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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Somatosensory potentials in dogs with naturally acquired thoracolumbar spinal cord disease.

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded at the scalp and at various levels along the lumbar and caudal thoracic parts of the spine in response to tibial nerve stimulations. The SEP were observed in 24 diseased dogs, 2 with a vertebral fracture, 1 with a spinal cord tumor, 1 with a vertebral tumor, and 20 with disk herniation. Cord compression location was confirmed by myelography, laminectomy, or both. The clinical state had significant (P < 0.0001) influence on SEP characteristics. The scalp-recorded SEP latency changed only in association with the most severe lesions; spine-recorded SEP conduction velocity was lower in association with mild lesions; scalp-recorded SEP amplitude changed with lesions of intermediary severity. Because these 3 electrophysiologic variables were influenced differently by cord damage, it was possible to discriminate the various clinical grades by use of these techniques. However, dogs with signs of pain only could not be differentiated from clinically normal dogs. The evoked injury potential was observed in all but 4 diseased dogs, and its maximal amplitude corresponded, in all cases, with cord damage location. Increased duration (P < 0.05) of the spine-recorded SEP was associated with long-standing problems, but not necessarily with clinically detectable malfunction. Use of SEP and evoked injury potential for identifying lateralized cord damage may be of value.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Non-invasive real-time measurements of cardiac vagal tone in dogs with cardiac disease.

In dogs with spontaneous heart disease, an electronically generated measurement of cardiac vagal tone, the cardiac index of parasympathetic activity, was a sensitive, simple and inexpensive measure of the severity of heart failure. Dogs with cardiac disease and an index score less than 3 were at 15.8 (95 per cent confidence interval 2.9 to 87.2) times the risk of dying within a year than those with a score of 3 and over. The measurement of the index provided an objective and reliable beat-by-beat measurement of cardiac vagal tone, which was prognostically useful in dogs with heart disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A retrospective study of ventral fenestration for disk diseases in dogs.

Sixty-six dogs suffering from intervertebral disk diseases on cervical and/or thoracolumbar disks were treated by a ventral fenestration. The breeds affected with disk diseases were Dachshund (65.1%), Beagle (15.2%), Shih Tsu (4.5%), Pekingese (4.5%), and others (18.2%). Sites suffered from disk diseases and received disk fenestration most frequently were from T10-11 to L2-3. However, other disks were also needed the operation in some cases. An average number of disks received fenestration was 6.0. Days to walk after the fenestration in 51 cases varied 1 to 120 days (average: 14.9 +/- 22.0 days, mean +/- S.D.) depending on their severity. The recovery rates from the follow-up study were as follows: In grade I (3 cases, able to walk with back pain) and grade II (14 cases, slight ataxia and paresis) it was 100%, respectively. The rates in grade III (23 cases, paraplegia with positive deep pain) and grade IV (26 cases, paraplegia with lack of deep pain) were 73.9% and 65.4%, respectively. A few recurrence after the operation were observed in this study. As a result, the ventral fenestration was extremely effective as a treatment for disk diseases in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Endocrine diseases in dogs and cats: similarities and differences with endocrine diseases in humans.

Over several millennia, humans have created hundreds of dog and cat breeds by selective breeding, including fixation of mutant genes. The domestic dog is unique in the extent of its variation in height, weight and shape as well as its behavior. It is primarily the relatively long persistence of high levels of growth hormone (GH) release at a young age that accounts for the large body size in giant breeds of dogs. Several of the endocrine diseases of humans are also known to occur as similar entities in dogs and cats. With some variations, this is true for conditions such as diabetes mellitus and the hypofunction syndromes of the thyroid and adrenal cortex. Also, the hyperfunction syndromes of hypercortisolism and hyperparathyroidism in dogs and cats have many similarities with their human counterparts. The exception seems to be Graves' disease. This condition, which is due to production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor antibodies, has not been observed in dogs and cats. The very common form of hyperthyroidism in cats is due to toxic adenomas. In the 1980s it was discovered that in dogs exogenous progestins and endogenous progesterone can induce GH excess. This GH excess originates form the mammary gland and may give rise to acromegaly and insulin resistance. GH production by the mammary gland is not unique to the dog. It has become clear that cats and humans also express the GH gene in the mammary gland. There is increasing evidence that this locally produced GH not only plays a role in the morphologic changes of the mammary gland associated with the ovarian cycle and gestation, but that it is also involved in the development of breast cancer. In dogs, induction of mammary GH production by progestin administration allows for treatment of GH deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A blood test for intestinal permeability and function: a new tool for the diagnosis of chronic intestinal disease in dogs.

We demonstrate that rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose and lactulose may be quantified accurately in blood by HPLC and pulsed amperometric detection, thus enabling studies of intestinal permeability and function to be carried out using plasma samples. Prior to HPLC, the endogenous glucose was enzymatically modified to gluconic acid and the protein precipitated. The precision of the quantification of the sugars in plasma (CV: 2.2-5.7%; 8.7-10.6% at very low concentrations) compared well with the quantification in urine. The results for groups of 8 dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and 12 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease were shown to be significantly different from a group of 20 normal control dogs (P < 0.001), demonstrating the test's value as a diagnostic tool. The normal ranges in blood 2 h post oral administration were determined to be 0.05-0.17 for the lactulose/rhamnose ratio and 0.45-0.65 for the xylose/3-O-methylglucose ratio. This method may be employed advantageously when the collection of urine in intestinal permeability and function tests is difficult.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1981

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in dogs: a comparison to human Legg-Culvé-Perthes disease.

The femoral heads of 12 dogs with naturally occurring Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques. In the early stages of the disease, the bony capital femoral epiphysis was necrotic, but the articular cartilage and growth plate cartilage were not affected. By the early stages of repair, the femoral head had collapsed. the articular cartilage was thickened and furrowed at the sites of collapse, and the chondrocytes appeared more metabolically active. Sites of bone resorption were associated with osteoclasts and macrophages. In some specimens there were areas of necrosis in the metaphysis which interrupted normal enchondral ossification in the growth plate. By the final stages of repair, the epiphysis was almost completely revascularized with the exception of the central proximal segment. In some areas, repair tissue had penetrated into the deeper layers of the articular cartilage. The flattening of the femoral head in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease appears to be the result of several processes: mechanical collapse, asymmetric growth, and disturbed enchondral ossification at the growth plate.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with external ocular diseases in dogs: 131 cases (1981-1986).

Medical records of 131 dogs with external ocular diseases were reviewed. Bacteriologic culture of swab specimens from 151 eyes revealed 100 eyes (66.2%) were considered positive for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Of 127 species of microorganisms (bacterial and fungal) isolated, 50 (39.3%) were Staphylococcus spp (S intermedius, 17.3%). Streptococcus spp were the next most frequently isolated organism at 32 (25.2%), (Str canis, 16.5%). beta-Hemolytic streptococci (17%) were isolated more frequently than were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (9%), and coagulase-positive staphylococcal species (29%) were isolated almost 3 times as often as were coagulase-negative species (11%). Fungal and yeast organisms were isolated from 4.6% of the eyes. In vitro, most Staphylococcus spp were susceptible to cephalothin, bacitracin, and gentamicin, whereas most Streptococcus spp were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. Pseudomonas spp were sensitive to tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of inhaled medications to treat respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.

Noninfectious disorders of the respiratory tract, including laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and asthma are common problems in dogs and cats. Traditional therapies have often included corticosteroids and bronchodilators given by mouth or injection. Side effects of this form of treatment can be severe and can result in cessation of therapy. Inhaled corticosteroid drugs are not as absorbed into the systemic circulation, do not result in significant side effects, and are now the standard of care for dogs and cats with respiratory diseases that would otherwise be treated with systemic medications.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM diplomates on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs (canine Lyme disease). Clinical syndromes known to commonly be associated with canine Lyme disease include polyarthritis and glomerulopathy. Serological test results can be used to document exposure to B. burgdorferi but not prove illness. Although serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/indirect fluorescent antibody assay titers can stay positive for months to years after treatment, quantitative C6 peptide antibody paired tests need more study. Serological screening of healthy dogs is controversial because it can lead to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of normal dogs, most of which never develop Lyme disease. However, serological screening can provide seroprevalence and sentinel data and stimulate owner education about tick infections and control. Although it is unknown whether treatment of seropositive healthy dogs is beneficial, the consensus is that seropositive dogs should be evaluated for proteinuria and other coinfections and tick control prescribed. Tick control can include a product that repels or protects against tick attachment, thereby helping to prevent transmission of coinfections as well as Borrelia spp. Seropositive dogs with clinical abnormalities thought to arise from Lyme disease generally are treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h for 1 month). Proteinuric dogs might need longer treatment as well as medications and diets for protein-losing nephropathy. The ACVIM diplomates believe the use of Lyme vaccines still is controversial and most do not administer them. It is the consensus opinion that additional research is needed to study predictors of illness, "Lyme nephropathy," and coinfections in Lyme endemic areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosing new autoimmune blistering skin diseases of dogs and cats.

Autoimmune blistering skin diseases have been recognized for decades in humans and dogs. In the dog, most of these diseases unfortunately were grouped under the generic denomination of bullous pemphigoid without any confirmation that the autoantibodies targeted bullous pemphigoid antigens. In recent years, advanced diagnostic methods have permitted the recognition of new autoimmune blistering skin diseases in humans and companion-animal species. At this time, the diagnosis of these entities is made by combining clinical signs and results of histopathology. Immunologic methods serve to establish the presence of skin-fixed and circulating autoantibodies that target various epidermal or basement membrane antigens. In this article, salient features of the most common canine and feline subepidermal blistering dermatoses (mucous membrane pemphigold, bullous pemphigold, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita) and new variants of cutaneous lupus (type I bullous systemic lupus erythematosus and vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus) are presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic intestinal inflammation and intestinal disease in dogs.

Normal individuals maintain tolerance to the endogenous bacterial flora residing within their alimentary tract, a phenomenon mediated by the gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue. Loss of this tolerance is a key factor in the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Manifestations of such uncontrolled inflammation in humans include inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Dogs may similarly be affected, and although the etiopathogenesis is likely similar, the lesions differ. This review includes discussion of the factors involved in breakdown of mucosal tolerance, the immunologic basis of canine enteropathies, and the use of novel immunotherapies for these diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ophthalmic manifestations and complications of dental disease in dogs and cats.

Ophthalmic manifestations of dental disease may occur in dogs and cats because of the proximity between posterior maxillary teeth and the orbit. Ophthalmic disorders may be diagnosed promptly, but the initiating dental disease may be overlooked. Inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of dental disease may result in loss of teeth, irreversible vision-threatening ophthalmic disease, or, ultimately, loss of the globe. When ophthalmic examination results are suggestive of a primary dental disorder, thorough examination of the maxillary teeth is imperative to diagnose appropriately the underlying dental disease. Therapy should include treatment of the dental disease and secondary ophthalmic disorders.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum protein electrophoresis as a prognostic marker of chronic liver disease in dogs.

In a previous study in dogs with chronic liver disease it was found that a combination of clinical features and laboratory findings was useful in differentiating liver diseases but could not be used to evaluate a dog's prognosis. When an electrophoretic analysis of the serum proteins was included, marked decreases in the concentrations of albumin and the alpha-globulins alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin were observed in terminal liver cirrhosis, indicating impaired liver function. However, low albumin concentrations, together with normal or increased concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin, were observed in dogs which, although severely depressed when examined, often recovered and survived for a year or more.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of survey radiography as a method for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease in dogs.

In order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of survey radiography for canine congenital cardiac anomalies, thoracic radiographs of 57 dogs with congenital cardiac anomalies, 31 normal dogs and 27 dogs with acquired cardiac disease were mixed, and reviewed by two independent observers, who were blinded to any patient information. The congenital anomalies were aortic stenosis (n=25), pulmonic stenosis (n=10), patent ductus arteriosus (n=9), ventricular septal defect (n=8), tricuspid dysplasia (n=3) and mitral dysplasia (n=2). Both observers were moderately accurate at identifying dogs with cardiac disease. Their ability to distinguish dogs with congenital versus acquired cardiac disease was poorer and this assessment was probably influenced by the recognition of patients that were skeletally immature, which biased observers towards a diagnosis of congenital cardiac anomaly. The diagnosis rate for specific congenital anomalies was also poor (the differential list included a correct diagnosis in only 40 and 37 per cent of cases). Radiographic signs of specific cardiac chamber enlargement or pulmonary vascular abnormalities were recognised by both observers in only 20 per cent of instances in which they might be expected. They were, however, recognised more frequently in dogs with anomalies that imposed a volume load on the heart than in dogs with anomalies that induced a pressure load on the organ. It is concluded that survey radiography is an inaccurate method for diagnosis of canine congenital cardiac anomalies because of the difficulty of recognising radiographic signs, which are not present in many cases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional management of chronic renal disease in dogs and cats.

Chronic renal disease is a leading cause of death in dogs and cats. Recent clinical studies show that nutrition plays a key role in improving quality of life and life expectancy of these patients. Typical nutritional interventions include modifying the protein, phosphorus, and lipid concentrations. Nutritional therapy, however, does not simply mean changing the diet; consideration must also be given to ensuring adequate caloric intake and to the method of feeding. Monitoring the effects of the dietary therapy is also crucial to ensure that the patients are responding appropriately to the selected nutritional modifications. Nutritional management must be coordinated with medical management for long term successful treatment.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1985

Pneumonitis associated with occult heartworm disease in dogs.

Nine of 69 dogs with occult heartworm disease (13%) had allergic pneumonitis characterized by consistent clinical and radiographic signs. Although the clinical signs were severe, the degree of radiographic pulmonary arterial abnormalities was mild. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in rapid resolution of clinical and radiographic signs; thiacetarsamide therapy was then given without complications. This syndrome may not be recognized as heartworm-associated and may be confused with other disorders, some being associated with a poor prognosis and requiring different therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Clinical evaluation of sodium sulfanilate clearance for the diagnosis of renal disease in dogs.

Sodium sulfanilate (ss) clearance time was measured in 13 clinically normal dogs and in 24 dogs with suspected renal disease. The results were compared with those from more routine tests of renal function to assess whether measurement of ss clearance provided additional information about the degree of renal dysfunction. It was concluded that ss clearance is a more sensitive measure of renal dysfunction than is serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen. Sodium sulfanilate half-life was increased before the complete loss of ability to concentrate urine; however, urine concentrating ability was impaired in some dogs with normal ss clearance. In dogs with glomerular disease, proteinuria developed before increased ss clearances. However, ss clearance was a more reliable method of monitoring the degree of renal dysfunction than was protein concentration in single urine samples.

Animals↗