[Dia-meta-transcondyloid intra-articular comminuted fractures of the femur].
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Femoral Fractures↗
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[Estimation of tissue and organ doses in stomach photofluorographic examination by a 12 inch dia. image intensifier system (author's transl)].
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Female↗
The Disease Impact Assessment System (DIAS).
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Adolescent↗
The DIA anatomic abutment system and telescopic prostheses: a clinical report.
Implant-supported prostheses may benefit from the versatility of design and favorable appearance offered by telescopic restorations. This project investigated the effectiveness of 208 abutments designed and produced by Dental Imaging Associates and the 73 prostheses supported by them over a 2-year period. No complications were found in the single-tooth group, although the sample was small (n = 7). Only 8.17% of the 208 abutment screws became loose during the initial postloading period. Once retightened, 2.4% of the total loosened for the second time. Higher screw-loosening rates were found in maxillary restorations, while the inclusion of a distal cantilevered pontic produced a significant increase in maintenance requirements.
Adult↗
[5-year results of dia-/supracondylar femoral fractures, managed with the dynamic condylar screw].
In 118 patients with intra- and extraarticular distal femoral fractures we used open reduction and internal fixation with a dynamic condylar screw. We recorded general implant related complications in a very low percentage of patients. In evaluation of the long-term results in eighty one patients after follow-up of more than five years we found occasional pain in eighteen patients and frequent pain in two patients. 70% of the patients presented with free range of motion in knee joint. Only five patients had a clinically important malunion of greater than five degrees. We found malrotation of greater than ten degrees in four patients. 90% of patients were found to have a stable knee joint. The functional result according to Neer was excellent in more then 50 percent and satisfying in 40 percent of the patients. Only in 5 patients the result was determined as unsatisfying or as a failure. No arthrotic changes were found in the femoro-patellar and femoro-tibial joint in about 75 percent of the cases. Grade 2 changes were found in 15 percent in the femoro-patellar joint and in 18 percent in the femoro-tibial joint. Grade 3 arthrotic changes were seen even in less than 10 percent in both parts of the knee joint.
Adolescent↗
[Dias and overheads used in presentations].
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Audiovisual Aids↗
Quality of life and end stage renal disease therapeutic programs. DIA-QOL Group. Dialysis quality of life.
Because patients with ESRD cannot be cured of their underlying conditions and because the therapeutic programs have an important impact on the patients' life style, the patient's own assessment of health should have a central place in clinical care. Until now, attention has almost exclusively focused on technical and clinical outcomes, and survival. Functional status, well-being and quality of life, satisfaction with care, or in other words "patient's experience", have been only marginally considered. There is a growing recognition that use of mortality data alone is not the most effective way to asses the quality of care provided to these patients. Generic and disease-specific health issues can be investigated with the use of questionnaires, by asking questions that cover physical, psychological and social domains. Health related quality of life data regarding chronic renal failure, dialysis and transplantation are briefly presented and discussed. These data show differences between patient's subjective feelings and physician's opinions about patients, between objective quality of life indexes and subjective quality of life scores. A more comprehensive view of our patients seems possible and useful.
Erythropoietin↗
Estrogen receptor stereochemistry: ligand binding orientation and influence on biological activity.
Racemic (Rac) 4'- and 5-deoxyindenestrol A (4'-DIA and 5-DIA), monohydroxyl analogs of the diethylstilbestrol (DES) oxidative metabolite indenestrol A (IA), were synthesized, and their enantiomers were resolved and isolated. Each compound was then tested for estrogen receptor (ER) binding affinity, uterotropic activity, and nuclear ER levels, to further define the stereochemical preference of the ER and to structually evaluate the function of each IA hydroxyl group for binding and biological activity. Competitive binding to cytosolic ER determined the relative binding affinity of racemic mixtures of 4'- and 5-DIA as 1.3 and 3.7, respectively, compared with that of DES, 286. The ER exhibited a binding preference for the S-enantiomer of both compounds, with relative binding affinities of 4'-DIA-R, 0.2; 4'-DIA-S, 1.8; 5-DIA-R, 0.9; and 5-DIA S, 5.6. 4'-DIA-Rac produced 3 times the in vivo stimulation of 5-DIA-Rac in the uterotropic bioassay (with mouse uterine doubling doses of 302.4 and 800 micrograms/kg, respectively). Nuclear ER levels measured 1 hr after in vivo treatment with either 160 micrograms/kg 4'-DIA or 80 micrograms/kg 5-DIA showed a maximum binding level of 2 (4'-DIA) and 1.5 (5-DIA) times saline control, with these doses producing levels nearly equal to that caused by a 10 micrograms/kg dose of IA. Metabolic studies were carried out by treating mice with [3H]4'- and [3H]5-DIA-Rac, to determine the differential binding affinity and biological stimulation of 4'-DIA and 5-DIA. The in vivo metabolism of the [3H]DIA compounds showed formation of [3H]IA-Rac in urine extracts, as analyzed by chiral high performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, in vitro incubation of unlabeled 4'- and 5-DIA-Rac with mouse liver microsomes showed stereospecific metabolism, with IA-S primarily formed from 4'-DIA-Rac and IA-R from 5-DIA-Rac. Metabolism of 4'-DIA-Rac to the more active IA S-enantiomer and of 5-DIA-Rac to the less active IA R-enantiomer contributes to the different biological activities, because the ER exhibits a chiral preference for these compounds. The higher binding affinity of 5-DIA indicates that the phenyl ring hydroxyl group is required for high affinity binding; however, both hydroxyl groups are needed for subsequent biological activity. These data further suggest that the ER demonstrates stereochemical ligand binding and that IA binds in an orientation relative to 17 beta-estradiol in which the IA phenyl ring corresponds to the estradiol A-ring.
Animals↗
Effects of prenatal undernutrition on developing rat diaphragm.
The effects of maternal nutritional deprivation (ND) on the proportions and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of type I and II fibers in the developing rat diaphragm (Dia) were examined. In addition, the effects of ND on in vitro contractile and fatigue properties were also studied. Compared with in the control (CTL) group (from pups of well-nourished mothers), proportions of type II fibers were significantly lower in the ND group during the first 3 postnatal wk. However, this difference did not persist into adulthood. CSAs of type I and II fibers were larger in ND Dia than in CTL Dia during early postnatal development, but in adults type I and II fiber CSAs were larger in CTL than in ND Dia. Interstitial space comprised a smaller fraction of total muscle area in ND Dia throughout postnatal development and persisted in adults. Estimated fiber density (no. of fibers/CSA muscle) was lower in ND groups at all ages. In addition, the total number of fibers was significantly lower in ND Dia at all ages. Optimal muscle fiber length for peak twitch and maximum isometric force generation was shorter in ND Dia at all ages. At postnatal days 7 and 14, specific force (maximum tetanic force in N/cm2) of ND Dia was significantly lower than that of CTL Dia. At day 21, Dia specific force was comparable between the two groups but was significantly lower in adult ND compared with adult CTL Dia. Except for days 0 and 14, ND Dia was more fatigue resistant than CTL Dia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
IgE-mediated allergic reaction in drug-induced asthma.
Immunoallergological studies were carried out to clarify the differences between 24 patients with drug-induced asthma (DIA) and 240 with non-drug-induced asthma (non-DIA). The mean values of age, skin reaction to Candida albicans (C. albicans), serum IgE levels, specific IgE antibodies to house dust (HD) and C. albicans, bronchial sensitivity and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis from peripheral venous blood in patients with DIA were not significantly different from those in patients with non-DIA. In contrast, the frequency of positive skin reaction to HD and histamine release from peripheral basophils by anti-IgE were significantly lower in DIA than in non-DIA. These results agree with the reports that DIA was often observed in non-atopic asthma. But, the mean value of serum IgE was very high in DIA as well as in non-DIA. This result suggests that IgE mediated reaction in DIA is important. Furthermore, the proportion of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly lower in DIA than in non-DIA. Our findings suggest that a decrease of intrapulmonary neutrophils might play an important role in the pathophysiology of DIA.
Adolescent↗
Contractile properties of the rat external abdominal oblique and diaphragm muscles during development.
We studied the in vitro contractile and fatigue properties of the rat external abdominal oblique (EAO) and costal diaphragm (DIA) muscles during postnatal development. Isometric twitch contraction (CT) and half-relaxation (RT1/2) times were longer in both the EAO and DIA muscles during the early postnatal period and decreased with age. In the first postnatal week, the CT and RT1/2 were longer in the EAO than the DIA muscle. At 14 days of age and thereafter, the CT and RT1/2 were shorter in the EAO than in the DIA muscle. Force-frequency relationships of the EAO and DIA muscles changed during postnatal development such that the relative force (percent maximum) generated at lower frequencies (less than 15 pulses/s) decreased with age. Moreover the relative force generated by the EAO muscle at lower frequencies was greater than that of the DIA muscle during the early postnatal period but less than that of the DIA muscle in adults. The specific force of both the EAO and DIA muscles increased progressively with age. There were no differences in specific force between the EAO and DIA muscles at any age. The fatigability of the EAO and DIA muscles was comparable during the early postnatal period and increased in both muscles with postnatal development. In adults the EAO muscle was more fatigable than the DIA muscle. We conclude that the contractile and fatigue properties of the EAO and DIA muscles undergo significantly different postnatal transitions, which may reflect their functional involvement in sustaining ventilation.
Animals↗
An enzymatic differential assay for urinary diamines, spermidine, and spermine.
Subsequent to the hydrolysis of urinary conjugated amines by heating with hydrochloric acid, free amines were isolated by cation-exchange chromatography. SPD and SPM in an aliquot of amine extract were first oxidized by PAO from Penicillium chrysogenum, producing PUT and hydrogen peroxide. DIAs, which consist of the initially present DIAs plus PUT produced by PAO, were subsequently oxidized by PUO from Micrococcus rubens, producing hydrogen peroxide. In an another aliquot of the amine extract DIAs and SPD were oxidized by PUO, producing hydrogen peroxide. Quinone dye, derived from hydrogen peroxide generated in each end-point reaction, was measured spectrophotometrically at 555 nm, and the amounts of the respective amines in urine were calculated. Significantly elevated levels of DIA, SPD, SPM, and an elevated DIA to SPD ratio were found in urine from 46 cancer patients, as compared to 34 normal control subjects. An increase in DIA and the ratio of DIA to SPD was found at clinical tumor stage I of the alimentary tract. The levels of DIA remained fairly constant and the ratio of DIA to SPD was consistently decreased with advancing clinical tumor stages. In patients who had undergone curative resection, there were greater decreasing rates (80% of cases for DIA and 80% for SPD) than in patients who had undergone noncurative resection (45.5% for DIA and 36.4% for SPD).
Diamines↗
Effects of ischemic conditions and reperfusion on depolarization-induced automaticity.
The inducibility of slow-response automaticity was assessed during ischemic conditions and reperfusion by application of extracellular current. Isolated canine Purkinje fibers were depolarized to membrane potentials less than -65 mV to elicit depolarization-induced automaticity (DIA). Ischemic conditions increased the cycle length of DIA and, in some tissues, prevented sustained DIA or completely abolished DIA. The magnitude of depolarization required to elicit DIA also increased. Inhibition of DIA occurred at a time when action potential plateaus were abbreviated. The effect of reperfusion on DIA was biphasic. Initial reappearance of DIA was followed by inhibition and reduction of the membrane potential range over which DIA could be elicited. Plateaus of action potentials initiated at high membrane potential were abbreviated at this time. DIA returned again as reperfusion effects dissipated. Phasic changes in the inducibility of DIA may represent changes in availability of the slow inward current and may regulate the timing and types of arrhythmic activity occurring with ischemia and reperfusion.
Action Potentials↗
Insulin-like growth factor I prevents corticosteroid-induced diaphragm muscle atrophy in emphysematous hamsters.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) could attenuate or prevent diaphragm (DIA) fiber atrophy with corticosteroid (CS) administration to emphysematous (EMP) hamsters. DIA muscle IGF-I responses to CS administration with and without exogenous rhIGF-I administration were evaluated. Three groups were studied: 1) EMP; 2) EMP + triamcinolone (T; 0.4 mg.kg-1.day-1 im); and 3) EMP + T + IGF-I (600 microg/day by constant infusion). After 4 wk, the DIA was analyzed histochemically and biochemically (IGF-I mRNA levels by RT-PCR and endogenous and exogenous IGF-I peptide levels immunochemically). Body weights of EMP-T progressively decreased, while those of EMP and EMP-T-IGF-I remained stable despite similarly reduced food intake in both T groups. DIA weight was reduced with T but preserved with rhIGF-I infusion. DIA fiber proportions were similar among the groups. The cross-sectional areas of types I, IIa, and IIx fibers were reduced (17 to 31%) with T administration but unchanged with rhIGF-I infusion. DIA IGF-I mRNA levels were similar across all groups. By contrast, the endogenous DIA IGF-I levels were reduced (41%) in the EMP-T-IGF-I animals. Total DIA IGF-I levels (endogenous + exogenous) were still significantly reduced. IGF-I immunoreactivity confirmed this reduction in all DIA fibers. We conclude that DIA fiber atrophy with T was completely prevented by exogenous rhIGF-I administration. This effect was likely mediated by the pharmacological influences of exogenously administered rhIGF-I. We speculate that this results from increased bioavailability of free IGF-I to react with muscle receptors. Reduced endogenous IGF-I levels in the DIA likely reflect a negative-feedback influence. These results may have important clinical implications for treatment options to offset the adverse effects of CS on the respiratory muscles in patients with chronic lung disorders.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
Depolarization-induced alkalinization in proximal tubules. II. Effects of lactate and SITS.
Intracellular pH and voltage microelectrodes were used to further characterize the depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA) observed in isolated perfused proximal tubules of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. Tubules were depolarized by raising basolateral [K+] from 2.5 to 50 mM. The solutions were air equilibrated and nominally HCO3- free (estimated [HCO3-] = 0.2 mM). In the preceding study we showed that the DIA is partially blocked by removal of Na+ from only the lumen or only the bath, but completely blocked by bilateral Na+ removal. In the present study we found that bilateral amiloride (1 mM) had no effect on the DIA, suggesting that Na-H exchange is not involved. In contrast, basolateral 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) (0.5 mM) partially blocked the DIA, presumably due to inhibition of one or more of three SITS-sensitive basolateral transporters present in amphibian proximal tubules: electrogenic Na-HCO3 cotransport, Na-dependent Cl-HCO3 exchange, and H-lactate cotransport. Bilateral removal of all organic substrates, or of only lactate (Lac-) also blocked the DIA partially. As shown elsewhere (A. W. Siebens, and W. F. Boron, J. Gen. Physiol. 90: 799-831, 1987), in the absence of depolarization, luminal Lac- causes a pHi increase due to luminal Lac- entry via a Na-Lac cotransporter, followed by basolateral Lac- exit via an H-Lac cotransporter sensitive to alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC). Three lines of evidence indicate that this Na-Lac/H-Lac mechanism is involved in the DIA. 1) As noted previously, the DIA is partially blocked by luminal Na+ removal. 2) With the DIA partially blocked by basolateral SITS, removal of Lac- from only the lumen blocks the remainder of the DIA. 3) Basolateral CHC partially blocks the DIA. Our data suggest that the DIA is mediated by at least two additive mechanisms, a basolateral transporter that is SITS sensitive and Na+ dependent, and the Na-Lac/H-Lac transport system.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
Course of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats treated with dialysates obtained 17 hours after partial hepatectomy.
Various theories have been put forward to explain the regenerative capacity of liver tissue induce by partial hepatectomy (PH). One of them presumes the existence of humoral factors stimulating proliferation of the liver tissue. We evaluated the course of liver regeneration after 65-70% PH as influenced by dialysates (DIA) of the organs of a rat killed 17 h after PH. In addition to kidney DIA, we were particularly interested in the effect of liver and spleen DIA. The experiments were carried out on rats weighting 310-370 g. Kidney, liver or spleen dialysate was administered subcutaneously and the rats were killed 12 or 24 h later by exsanguination from the abdominal aorta. In further rats, PH was performed 24 h after administering DIA and the rat were killed 18, 24, 30, 48 and 72 h after the operation. The initiation of liver regeneration was stimulated by all the given DIA, but especially by liver DIA. The faster onset of liver regeneration 18 h after PH in rats given spleen DIA is interesting. DIA did not greatly affect the hepatocytes of intact liver, but accelerated the initiation of liver regeneration after PH by synchronizing the cell cycle of proliferating hepatocytes. DIA obtained 17 h after PH contained substances which primarily stimulated liver DNA synthesis. From the changes in inhibition of the migration of spleen macrophages in the medium containing liver antigens, and from the circulating immunocomplex values, we conclude that DIA activation of the immune system, a well as the hepatic stimulator substance contained in the DIA, participates in acceleration of the liver regeneration process.
Animals↗
Analysis of an iterative difference equation model of the cardiac cell membrane.
An iterative difference equation (DE) model based on a small set of functional characteristics derived from the modified Beeler-Reuter ionic model (MBR) of a space-clamped membrane of the ventricular myocyte was studied. These characteristics were expressed as functions of a common independent variable, the diastolic interval (DIA), to define threshold, Thr (DIA), latency, L (DIA), action potential duration, APD (DIA), and delayed excitability recovery, R(DIA), owing to a sub-threshold response. Memory effects, in the form of a dependence on the immediately proceeding action potential waveform, were not included in the current DE formulation. The entrainment bifurcation structure of the DE model was found to be very sensitive to the form of APD (DIA) but, with a suitable choice of parameter values, the model reproduced the successive stable rhythms of synchronization (1:1-->2:2-->2:1-->4:2) found in the MBR model with decreasing basic cycle lengths. The fine details of the transition between stable rhythms were seen to depend on the specific forms of APD (DIA) and R (DIA) chosen, and on the initial conditions at the onset of pacing. The minor deficiencies of the DE R (DIA) chosen, and on the initial conditions at the onset of pacing. The minor deficiencies of the DE model are attributable to the memory-free APD (DIA) used, and to uncertainties in the description of the MBR model behavior owing to the slow convergence toward a given stable rhythm. Overall, the iterative DE formulation based on the transient properties of an ionic model, as derived by premature stimulation, it is also adequate to describe the stable entrainment patterns of the ionic model.
Animals↗
Influence of diamide on aggregation, cytoskeletal proteins, and arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets.
Simultaneous addition of diamide (azodicarboxylic acid-bis-dimethylamide, DIA), a SH-oxidizing agent, and collagen causes a deaggregation of otherwise irreversibly aggregating platelets. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 12-HE-TE formation is inhibited depending on the concentration ratio between collagen and DIA. Thus, at 0.25 mM DIA and 20 micrograms/ml collagen neither TXB2 nor 12-HETE were measurable, but a full scale reversible aggregation is induced. Deaggregation is further attained by adding DIA to collagen-induced aggregates at a time, when maximum amplitude has been achieved. Investigation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites under these conditions revealed no influence of DIA on AA metabolism. Therefore, AA metabolization seems to play a minor role in collagen-induced aggregation and DIA-induced deaggregation. Polymerization of certain cytoskeletal proteins of the platelets, after addition of DIA, parallels DIA-induced deaggregation. DIA inhibits endogenous AA release, probably by interaction with platelet plasma membrane. DIA seems to inhibit the release of the alpha-granula protein thrombospondin.
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗