to interpret for 2 of the children. Subsequent reinforcer assessments were used to help to clarify the reinforcers for elopement for these 2 children. Results of the functional analyses and reinforcer assessments then were used to develop successful treatments to reduce elopement. The findings are discussed in terms of (a) the application of functional analysis methodology to elopement, (b) the use of reinforcer assessments to identify potential reinforcers when standard functional analyses are undifferentiated, and (c) the utility of assessment-based treatments for elopement.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Assessing the feasibility of using contingency management to modify cigarette smoking by adolescents.

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Many smokers initiate this dangerous behavior during adolescence. This report describes a contingency management intervention designed to initate and maintain a period of abstinence from cigarettes by adolescent smokers. Results suggest that the intervention was generally successful and that further investigation of this topic is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and profiling: hazing among college students and points of intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To examine university students' attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs related to hazing. METHODS: A random and representative sample of students completed a web-based survey regarding team-building and initiation behaviors (N=736). RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of the respondents participated in hazing. Greeks, males, varsity athletes, leaders, and upperclassmen were more likely to engage in hazing. Students who engaged in hazing were more likely to engage in positive team-building activities. CONCLUSIONS: Hazing is occurring on campus, although not always recognized as such by students. Various factors that would enable someone to stop a hazing situation are addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Assaultive eye injury and enucleation.

An especially dangerous behavior observed in some forensic and security hospital populations is assaultive eye gouging. Although a number of case reports in the literature concern auto-enucleation, gouging out the eyes of another is virtually unmentioned. We present a case series of eye gougers (n = 10) gathered through clinical contributions from several forensic populations in the United States and Russia. Four subjects were psychotic during the eye-gouging episode, one was only mentally retarded, and five, who were neither psychotic nor retarded, deliberately injured victims' eyes during acts of extreme sexual violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The worldwide challenges of "new" or reemerging communicable diseases at the dawn of the 21st century].

In the first part of this review, AIDS, prion diseases, Hantavirus and arbovirus infections, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, legionellosis, hepatitis C, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections, Lyme disease, tuberculosis have provided alarming examples of emerging or reemerging infectious diseases. In this second part, the stress is placed on the reemergence of diphtheria and of serious streptococcal infections, on bartonelloses, Chlamydia infections, fungal infections, while malaria and cholera are still prevalent in several areas. The increasing resistance of too many pathogens to antimicrobial agents is a major source of concern, directly related to the challenge of nosocomial infections. An infectious cause has been demonstrated (or strongly suspected) for various diseases and the scope of infectiology keeps widening, while the threat of bioterrorism cannot be neglected. The causes of the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple and diverse, often in direct relation with human activities (population migrations, changes in husbandry or farming practices, worldwide exchanges of goods and foods, inadequate uses of antibiotics) but also with climatic variations in several areas. The challenge represented by this unexpected comeback of infections to the forefront of human and animal pathology can only be met with a significant improvement of hygienic practices, cessation of certain dangerous behaviors and also, of course, with the development of novel antimicrobial molecules (acting on original targets) as well as of a whole series of new specific vaccines.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Methamphetamine abuse: medical and dental considerations.

Amphetamines are central nervous system stimulants with high abuse potential and intense physiological and psychological effects. Abuse of methamphetamine--a methyl derivative of amphetamine--has grown to epidemic proportions across the United States. Due to the characteristic signs of methamphetamine abuse that appear in the oral cavity dentists should have a heightened awareness of the medical and dental issues surrounding this dangerous behavior. Moreover, recognition and proper referral to treatment should be a part of every provider's plan for preventing the devastating psychological, oral, and overall systemic effects of methamphetamine abuse.

Amphetamine-Related Disorders↗
PubMed1991

A checklist for managing the dementia patient.

Primary care physicians seeing a growing number of elderly demented patients must consider a number of problem areas when treating such patients. This article offers the mnemonic FICS'M (Family, Intellectual status, Continence, Sleep, and Mobility) to help physicians address treatable problems associated with dementing illnesses. Strategies are offered to minimize morbidity from the particular problem and from the treatment, such as trying "low toxicity" therapies and medications with few side effects. Other medical, ethical, and legal issues are discussed, including handling dangerous behaviors and abuse, nursing home placement and autopsy, and specific treatment of both the dementia itself and associated disorders--agitation, depression, and delirium.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Weapon-carrying among high school students--United States, 1990.

From 1980 through 1989, more than 11,000 persons died in the United States as a result of homicides committed by high school-aged youth using firearms, cutting instruments, or blunt objects (Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, Supplementary Homicide Report Files, unpublished data, 1980-1989). Firearm-related homicides accounted for more than 65% of these fatalities. Immediate access to a potentially lethal weapon, especially a firearm, may increase the likelihood that a lethal event would result from a violent altercation. This article presents the prevalence and incidence of self-reported weapon-carrying among high school students in grades 9-12 in the United States during 1990.

Adolescent↗