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PubMedDate not supplied

[1% econazole hair-shampoo in the treatment of pityriasis capitis; a comparative study versus zinc-pyrithione shampoo].

On the basis of the assumption that Pityrosporum ovale is an important pathogenic factor in the aetiology of Pityriasis simplex capitis (dandruff), the Authors intended to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of econazole (1% hair-shampoo) in the treatment of this scalp disease. Dandruff could be considered a problem more from a cosmetic than from a medical point of view; for this reason a conventional anti-dandruff hair-shampoo containing zinc-pyrithione was selected as a control. In this open controlled study, seventy patients suffering from different forms of Pityriasis simplex capitis were enrolled at the 1th Dermatological Institute, University of Milan, and randomly assigned to the econazole and zinc-pyrithione treatment groups, respectively. At the end of the four-weeks treatment (two applications/week) a marked decrease in signs (scaling, seborrhea, erythema) and symptoms (burning, itching) was observed in both groups. Regarding the antifungal efficacy, econazole hair-shampoo was slightly better than control. General evaluation on tolerability and cosmetical patterns was favourable for both formulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Investigations of the symptomatology and the significance of immediate skin test reactivity in canine atopic dermatitis.

Immediate skin test reactivity was determined with skin threshold concentrations of different allergen solutions in 208 dogs suspected of atopic dermatitis. Thirty-eight of the dogs (18.3 per cent) exhibited no reaction. Multisensitivity occurred in 59.1 per cent. House dust (39.4 per cent), human dandruff (39.9 per cent), dog dandruff (25.0 per cent), cat dandruff (29.8 per cent) and grasses (21.2 per cent) caused most of the positive reactions. The number of immediate skin reactions per dog was increased in those dogs that had had clinical signs for two to three years, as compared to dogs having had clinical signs for five or more years. Involvement of the extensor aspect of the carpal joint (41.2 per cent) and the flexor surface of the tarsal joint (30.6 per cent) was noticed only in dogs with positive immediate skin test reactivity. Together with the frequent occurrence of lichenification (84.1 per cent) this distribution pattern in dogs seems to mimic the signs of atopic dermatitis in man more closely than has been described previously.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Determination of trace elements in human hair. Reference intervals for 28 elements in nonoccupationally exposed adults in the US and effects of hair treatments.

The concentrations of 28 elements in hair of three populations of non-occupationally exposed adults in the US (n = 271) were determined. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, and geometric means for these data were obtained to define reference intervals for these elements. The effects of various hair treatments, age, and sex on concentrations of 17 selected elements in hair were determined for these populations. Age had little effect on elemental concentrations. Males tended to have higher Cd and Pb levels, but lower Mg and Ti levels than females. Males using dandruff shampoo had significantly higher concentrations of Na, Se, and Ti than those using only regular shampoo and/or conditioners. Ba, Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, and Sr were all elevated in females using permanents or color treatments, compared to those using only dandruff shampoo, regular shampoo, and/or conditioners.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The effect and mode of action of zinc pyrithione on cell growth. II. In vivo studies.

The effect of topical application of the anti-dandruff agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPTO) on epidermal DNA synthesis in normal and hexadecane-stimulated rat skin was investigated. Autoradiography was used to determine the percentage of epidermal cells labelled with [3H]thymidine (labelling index). ZnPTO at 1% in shampoo base caused a slight increase in the labelling index in normal skin, similar to the effect of the shampoo base alone. No effect of 1% ZnPTO as an aqueous dispersion was observed. ZnPTO at 1% in shampoo base did not reduce the large increase in labelling index produced by hexadecane, nor did shampoo base alone or 1% ZnPTO in water. The shampoo base with or without 1% ZnPTO had only a very slight effect on the histopathology of normal and hexadecane-treated skin, and 1% ZnPTO in water had no effect. It is concluded that the in vitro potential of ZnPTO to cause growth inhibition is not achieved in vivo, presumably because of low percutaneous absorption. This evidence does not support a cytostatic mode of action in clearing dandruff.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Unexpected effects of zinc pyrithione and imidacloprid on Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes).

Biological effects of the biocide zinc pyrithione (Zpt), used in anti-dandruff shampoos and antifouling paints and the agricultural insecticide imidacloprid on Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were assessed in experimental rice fields. Both chemicals are toxic to medaka, in particular Zpt, which also causes teratogenic effects such as spinal cord deformities in embryos at very low, sublethal concentrations. Rates of malformation in medaka fry from paddies treated twice a week with anti-dandruff shampoo (0.18-0.37 microL/L each time) over a period of 4 months were within the natural background, perhaps due to the quick dissipation rate of this chemical in the environment. Both Zpt and imidacloprid caused stress syndrome in juvenile medaka, with fish from Zpt-shampoo fields having a significantly lower weight to body length ratio than those from control fields. As it often happens with stressed fish, a massive infestation by a Trichodina ectoparasite was observed in medaka from imidacloprid fields. However, despite their high stress levels, fish from the Zpt fields did not suffer such infestation, supposedly because the disinfectant action of this biocide.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of male and female pattern hair loss in Maryborough.

Maryborough, in central Victoria has an approximate population of 8000 and census data is well matched for Australia overall. Australia has compulsory voting and registration on the electoral roll. To determine the age-related prevalence of balding among men and women in Maryborough we conducted a postal survey of 5000 men and women aged 20 or older, and 427 were invited to attend for examination. Additional data was collected on dandruff, presence of gray hair. Supplementary questionnaires were sent to 340 children aged 5-9, attending a coeducational primary school. 1456 adults (34.1%) responded to the questionnaire. 396 attended for examination. The prevalence of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) increased with advancing age. 98.6% of men had bitemporal recession and severity was significantly associated with vertex and mid-frontal hair loss (p <0.01) but not age (p = 0.06). In all, 64.4% of women had bitemporal hair loss, and similar to men there was a significant association with mid-frontal hair loss (p =0.042) but not age (p =0.467). One hundred and forty children with completed questionnaires were examined. All 72 females and 68 males were assessed as stage 1 on the mid-line part and with no bitemporal recession (frequency stage 1 = 100%, 95% CI (confidence interval) 97.4%-100%). A significant but weak positive association existed between presence of gray hair and history of dandruff (p<0.01). The prevalence of mid-frontal hair loss increases with age and affects 57% of women and 73.5% of men aged 80 and over.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Investigation of the reputed inhibition of the Prausnitz-Küstner reaction by the pentapeptide Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg.

An investigation has been made of the inhibitory activity of the so-called Hamburger pentapeptide, Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg, in both the human Prausnitz-Küstner and baboon passive cutaneous anaphylaxis systems. With a dose of 6 microgram peptide, administered intradermally 24 h prior to diluted allergic serum from a horse-dandruff-sensitive individual, partial inhibition of wealing was observed in three different normal recipients following the pricking in of specific allergen. In one of the recipients, inhibition of flaring was observed at test sites subsequently challenged with timothy grass pollen allergen. A similar dose of pentapeptide, again injected intradermally 24 h prior to passive sensitisation, was shown to inhibit extravasation in a normal baboon on subsequent challenge with horse dandruff (but not grass pollen) allergen by subcutaneous injection into the upper arm. In vivo tests performed in the forearms of grass-pollen-sensitive individuals failed to provide convincing evidence of displacement of mast-cell-bound IgE antibody by the pentapeptide.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The antifungal activity of a coal tar gel on Malassezia furfur in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Seborrhoeic dermatitis is associated with Malassezia furfur, but the exact role of this lipophilic yeast is still unclear. The in vitro antifungal activity of a coal tar gel, the base of the gel and coal tar (Stantar) itself has been evaluated against 54 different M. furfur strains, isolated from patients suffering from dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor. METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tested agents were measured by the agar dilution technique. RESULTS: The coal tar gel was found to be able to inhibit growth of 52 out of 54 investigated M. furfur isolates in vitro at MIC values between 625 and 10,000 micrograms/ml-corresponding to 3-5 micrograms/ml coal tar. However, the gel base also appears to be a less potent inhibitor of in vitro growth of M. furfur. In addition, it could be demonstrated that coal tar alone has an antifungal potential on M. furfur in vitro. MIC values from 250 to 5,000 micrograms/ml for coal tar were found. Presumably, both coal tar as the active ingredient and the gel base contribute to the in vitro activity of the coal tar gel against M. furfur. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the effect of coal tar gel ointment in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis therapy in vivo may be at least partly due to an antifungal activity of the coal tar but also of the gel base.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Radioimmunologic determination of total IgE and allergen-specific IgE-antibodies in diffuse neurodermitis].

Total IgE levels in sera of 165 patients with atopic dermatitis and 79 patients with dermatoses as well as normal control patients were determined by radioimmunoassay (Phadebas, Pharmacia). Although the mean value for patients with atopic dermatitis was found far above the mean value for normal controls, 38% of patients showed total IgE serum levels within the normal range. Highest IgE serum levels were observed in patients with the generalized form of the disease and in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. No direct correlation however, to severity of disease could be found. In a series of 50 patients prick tests were compared to total IgE serum levels and to levels of allergen specific antibodies determined by radioallergosorbent-test (RAST). Extracts of grass pollens and of animal dandruff were used. There was complete agreement between results of skin testing and RAST in at least 80%. While cross reactions were common with grass pollen extracts in RAST, there was no cross-over with animal dandruff. No correlation was found between titer of allergen specific antibody and severity of skin lesions. IgE specific antibody could be detected in 48% of patients with normal total IgE serum levels and in 82% of patients with elevated values.

Allergens↗
PubMed1980

Bioassay of Selenium Sulfide (Gavage) for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No. 7446-34-6).

Selenium sulfide is an ingredient in dandruff shampoos used in concentrations of 1% in products sold over-the-counter and 2.5% in products which are available by prescription only. Prescription shampoos have been shown in clinical studies to be of therapeutic value against dandruff. An antimitotic mechanism of action is suggested by data showing that selenium sulfide decreases the rate of incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine into the DNA of dermal epithelial cells. Approximately 200 kg of selenium sulfide is estimated to be used annually for this purpose. A bioassay of selenium sulfide for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering this substance by gavage to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex were administered selenium sulfide suspended in 0.5% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose 7 days per week for 103 weeks at either 3 or 5 mg/kg/day for rats and 20 or 100 mg/kg/day for mice. As vehicle controls, groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex were administered only the 0.5% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose. Similar groups of untreated controls also were used. All surviving rats and mice were killed and necropsied at week 104 or 105. The significant effects that could be related to administration of selenium sulfide at the doses used were decreased body weight and increased tumor formation in female mice and in rats of each sex. Dosed rats and female mice had an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas. Dosed female mice also had an increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and adenomas. Under the conditions of this bioassay, selenium sulfide was carcinogenic for F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice, including hepatocellular carcinomas in male and female rats and female mice and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and adenomas in female mice. Selenium sulfide was not carcinogenic for male mice; but they have been able to tolerate higher doses. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Positive Female Rats: Positive Male Mice: Negative Female Mice: Positive

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The hair strand test - a new method for testing antifungal effects of antidandruff preparations.

Seborrheic dermatitis and its minimal variant, dandruff (pityriasis simplex capillitii), are among the most frequent diseases caused by Malassezia (M.) yeasts. Treatment studies have shown that antimycotics achieve clinical improvement, while recolonization leads to recurrent symptoms. Among the antimycotics used are azoles, hydroxypyridones, and various agents such as zinc pyrithione, tar, and selenium disulfide. However, comparative efficacy studies in vitro should not only consider the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Malassezia yeasts but also the bioavailability of the individual substances with regard to hair and scalp. By means of a new method, the hair strand test, hairs from ten volunteers were subjected to standardized 5-min incubation with different shampoo formulations. Thereafter they were rinsed with running water for 1 min and dried. Two hundred each of these hairs (length 1 cm) were given into a medium (olive oil on selective agar for pathogenic fungi) inoculated with M. sympodialis or M. globosa (5 x 10(3) CFU/microl), and the influence on growth was semiquantitatively determined over a period of up to 18 days. According to preliminary results, 1% climbazole proved to be particularly effective. The hair strand test, which can also be performed ex vivo, is a new method to find out whether antimycotic agents bind differently to the hair substance and, via a depot effect, may influence the growth of Malassezia yeasts and thus affect dandruff. This allows conclusions about the efficacy of antidandruff formulations.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and pattern of skin disorders among female schoolchildren in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and pattern of skin disorders among female schoolchildren in primary and intermediate schools in Al-Khobar city, Eastern Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Al-Khobar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period from January-March 2003. It involved 2239 female schoolchildren randomly selected from 30 regular public and private primary and preparatory schools. We used a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique with proportional allocation. We collected data using a pre-designed structured questionnaire and clinical examination. RESULTS: The prevalence of skin diseases among female schoolchildren in Al-Khobar city was 98.6%. The most common skin disease and conditions group was the pigmentary disorders (91.6%), followed by a group of dermatitis/eczema and related conditions (26.7%), and disorders of skin appendages (25.3%). The common skin diseases and conditions in this study were melanocytic nevi (MN) (68%), post-inflammatory pigmentation (56.6%), scars (26.8%), acne (22.5%), dandruff (18.1%), pediculosis capitis (5.2%) and eczema (3.1%). Postinflammatory hyper/hypo pigmentation was more common among primary schoolchildren, whereas MN, dandruff, keratosis pilaris, acne and folliculitis were significantly more common among preparatory schoolchildren. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of skin disorders among female schoolchildren in Al-Khobar city was very high. Therefore, we recommended the introduction of a preventive health education program for schoolchildren at different levels and their families and teachers on skin diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Local and systemic effects of commonly used cutaneous agents: lifetime studies of 16 compounds in mice and rabbits.

A number of commonly used external agents were applied repeatedly on the skin of the mouse and rabbit. These chemicals, components of commercially available products included 4-hydroxyanisole, benzalkonium chloride, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, 5-nitroacenaphthene, N-N-diethyltoluamide, hexachlorophene, para-aminobenzole acid, benzophenone, isopropylmyristate, pyrogallol, resorcinol and ethylhexanediol. Also tested were a commercial hairspray, a dandruff shampoo and an anti-dandruff agent. Local and systemic changes were studied and the tumour incidence compared with that of an effective carcinogen, 9,10-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The mice showed no local toxic changes or tumour formation and the systemic tumour incidence, i.e., tumours of the liver, lungs, lymphatic system and other organs, was similar to that of control animals. In rabbits, a number of proliferative, benign and malignant ear tumours were observed in the positive controls, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of this model. Local toxic changes were seen in benzalkonium- and hexachlorophene-treated animals, but no skin tumours. Four animals had uterine tumours. In addition, one lung and one kidney tumour, unrelated to the method of treatment, were seen.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

The inhibitory effect of zinc pyrithione on the epidermal proliferation of animal skins.

The hypothesis that zinc pyrithione, a highly active anti-dandruff agent, exerts an anti-biosynthetic effect and reduces the epidermal turnover has been tested using guinea pig and hairless mouse skins. It has been found that enhanced mitosis caused by both stripping off the horny layers and sodium dodecyl sulphate, could be suppressed by approximately 50% by the topical application of zinc pyrithione. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulphate-induced epidermal hyperproliferation has been found suppressible by the simultaneous application of zinc pyrithione. Thymidine incorporation studies using hairless mice revealed that a single application of zinc pyrithione results in reduction of DNA synthesis. It is suggested that the anti-dandruff effect of zinc pyrithione results primarily from its action as an anti-biosynthetic agent rather than from its anti-yeast action.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of the intradermal allergy test in normal dogs.

In 45 normal dogs, serial dilutions of different allergens were injected intradermally to determine the skin threshold concentrations. For housedust, housedust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and human dandruff extracts these were found to be the same in the dog as in man, while those for animal dandruffs, pollens and fungi were 10 times higher in the dog. The term 'histamine reactive value' (RH) is introduced for the dog. The mean (+/-SD) was found to be 49.0 +/- 2.5 in normal dogs, using histamine diphosphate solutions of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 per cent.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antiproliferative effect of diallyl disulfide (DADS) on prostate cancer cell line LNCaP.

Garlic has been used throughout the world to treat coughs, toothache, earache, dandruff, hypertension, hysteria, diarrhoea, dysentery, diptheria, vaginitis and many other conditions. Garlic contains a complex mixture of oil and water-soluble organosulfur compounds. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an oil-soluble constituent of garlic seems to be effective in reducing tumour cells originating from colon, lung and skin. Hence our present study focuses on the dose-dependent effect of DADS on an androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line. Various concentrations of DADS ranging from 25 to 100 microM were given to LNCaP cells and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) and the level of prostate specific antigen were studied. DADS reduced the secretory activity of LNCaP cells with the gradual increase in dosage. DADS was found to act as a good antiproliferative agent, which was confirmed by proliferation assay. DADS also induced apoptosis and nuclear segmentation in the higher doses.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Plants used in cosmetics.

This review describes the use of some natural products in cosmetic preparations, due to their low mammalian toxicity, with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used, the actives responsible for effect and the benefits of such products. Their use in skin care; such as dryness, eczema, acne, free-radical scavenging, antiinflammatory, antiaging and skin protection effects are explained, and also the use in hair care as hair growth stimulants, hair colorants, and for hair and scalp complaints such as dandruff. Essential oils when incorporated into finished products impart many benefits such as a pleasant aroma in perfumery, shine or conditioning effects in hair care products, emolliency and improving the elasticity of the skin.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

[Species differentiation of yeasts of the genus Malassezia with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

BACKGROUND: 83 Malassezia strains (65 wild isolates and 18 reference strains) were differentiated to the species level using conventional methods including morphological and biochemical features. These strains were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IRS). RESULTS: FT-IRS analysis allowed a clear separation of Malassezia strains according to species-specific cluster formation. The main differences were found between Malassezia furfur and other Malassezia species. In addition, within the species Malassezia furfur, a separation in two similar groups could be demonstrated. A disadvantage of FT-IRS is the relatively expensive apparatus. A great advantage is the speed and simplicity of the procedure, producing results within minutes. CONCLUSION: In pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia globosa was the dominant species found in 62% of cases. In addition, Malassezia furfur was found in 60% of dandruff cases.

Dermatomycoses↗