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PubMed1985

Iohexol and diatrizoate: comparison in visceral arteriography.

Iohexol, a low osmolality, nonionic contrast medium, and diatrizoate, a conventional, ionic contrast medium, were evaluated for patient tolerance during visceral arteriography. Almost all the procedures performed with iohexol were painless: most patients given this agent reported only a mild feeling of warmth. Diatrizoate produced some pain and a feeling of intense heat in most patients. Both media produced excellent radiographic results, and no serious adverse reactions occurred.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Intussusception: hydrostatic pressure equivalents for barium and meglumine sodium diatrizoate.

The pressures generated by a barium suspension and various solutions of meglumine sodium diatrizoate in water were measured with a manometer. A pressure of 120 mm Hg was produced by a 3.5-foot (105-cm) column of 60% wt/vol barium and a 5-foot (150-cm) column of either a 1:3 or 1:4 solution of meglumine sodium diatrizoate and water. This is the pressure used to reduce an intussusception with air.

Barium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ioxaglate versus diatrizoate in selective pulmonary angiography. II. Cardiovascular responses.

A clinical comparison of ioxaglate and diatrizoate with regard to the cardiovascular effects following selective pulmonary angiography was performed in 20 patients with normal pulmonary arterial pressure. Ioxaglate produced a significantly less marked effect on systemic blood pressure (p less than 0.001), pulmonary arterial pressure (p less than 0.001), and heart rate (p less than 0.05-0.01), as compared with diatrizoate.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vicarious excretion of intravenous diatrizoate (Urograffin) in renal insufficiency: report of two cases.

Two cases of hepato-biliary excretion of intravenous sodium and meglumine diatrizoate (Urograffin 76%) are presented. One of these patients showed specification of of the gallbladder and colon while in the other case only the gallbladder was specified. In both cases there was marked deterioration of renal function. A brief review of the literature on hepatobiliary excretion of intravenous sodium and meglumine diatrizoate is given.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of intracoronary administration of contrast media on myocardial high-energy phosphate. A comparison of sodium meglumine diatrizoate and iohexol.

Myocardial ATP, ADP, and AMP were measured from cardiac biopsy in 11 dogs after intracoronary injection of 6 mL of sodium-meglumine diatrizoate (SMD), iohexol (IOH), or 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), and in three of the dogs at baseline before any injection. The ATP at baseline and after SMD, IOH, and 0.9% NaCl were 5.39 +/- 0.41, 3.72 +/- 0.70, 5.52 +/- 0.82, and 5.44 +/- 1.40 mumol/g wet weight, respectively. There were significant differences between SMD and IOH (P less than .02), and between SMD and 0.9% NaCl (P less than .05). The energy charge of SMD was 0.82 +/- 0.08, which differed from 0.89 +/- 0.02 for NaCl or 0.9 +/- 0.05 for baseline (P less than .05), but not from 0.85 +/- 0.04 for IOH. In conclusion, diatrizoate caused significant depletions in ATP stores in comparison with iohexol, but there was no significant difference with respect to energy charge. Nonionic contrast media would be preferable for coronary arteriography in patients whose high-energy stores might be depleted from severe ischemia.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Powdered diatrizoic acid for radiography of the respiratory tract. Part I. Experimental investigation.

Powdered diatrizoic acid as a contrast medium administered by inhalation and insufflation for visualization of the airways was tested in vitro and in 21 dogs. Good radiopacity of the contrast medium and its antibacterial activity was found in vitro. In the majority of animal experiments visualization of the bronchial tree down to segmental and partially to subsegmental bronchi with only minimal agglomeration of contrast medium and with good or very good demonstration of anatomic details was achieved. In the majority of dogs contrast medium was eliminated from the lungs within 18 hours. Arterial blood gases tested on 5 dogs showed only unimportant changes after contrast medium administration. No adverse reactions were observed. Histologic and ultrastructural examinations after contrast studies showed phagocytic reaction to diatrizoic acid, transient impairment of production of surfactant, reactive changes of bronchial mucosa, and no fibrotic changes in the long-term observation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The evaluation of neutral density separation utilizing Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate and Nycodenz and centrifugal elutriation in the purification of bovine and canine islet preparations.

This study evaluates the potential of a neutral density separation technique using iodinated gradient media in combination with Ficoll or alone at two different densities for the purification of bovine and canine islets isolated by a continuous digestion-filtration technique. In addition, centrifugal elutriation is applied to the purification of isolated bovine islets. A single density layer of Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate or Nycodenz at densities of 1.080 g/ml or 1.085 g/ml resulted in an recovery of 47.4% to 77.4% bovine islet volume with bovine islet purities ranging from 43.5% to 49.0%. The use of a single density layer of Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate at 1.080 g/ml and Nycodenz at 1.085 g/ml resulted in recoveries of 86.4% and 56.2% canine islet volume with canine islet purities of 58% and 63.5%, respectively. The bovine islet enriched fraction (flow rates 50-90 ml/min at a rotor speed of 200 rpm) obtained by centrifugal elutriation was 20.0 +/- 3.5% pure, the average recovery of bovine islet volume obtained by centrifugal elutriation was 59.0 +/- 10.7%. It is suggest that a further refinement of factors like osmolality, viscosity, pH, ionic composition and temperature of iodinated density gradient media may allow continued improvement of islet purity and recovery obtained by the simple neutral density separation technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of contrast media on left ventricular function. Comparison with iohexol and diatrizoate].

To investigate the effects of a low-osmolar nonionic (Iohexol: I) and a high osmolar ionic contrast media (Diatrizoate: D) on left ventricular (LV) function after left ventriculography (LVG), we studied 19 patients with coronary artery disease (I: 9 cases, D: 10 cases) during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The first LVG was performed by injecting 40 ml of I or D at a rate of 12 ml/sec, measuring simultaneous LV pressure with a catheter tip manometer (Millar instruments). At 4 minutes after the first LVG, we repeated hemodynamic measurements and LVG. Single-plane volumes (RAO 30 degrees) were calculated every 20 msec (50 frame/sec) using the area-length method. LV systolic function was estimated by ejection fraction (EF), ratio of end-systolic pressure to end-systolic volume (ESP/ESV) and maximal (+)dP/dt. LV relaxation was assessed by the time constant (T) of LV pressure decay. LV diastolic compliance was evaluated by the diastolic pressure-volume (PV) relationship. Results. 1. LV end-diastolic pressure and volume were augmented more significantly in D than in I group, probably due to the difference of their osmolarity. 2. EF increased in D group with increase of LV preload after the first LVG, but didn't change in I group. ESP/ESV and maximal(+)dP/dt were not changed after the first LVG in both groups. 3. LV isovolumic relaxation remained unchanged with I and D. 4. LV diastolic PV relation curve shifted upward more in D than I group. We conclude that Iohexol has less influences on LV function than Diatrizoate and may be used in high risk patients.

Contrast Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of intravenous injection of diatrizoate, iohexol or ioxilan on renal size, urine profiles and blood profiles in the rabbit.

Diatrizoate, iohexol or ioxilan were injected intravenously in 18 rabbits. The contrast medium passage through the kidneys was recorded on digital subtraction images for the first 50 s followed by 100 mm exposures up to 15 min after injection. The renal area was measured planimetrically. Urine profiles (glucose, phosphate, LDH, GGT, NAG), blood profiles (potassium, urea) and the relative clearance of albumin and sodium were followed for 5 days and compared with a control group injected with saline. All kidneys were examined by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. All three contrast media produced excellent arteriograms and urograms. The three different contrast media caused a rapid increase of the kidney area within the first minute, reaching an average maximum of 10 to 12 per cent after 5 min, followed by a gradual decline. Contrary to expectations the increase in renal area was similar for all three contrast media, so hyperosmolality is no likely explanation of this phenomenon. None of the contrast agents caused significant changes in any of the profile components with one exception: the GGT excretion was significantly elevated during the first 24 h after diatrizoate administration as compared with the effect of saline. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed no differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Determination of glomerular filtration rate by single-plasma sampling technique following injection of radioiodinated diatrizoate.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on the radioactivity concentration in a single-plasma sample obtained after the injection of radioiodinated diatrizoate (DTZ) has been described. Simultaneous determinations of GFR by use of DTZ based on multiple-sample plasma disappearance curves and inulin correlate highly. Certain theoretical volumes of distribution (injection dose counts divided by plasma concentration expressed as counts per liter of plasma) correlate highly with GFR determined by the multiple-sample plasma disappearance curves. For patients with relatively high GFR (greater than 100 ml/min) best correlations were obtained at 120 min; for patients with GFR 60-100 ml/min, best correlations were obtained at sampling times of 150 min after injection and for patients with GFR less than 60 ml/min, the ideal sampling time was 230 min after injection. For general use the 180-min sampling time may suffice. Since the formulae were found to produce nearly identical GFR values for data obtained from the use of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and DTZ, the former radiopharmaceutical can probably be substituted for diatrizoate using these formulae and sampling times as long as absence of plasma protein binding of the labeled chelate can be demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iohexol vs. diatrizoate. A comparative study in intravenous urography.

A randomized double-blind study comparing the use of iohexol with diatrizoate in intravenous urography was performed in 435 patients in nine centers. Contrast media were evaluated for safety, incidence of adverse side effects, and efficacy. Multiple hematologic and biochemical parameters were observed, as well as blood pressure and pulse, at intervals before and after injection. Severity, nature, and duration of side effects were recorded together with the attending physician's clinical assessment. Coned radiographs of the kidneys were done immediately after injection and were repeated at 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-minute intervals. Films were evaluated for quality of image. A significantly higher number of excellent studies were obtained with iohexol than with diatrizoate. Remarkably few side effects and adverse reactions reported for iohexol establish the safety and suitability of this nonionic contrast medium for intravenous urography.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effect of uropolinum, a diatrizoate contrast medium, on erythrocyte metabolism.

In the presence of Uropolinum (sodium and N-methylglucamine diatrizoate) the lactate production of erythrocytes was decreased in half of the cases studied. The addition of albumin showed a protective effect on glycolysis of red blood cells. A decrease in glutathione reductase and increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was observed in all cases. Acethylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by Uropolinum. The activities of phosphohexose isomerase, phosphofructokinase. aldolase and ATP-ase were decreased in some subjects and increased in the others. It may be attributed to individual sensitivity of some subjects to diatrizoates and is consistent with clinical observations.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1984

[Nephrotoxicity of contrast media. Comparison of iopamidol and diatrizoate by measurement of urinary enzymes after urography].

An ionic (diatrizoate) and a non ionic (iopamidole) radiocontrast medium were compared as to their nephrotoxicity in a cohort of 21 patients with renal disease, 18 of which with normal renal function. The elevation of the urinary excretion of enzymes from renal tubular cells has been considered as a good index for renal tubular damage. We measured two lysosomal enzymes (NAG and beta glucuronidase) and a brush-border enzyme (gamma GT). In all patients we demonstrated an elevation of urinary excretion of the three enzymes already 12 hours after contrast medium administration. However, the elevation was statistically significant only after employment of the ionic contrast medium and concerned gamma GT and beta-glucuronidase; the urinary excretion of NAG did not vary significantly. Urinary enzymes levels returned to basal values 36 hours after intravenous pyelography. In conclusion, iopamidole showed a lower nephrotoxicity with respect to diatrizoate, as demonstrated by the lower levels of urinary enzymes excretion reached after its use.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) in treatment of sudden hearing loss.

Thirty patients with sudden hearing loss were treated with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) and a vasodilator regimen. Of these patients, 30% had a good response, 23% had a moderate response, and 47% had no response. These results were superior to the results obtained in a group of patients with sudden hearing loss treated with vasodilators alone. A possible mode of action is discussed and the details of a new study outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Shock and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following meglumine diatrizoate for intravenous pyelography.

In a 25 year old man shock and pulmonary edema developed following the intravenous administration of meglumine diatrizoate for an intravenous pyelogram. A pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure of 3 torr and a high protein content in the pulmonary edema effluent confirmed the diagnosis of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. We suggest that the basis of the increased capillary permeability in this patient may be related to an immunologic reaction to intravenous pyelogram dye.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effect of urinary pH and diatrizoate on Bence Jones protein nephrotoxicity in the rat.

Both low urinary pH and radiocontrast agents may intensify myeloma nephrotoxicity. To study the effects of these factors, we determined inulin clearances (CIn) before and after infusions of human Bence Jones protein (BJP) in male Sprague-Dawley rats in a dose previously shown to be nephrotoxic. Rats that drank 0.15 M NaHCO3 for 48 hr before study had no change in CIn (+3 +/- 20%) after BJP unlike those that drank 0.15 M NH4Cl (-33 +/- 14%, P less than 0.05); urinary pH differed (7.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.1, P less than 0.05), but urinary flow rates did not. The acidifying regimen was used in all subsequent groups. Infusion of diatrizoate (DTZ) after BJP produced a further decrease in CIn (-85 +/- 8%, P less than 0.05). In contrast, infusion of albumin, which raised plasma protein concentration to that seen in BJP-infused rats, did not change CIn (+39 +/- 17%). Infusion of beta-lactoglobulin also led to a greater decrease in CIn after DTZ (-35 +/- 9 vs. -67 +/- 8%, P less than 0.05), but myoglobin did not (-58 +/- 7 vs. -54 +/- 12%). Urinary pH and flow rate did not differ between any DTZ-infused group and its appropriate control. These data suggest that aciduria independent of urinary flow rate increases the nephrotoxicity of BJP. In this setting, DTZ further intensifies the nephrotoxicity of BJP as well as some but not all filterable proteins.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1977

The influence of concentration and dose upon the extravascular distribution of intra-arterially injected meglumine diatrizoate.

The dose and concentration of an intra-arterially injected contrast medium, when increased approximately fivefold from a slightly hypotonic solution, produced lower tissue distribution volumes and lower extravascular diatrizoate fractions in the rat. A further fivefold increase in dose (to 1 ml/kg) with little change in concentration produced even lower early distribution volumes. Increases of concentration and dose caused a higher percentage of the contrast medium to remain within the vasculature, presumably as a result of extraction of tissue water by the hypertonic medium. Changes in the concentration of the contrast medium affected its distribution volume for a longer time than corresponding changes in the actual dose. The use of the more concentrated contrast media at higher doses should be expected to give better radiologic detail on angiograms.

Adipose Tissue↗