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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Distribution of trkA in cerebral cortex and diencephalon of the mongolian gerbil after birth.

TrkA is essential components of the high-affinity NGF receptor necessary to mediate biological effects of the neurotrophins NGF. Here we report on the expression of trkA in the cerebral cortex and diencephalon of mongolian gerbils during postnatal development. The expression of trkA was identified by immunohistochemical method. In parietal cortex and piriform cortex, higher levels of trkA IR (immunoreactivity) were detected at 3 days postnatal (P3) and at P9. Although trkA was not expressed till P3 in the parietal cortex, it was detectable at birth in the piriform cortex. Several regions, such as Layers I, IV & VI, did not show much expression. Layer I showed especially weak labeling. In the hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus, higher levels of trkA IR were detected at P6 and P12 than earlier days. But trkA was not expressed at birth in the hippocampus, at P3 in the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt), or neonatally in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DM). This data shows that expression of trkA is developmentally regulated and suggests that high affinity neurotrophin-receptors mediate a transient response to neurotrophines in the cerebral cortex and diencephalon during mongolian gerbil brain ontogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Age-related changes in serotonin-immunoreactivity in the telencephalon and diencephalon of rats.

Comparison of the appearance and density of the serotoninergic fibers and terminals in some tel- and diencephalon areas of young adult (3 months) and aged (28 months) rats was made immunohistochemically using an antibody to serotonin. In young adult rats a characteristic arrangement of the serotonin-immunoreactive (SER-IR) fibers and terminals in the tel- and diencephalon was observed. In aged rats the distribution pattern was the same but changes in the appearance and density of the SER-IR fibers were demonstrated. Many swollen and folded fibers forming cluster-like structures as well as reduced fiber networks were seen in the neocortex, hippocampal formation and striatum of aged rats. Aberrant fibers and decreased fiber density were also observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens and thalamic nuclei. Reduced fine granular immunostaining and scattered swollen varicosities were found in some amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei of aged rats. These results provide further morphological evidence for changes in the serotoninergic innervation during aging.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Natriuretic peptide receptors in cultured rat diencephalon.

To characterize the type of cell expressing natriuretic peptide receptors in the brain and the nature of these receptors, we conducted studies in primary cultured glial and neuronal cells derived from fetal rat diencephalon. The glial predominant cultures (95% of total cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive) expressed nearly a 10-fold greater specific binding of the natriuretic peptides to cell surface receptors compared with the neuron-predominant cultures. Scatchard analysis of binding studies with 125I-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and 125I-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) revealed a single class of receptors with dissimilar affinities (0.25 +/- 0.09 and 0.74 +/- 0.07 nM, respectively, n = 3 experiments p less than 0.01) but similar numbers of binding sites for both peptides (93 and 88 fmol/mg of protein, respectively). Cross-linking of 125I-ANP and BNP to cultured glia followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography identified distinct bands at either approximate Mr 130,000, or 102,000 and 66,000, corresponding to two high molecular weight (B) receptors and one low molecular weight (C) receptor described in other tissues. Different subtypes of astrocytes appeared to express different B receptors. Binding and cross-linking of radiolabeled ANP or BNP were competitively inhibited equally by unlabeled ANP or BNP, indicating that ANP and BNP probably bind the same receptors. The glial cultures functionally expressed a receptor(s) with guanylate cyclase activity; BNP was less potent than ANP in stimulating cGMP at lower concentrations. These results indicate that both high and low molecular weight natriuretic peptide receptors are expressed in astrocyte-predominant cultures from the fetal diencephalon and suggest that glia participate in several actions of ANP which are probably mediated through this area of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Ontogeny of the FMRFamide-immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain and diencephalon.

Ontogeny of the FMRFamide (molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide)-containing structures in the forebrain and diencephalon of the rat was investigated by employing immunohistochemical methods. FMRFamide-like immunoreacted (FMRF-IR) fibers first appeared in the borders of the periventricular zone and the preoptic area at embryonic day 18 (E18). Toward birth, the FMRF-IR fibers gradually increased both in immunoreactivity and in number in these areas. A pronounced increase in FMRF-IR was also found in the septum, the arcuate nucleus, the median eminence, the paraventricular nucleus and the amygdaloid complex. A few FMRF-IR fibers appeared at the prenatal stage in the caudate nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the dorsomedial nucleus and the cortex. The first FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the caudate-putamen and the amygdaloid complex at E21. These FMRF-IR cells increased in immunoreactivity and a significant number of cells was noted in these nuclei in the adult rat. The highest density of FMRF-IR neurons, especially in the amygdala and tuberal hypothalamic area, was detected at postnatal two weeks (P15). FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain and diencephalon appeared in the cell fibers prior to that observed in the cell bodies. This may suggest that some of the immunoreacted fibers may have originated from the lower areas of the rat brain. High densities of FMRF-IR cells present in the embryonic and early postnatal stages may indicate that FMRFamide is an important factor involved in developmental organization of the central nervous system. These results also indicate a differential genesis of FMRF-IR neuronal groups in different regions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

[Distribution in the diencephalon of the rat of retrogradely primuline-labelled dopamine-containing neurons forming spinal projections].

Distribution of primuline-labeled dopamine-containing neurons in the rat diencephalon following injection of fluorochrome into upper thoracic spinal cord was studied using a combination of catecholamine fluorescence method and retrograde cell-labeling. It was shown that only neurons of group A11 located in the dorsal hypothalamus and caudal thalamus give rise to the spinal projections. Non-catecholamine cells were also labeled in this region. Group A11 comprised 173 +/- 4 catecholamine-containing neurons. Most of them (up to 86%) were retrogradely labeled with primuline. The number of labeled dopamine-containing neurons increased in the rostro-caudal direction. Possible functional role of the dopaminergic diencephalon-spinal neuronal system is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Quantitative autoradiographic localization of prostaglandin E2 binding sites in monkey diencephalon.

Quantitative autoradiography was performed to investigate the mapping of prostaglandin E2 binding sites in the Macaca fuscata fuscata diencephalon. Autoradiographs were prepared by incubation of 10-micron-thick serial frozen sections with 3H-prostaglandin E2 and were processed by using a rotating drum-scanner and a computer-assisted image-processing system with 3H-microscales as standards. The localization of prostaglandin E2 binding sites was remarkably discrete in the diencephalon. The highest concentrations were found in the median and medial preoptic areas, supramammilary nucleus of the hypothalamus, and centromedian nucleus of the thalamus. High density was observed in the medial and dorsal hypothalamic areas; paraventricular, anterior, dorsomedial, and infundibular nuclei of the hypothalamus; and in the anteroventral, periventricular, paraventricular, laterodorsal, and habenular nuclei of the thalamus. The distribution correlates well with the known effects of prostaglandin E2 and may also give us useful clues in unveiling the novel role of prostaglandin E2 in a variety of brain functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The monoaminergic system in the diencephalon of the newt tadpole, Triturus alpestris (Mert). A histofluorescence study.

The distribution of monoamines in the brain of Triturus alpestris tadpoles was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. This study concerns especially the diencephalon where is observed the major part of the monoaminergic (MA) neurons. MA fiber tracts are found in the striatum, the septal nucleus and the medial and lateral forebrain bundles of the telencephalon. In the anterior diencephalon cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)--contacting catecholaminergic cells are localized within the preoptic recess organ (PRO) and fibers in the preoptic nucleus. More caudally both CSF-contacting catecholaminergic and serotonergic cells can be demonstrated in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and in the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID). In the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract, numerous catecholaminergic (CA) fibers occur in the median eminence and in the pars intermedia. The origin of these fibers is not elucidated but a participation of the PRO, PVO and NID seems possible. CA cells without contact with the CSF are localized laterally to the PVO, PVO-accompanying cells, and in the nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). The distribution of MA neurons in the brain of Triturus alpestris appears more similar to that of anurans than that of the primitive urodeles.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychiatry of diencephalon damages. A case report.

The diencephalon syndrome due to head injury in a 60-year-old woman is reported. The dicenphalon syndrome of the patient offered a variety of productive psychic and somatopsychic symptoms without reduction of intelligence; these included optic and acoustic hallucinations, delusions, cenesthesic hallucinations, disturbances of body schema and distinct functional disorders of the vegetative system. Autopsy findings of the brain were obtained in the 1.5 years up to her death. The problems of diencephalon syndrome related with suspected organic bases of schizophrenia and rhythmicity of diencephalogenic impulse reduction are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1986

Volumetric development of the fetal telencephalon, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and rhombencephalon including the cerebellum in man.

Fresh volumes of the human telencephalon, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and of the rhombencephalon including cerebellum were determined in a series of 10 normal specimens ranging in age from 63 to 176 days after conception. The volumetric growth of these parts shows a nonlinear dependence on age with a smaller increase during the 3d ontogenetic month and a stronger increase from the 4th month on. These data were analyzed together with previous measurements of 28 brains taken from the Yakovlev Collection in Washington, D.C., and the Vogt Collection in Düsseldorf. These brains range in age from 137 to 22,900 days after conception. These samples were reproduced in a model using sigmoid logistic functions. The entire brain and all analyzed parts show a monotonous growth. The individual regions develop heterochronously. The diencephalon is the first part to reach its ideal volume, with a main growth spurt between 100 and 420 days after conception. The rhombencephalon including the cerebellum is the last, with its main growth spurt between 240 and 650 days after conception. The growth of the entire brain is determined to a great extent by that of the telencephalon, having a main growth spurt between 175 and 580 days after conception. The prenatal growth is described separately with the asymmetric sigmoid function according to Gompertz. This yields a better approximation of the data collected from the early prenatal period.

Cerebellum↗
PubMed1983

Golgi-Cox studies on the chicken diencephalon.

Observations of neurons in the Golgi-Cox stained diencephalon in chickens revealed that the nucleus rotundus, corpus geniculatum laterale ventrale, nucleus entopeduncularis inferior and nucleus ovoidalis have well-defined boundaries whereas the other cell groups have ill-defined boundaries. Large, round cell bodies of the nucleus rotundus have very fine dendrites running straight in all directions. In contrast, neurons of the corpus geniculatum laterale ventrale have about two thick dendrites which always emerge at their dorsal and ventral poles and course vertically. Neurons of the nucleus entopeduncularis inferior, which shows the most specific pattern in the diencephalon, are mutually entwined and form net-like meshes. Most of the diencephalic neurons show a radiating type, but the hypothalamic neurons seem to be a subtype of this since they typically exhibit fewer and longer dendrites.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Crown cells in the diencephalon of Acipenser ruthenus (Acipenseridae, Chondrostei)].

Crown cells are considered to be typical for the Saccus vasculosus of gnathostome fishes. In Acipenser ruthenus these cells could be found on the entire floor of the diencephalon by SEM. There is one accumulation of crown cells in the frontal Recessus praeopticus, one caudal to the optic chiasma and one on the floor of the Recessus lateralis. The number of apical processes of the crown cells decreases significantly according to their distance from the Saccus vasculosus. In all basal gnathostome fishes examined until now, crown cells were found on the floor of the diencephalon outside the Saccus vasculosus.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Bearing of the diencephalon on the taxonomic status of the Tupaioidea.

As the taxonomic status of the Tupaioidea within the Order Primates is still unsettled, an attempt is being made to throw some light on this problem through investigations on the nuclear configuration and fibre connections of the diencephalon of the tree-shrew. Several tree-shrew species, particularly Tupaia glis and Urogale everetti have been involved in this qualitative study, and comparisons of diencephalic structures among the tree-shrews species, and with the Insectivores and Prosimii have been made. Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei which show more advanced development than others, are nuclei anteroventralis, mediodorsalis, centrum medianum, lateralis posterior, pulvinaris, geniculati lateralis and medialis, subthalamicus and mamillaris medialis. The nucleus mediodorsalis becomes much enlarged and more clearly differentiated into two or three regions. The ventrolateral thalamic nuclear group, though comparably small, is clearly definable into anterior, lateral and posterior parts. The pulvinar makes its first definitive appearance as a separate entity. The nuclei pretectalis and thalamicus posterior are larger and more prominent than those in the Prosimii. The dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body, termed nucleus geniculatus lateralis, show a clear stratification of its cells into six layers that correspond well to the primate pattern. The nucleus geniculatus medialis is well developed and differentiated into magnocellular and parvocellular parts. The epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus are not much different from those of other mammalian species. This study has shown that the thalamus and metathalamus show more advanced than primitive phylogenetic features than are found in the Insectivora. These may compare favorably with most of the homologues in the diencephalon of the Lemuroidea.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of the selective dopaminergic D2 agonist quinelorane on the activity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons projecting to the diencephalon of the rat.

The purpose of the present study was to characterize dopaminergic D2 receptor-mediated regulation of catecholaminergic neurons in the diencephalon by examining the acute effects of the potent and selective D2 agonist quinelorane (LY163502; trans-(-)-5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a,10-octahydro-6-propylpyrimido [4,5-g] quinolin-2-amine dihydrochloride dihydrate) on concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, dopamine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol and norepinephrine in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca of intact and norepinephrine-depleted male rats. For comparative purposes, various other diencephalic brain regions and the nucleus accumbens were also examined. The results of this study reveal that quinelorane decreases the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, whereas it increases the activity of noradrenergic neurons projecting to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, but not the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. These inhibitory and stimulatory actions of quinelorane are blocked by or reverse the effects of the D2-selective antagonist raclopride, indicating that quinelorane is acting at D2 receptors. Taken together, these results indicate that quinelorane inhibits DA neurons within the diencephalon, whereas it activates a subpopulation of noradrenergic neurons projecting to this brain region.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1977

Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the telencephalon and diencephalon of the eel (Anguilla anguilla l.). A fluorescence-microscopic and microspectrofluorometric investigation with special reference to the innervation of the pituitary.

In the telencephalon and diencephalon of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was studied microscopically and microfluorometrically with special emphasis on the innervation of the pituitary. In the telencephalon fluorescent fibers contained predominantly noradrenaline fluorophores. Fluorescent nuclei could not be established. In the diencephalon fluorescent perikarya were found in: (1) the paraventricular organ (PVO), possessing either dopamine or, to a lesser extent, serotonin fluorophores; (2) the PVO-accompanying group, exhibiting spectral data resembling those of noradrenaline fluorophores; (3) the nucleus hypothalami anterior (NHA), a small paired group of catecholamine-containing cells posterior to the commissura transversa.--The nucleus lobi inferioris exhibited a high density of delicate, most probably dopamine-containing terminals, while fibers surrounding this nucleus contained noradrenaline fluorophores. A high density of fluorescent terminals containing dopamine and/or noradrenaline was found in the habenular complex. Fluorescent terminals in the pituitary contained fluorophores resembling either dopamine or noradrenaline. Fluorescent tracts entered the pituitary from different directions. A rostral, unpaired tract enters the neurointermediate lobe, as also verified experimentally. The rostral pars distalis receives two paired tracts, one from a rostral and one from a dorsal direction. The proximal pars distalis also receives two paired tracts, one from a dorsal and one from a posterior direction.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2004

Bi-directional associations between galanin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal systems in the human diencephalon.

Evidence suggests that galanin plays an important role in the regulation of reproduction in the rat. Galanin is colocalized with luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH) in a subset of LHRH neurons in female rats and galanin-immunoreactive (galanin-IR) nerve terminals innervate LHRH neurons. Recent studies indicate that galanin may control gonadal functions in rats at two different levels: (i) via direct modulation of pituitary LH secretion and/or (ii) indirectly via the regulation of the hypothalamic LHRH release. However, the morphological substrate of any similar modulation is not known in human. In the present series of experiments we first mapped the galanin-IR and LHRH-IR neural elements in human brain, utilizing single label immunohistochemistry. Then, following the superimposition of the maps of these systems, the overlapping sites were identified with double labeling immunocytochemistry and examined in order to verify the putative juxtapositions between galanin-IR and LHRH-IR structures. LHRH and galanin immunoreactivity were detected mainly in the medial basal hypothalamus, in the medial preoptic area and along the diagonal band of Broca. Careful examination of the IR elements in the overlapping areas revealed close, bi-directional contacts between galanin-IR and LHRH-IR structures, which have been verified in semithin plastic sections. These galanin-LHRH and LHRH-galanin juxtapositions were most numerous in the medial preoptic area and in the infundibulum/median eminence of the human diencephalon. In conclusion, the present study is the first to reveal bi-directional juxtapositions between galanin- and LHRH-IR neural elements in the human diencephalon. These galanin-LHRH and LHRH-galanin contacts may be functional synapses, and they may be the morphological substrate of the galanin-controlled gonadal functions in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mapping of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity in the cat diencephalon.

Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we studied the location of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like fibers and cell bodies in the cat diencephalon. In the thalamus, almost all the immunoreactive fibers were found in the midline region, whereas in the hypothalamus immunoreactive fibers were observed in the whole structure. The hypothalamus showed a higher density of both immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies; no immunoreactive neurons were found in the thalamus. The densest network of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the epithalamus (nucleus periventricularis anterior) and in the hypothalamic nuclei filiformis, hypothalami ventromedialis, arcuatus, periventricularis hypothalami, area hypothalamica dorsalis, and hypothalamus posterior. A high density of immunoreactive neurons was found in the nucleus arcuatus, in the hypothalamus lateralis, and in the area hypothalamica dorsalis; a low density was found in the nucleus hypothalami ventromedialis and in the hypothalamus dorsomedialis. By comparison with the studies of previous researchers, these data showed a more widespread distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive fibers and perikarya in the feline hypothalamus. Moreover, our findings indicate that the peptide is widely distributed in the cat diencephalon, suggesting that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone might be involved in several physiological functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cavernous hemangioma in the diencephalon.

A 32-year-old man with a history of delayed puberty and obesity was seen initially with bitemporal hemianopsia and headache in 1974. Neuroradiologic studies showed a mass in the chiasmatic cistern and hypothalamus. Surgical exploration of the chiasm was unrevealing. Slowly progressive memory loss and intellectual impairment developed. Necropsy in 1978 disclosed a large cavernous hemangioma in the diencephalon.

Adult↗