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PubMed1989

Effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer on plaque formation: a 6-week clinical study.

A 6-week, double-blind, clinical study was conducted to determine the effect on plaque formation of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid as compared to a placebo dentifrice. Ninety-one male and female adult subjects with baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores of 1.5 or greater were entered into the study. Eighty-six subjects completed the entire 6 weeks of the study. Subjects were initially stratified into two balanced groups using their baseline Plaque Index score and each group was then randomly assigned to the use of one of the two test dentifrices. All subjects received an oral prophylaxis at the start of the study. Subjects were given either the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush for home use and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute at each toothbrushing. At the end of the 2, 4 and 6 weeks' use of their assigned dentifrice, the subjects had their teeth evaluated for plaque formation. The results indicated that the group assigned to the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had 11.89%, 11.83% and 20.01% less plaque formation after 2, 4 and 6 weeks' use of the dentifrices, respectively, than the group assigned to the placebo dentifrice. All reductions in plaque formation were statistically significant at the 97% level of confidence or greater. The effect was more pronounced on the tooth surfaces that had the heaviest plaque formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The effects of three silica dentifrices containing Triclosan on supragingival plaque and calculus formation and on gingivitis.

A double blind, seven month clinical study was conducted to determine the effects of three Triclosan containing test dentifrices on supragingival plaque, gingivitis and supragingival calculus formation compared to a 0.8 per cent monofluorophosphate-silica control dentifrice. Each test dentifrice contained 0.3 per cent Triclosan; additionally one contained 0.75 per cent zinc citrate, the second contained 2 per cent Gantrez and the third contained 5 per cent pyrophosphate. Subjects were assigned to one of the three test groups or to the control group according to random allocation within nine strata. Subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque and calculus formation and for gingivitis after one, four and seven months' use of the dentifrices. After seven months, the Triclosan/Gantrez and the Triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrices each provided a statistically significant reduction of approximately 25 per cent in gingival bleeding compared to the control. Neither dentifrice gave statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque or calculus formation. In contrast, the Triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions of 33 per cent in supragingival plaque, 51 per cent in gingival bleeding and 67 per cent in supragingival calculus formation. The reductions in gingival bleeding and calculus formation were statistically superior to those of the Triclosan/Gantrez and the Triclosan/pyrophosphate products. The results demonstrate that use of the Triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice over a seven month period provided statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in supragingival plaque and calculus formation, and control of gingivitis as compared to a control dentifrice.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Intra-oral remineralization of enamel with a MFP/DCPD and MFP/silica dentifrice using surface microhardness.

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) abrasive in a dentifrice on the remineralizaton of enamel using a surface microhardness technique. The method of assessing enamel remineralization via surface microhardness (SMH) was validated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, intra-oral remineralization study conducted with 12 healthy adults. Enamel demineralization was achieved in vitro by covering bovine enamel blocks with exogenous oral bacteria, S. Mutans 1600 Ingbritt, containing glucan which was then exposed to sucrose. In the intra-oral treatment phase, subjects were fitted with oral maxillary palatal retainers, each holding four demineralized enamel blocks. Subjects brushed their teeth for 30 seconds with a test dentifrice, swished for an additional 60 seconds, rinsed with water and then retained the blocks intra-orally for 4 hours. Percent mineral recovery for each enamel block was calculated as the ratio of the changes in enamel microhardness due to treatment (remin) and sucrose challenge (demin). Treatments included DCPD-based dentifrices containing 0, 250 and 1000 ppm fluoride (F) from sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). Using SMH, respective mean percent mineral recoveries of 5.7, 18.7 and 41.4% were obtained. All ADA criteria for model validation were fulfilled. This same model was then used to compare the remineralization effects of a silica placebo, DCPD placebo, 1000 ppm F MFP/silica and 1000 ppm F MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Mean percent mineral recoveries of -0.9, 24.1, 30.2 and 55.7% were obtained, respectively. The MFP/DCPD dentifrice was superior to MFP/silica (<0.01) with use of the MFP/DCPD dentifrice when compared to MFP/silica or the silica placebo. These results indicate that more active calcium and a higher degree of saturation (DS(EN)) with respect to enamel exists for an extended period of time after use of a MFP/DCPD dentifrice. Since an elevation in DS(EN) is considered a major parameter controlling the extent of enamel remineralization, this finding may partly explain the superior remineralization of enamel observed with the MFP/DCPD dentifrice. The significant increases in calcium activity and intra-oral enamel remineralization by the DCPD-based dentifrice are consistent with earlier findings that a DCPD abrasive provides added benefit for enamel remineralization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Laboratory and clinical stain removal evaluations of two tartar control dentifrices.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate Colgate original Tartar Control dentifrice (TC) and new Colgate Micro Cleansing Tartar Control (MCTC) dentifrice in a laboratory and clinical study for their ability to remove induced stain. In the laboratory study, polished and etched bovine enamel specimens were stained for 4 days with a coffee, tea, and mucin, Sarcina lutea tartox culture in trypticase soy broth. Sixteen specimens were then brushed for 200 strokes with a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution to remove loose stain, and then brushed for 300 strokes with a 1:1 toothpaste slurry. Tooth color was measured by reflectance with the CLE L*a*b* scale. The calculated stain removal, 37% for MCTC and 24% for TC, was significantly different (p<0.01) favoring the MCTC dentifrice. In the clinical study, eight-six subjects were given Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) mouthrinse, a low abrasive dentifrice and a soft toothbrush to use twice a day for 8 weeks. Stain was monitored on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the anterior teeth using the Lobene index. The seventy-seven subjects with sufficient total stain were stratified into two balanced groups, given a new soft toothbrush and were randomly assigned to use one of the dentifrices tested, twice a day for 8 weeks. At 4, 6 and 8 weeks in the study, the MCTC dentifrice product had consistent, significantly (p<0.05-0.001) lower total stain scores than the TC dentifrice. In the laboratory and clinical studies conducted, even though stain induction and evaluation procedures differed, the new Colgate Micro Cleansing Tartar Control dentifrice was significantly more effective at removing stain than the Colgate original Tartar Control dentifrice formula.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The comparative efficacy of two commercial tartar control dentifrices in preventing calculus development and facilitating easier dental cleanings.

Tartar control dentifrices have been proven effective in reducing the build-up of supragingival calculus deposits between professional tooth cleanings. In addition to providing consumers with a cleaner dentition, these formulations can, in principle, contribute to easier professional tooth cleaning. Until recently, clinical methods for evaluating the effects of tartar control dentifrices were limited to the assessment of area coverage of calculus on the tooth surface. The development of the Quanticalc dental scaler permits the quantitative clinical measurement of force and stroke number associated with supragingival calculus debridement. In this clinical study, two commercial tartar control dentifrices, one containing 5.0% pyrophosphate as the tartar control agent and the other containing a combination of 1.3% pyrophosphate and 1.5% Gantrez copolymer, were compared for efficacy in reducing the development of supragingival calculus between prophylaxes, and in facilitating easier calculus removal in subsequent scaling. Results showed that the two commercial dentifrices were equally effective in reducing calculus extent between prophylaxes. In contrast, the 5.0% pyrophosphate dentifrice was observed to be almost twice as effective on a percentage basis as the lower dosage pyrophosphate dentifrice in facilitating easier calculus removal. The enhanced activity of the 5.0% pyrophosphate dentifrice may be postulated to be due to elevated dosage of tartar control crystallization inhibitor or to potential side effects of copolymer in the other commercial dentifrice. Importantly, these results substantiate that the clinical benefits of tartar control dentifrices are not completely described by actions in reducing calculus build-up as assessed by VMI, and that important clinical benefits and differences in efficacy may be provided by these formulations in facilitating easier dental cleaning of supragingival calculus.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Clinical evidence for the lack of triclosan accumulation from daily use in dentifrices.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate through clinical pharmacokinetic studies that triclosan does not accumulate in blood or plasma in human subjects who regularly use triclosan-containing dentifrice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three clinical pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to assess the blood or plasma levels of triclosan following toothbrushing with dentifrice formulations containing triclosan. In Study 1, both a single-dose and a multiple-dose phase were conducted. In the single-dose phase, subjects brushed one time with 1.25 g dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan (3.75 mg triclosan dose) and ingested all of the dentifrice. Blood samples were collected at multiple time points from pre-dose to 72 hrs post-dose and analyzed for total triclosan levels. In the multiple-dose phase, these same subjects brushed three times daily as in the single-dose phase. This pattern was followed for 12 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at multiple time points up to 48 hrs after the first dose of day 12. Study 2 was a parallel, open-labeled clinical study to compare triclosan blood levels from twice daily brushing with 1 gm of dentifrice containing 0.2% triclosan to twice daily ingestion of 20 ml of a 0.01% triclosan aqueous solution over a period of 21 days. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at baseline and at 4 hrs after the morning dose on days 7, 14, and 21. Study 3 was a parallel, double-blind, 12-wk brushing study with dentifrice containing 0.2% triclosan or a matching placebo. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at baseline and at 3 and 12 wks at 4 hrs after the morning dose. RESULTS: In the single-dose study, Triclosan was absorbed into the systemic circulation with a T(1/2) of the terminal plasma concentration ranging between 6-63 hrs. The mean AUC(0-inf) after a single dose was found to be 2,809 ng x hr/ml. After 12 days of three times daily toothbrushing and ingestion of the dental slurry, the mean triclosan plasma concentration was 352 ng/ml in the steady state period, and the mean AUC in a 24-hr period (AUC24) was found to be 8,460 ng x hr/ml. This AUC24 was normalized for the number of brushings for comparison to the AUC(0-inf) after a single brushing. There was no significant (P = 0.93) difference between these AUC values suggesting a complete elimination of daily triclosan dose and no increase in the triclosan level during repeated brushing/ingestion. In the two other dentifrice studies, the triclosan blood concentration appeared to reach a steady state level by day 7 and was maintained at the steady state level (14 to 21 ng/ml) for up to 12 wks. These results support the conclusion that the elimination of a daily triclosan dose is complete and no accumulation of triclosan was observed even after three times daily toothbrushing with 1.25 g dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and full ingestion of the dentifrice.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1999

[The efficacy on natural extrinsic stain of Colgate whitening dentifrice--eight-week study].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect on natural extrinsic dental stain by use of a dentifrice containing 1% tetrasodium polyphosphate (TSPP), 7% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 0.243% sodium fluoride and 10% high cleaning silica (HCS) over an eight-week period was compared to a sodium fluoride/silica placebo dentifrice without stain removal ingredients. METHODS: Ninety one subjects were selected and stratified into two balanced groups randomly assigned to use the test dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice. The two groups were well balanced with regard to their mean baseline stain index scores, gender and tobacco habits. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft bristled toothbrush. Extrinsic dental stain examinations, which included mean stain area and mean stain intensity, were conducted at baseline, four and eight weeks. The same dental examiner conducted examinations on the subjects at each examination. RESULTS: After eight-week use of their assigned products, those subjects in the TSPP/STPP/HCS dentifrice group demonstrated a statistically significant (P = 0.0001) stain reduction of 37.1%, as compared to the fluoride placebo dentifrice group without stain removal ingredients. CONCLUSION: The use of a dentifrice containing 1% tetrasodium polyphosphate, 7% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.243% sodium fluoride and 10% high cleaning silica is effective in reducing natural extrinsic dental stain, when compared to a placebo fluoride dentifrice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Anticaries potential of a stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the anticaries potential of stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice using a series of laboratory studies. In a study of fluoride uptake into demineralized enamel, the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice exhibited fluoride uptake comparable to the clinically proven stannous fluoride and silica dentifrice. Under lesion progression pH-cycling conditions, the stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was shown to protect teeth against lesion initiation and progression almost completely, and was comparable to conventional, clinically proven dentifrices. This series of well-controlled and validated in vitro studies demonstrates the anticaries potential of the stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. These in vitro results suggest that the stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice may provide enhanced anticaries performance relative to a sodium fluoride control dentifrice. These results are reflective of the clinical benefits previously reported for stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrices.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Efficacy and mechanisms of non-antibacterial, chemical plaque control by dentifrices--an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: The provision of antiplaque benefits to dentifrices assists patients in improving hygiene and reducing susceptibility to gingivitis and caries. Chemical plaque control involves different mechanisms and is mostly associated with antibacterial effects, but also includes effects on pellicle surface chemistry to improve cleansing or discourage renewed plaque formation. It is the aim of this paper to analyze in vitro detachment of co-aggregating oral actinomyces and streptococci from pellicle surfaces by dentifrice supernates and to study subsequent de novo streptococcal deposition. METHODS: Detachment by dentifrices of a co-adhering bacterial pair was studied in the parallel plate flow chamber on a 16 h pellicle coated surface. After detachment by perfusing the chamber with a dentifrice, re-deposition was initiated by flowing with a fresh streptococcal suspension. The dentifrices included both a regular, SLS-fluoride based formulation as well a pyrophosphate, anticalculus and antimicrobial formulations. RESULTS: All dentifrice supernates containing SLS were effective in detaching co-adhering bacteria from pellicles surfaces, except in combination with SnF(2). When hexametaphosphate was added immediate detachment was relatively low, but continued even during re-deposition. The re-deposition of streptococci after detachment by other, NaF containing dentifrices involved relatively few large aggregates, presumably because fluoride was able to block bi-dentate calcium binding sites on the bacterial cell surfaces, mediating co-adhesion. When pyrophosphate was present in addition to NaF, re-deposition involved significantly more large aggregates, likely because pyrophosphate served as a bi-dentate bridge between calcium bound on the bacterial cell surfaces. CONCLUSION: Commercially available dentifrice formulations differ in their ability to stimulate bacterial detachment from pellicles and dependent on their composition yield the formation of large co-adhering aggregates of actinomyces and streptococci in de novo deposition.

Actinomyces↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cariostatic effect of fluoride-containing restorative systems associated with dentifrices on root dentin.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the interaction between two sources of fluoride (restorative systems and dentifrices) in inhibiting artificial root caries development. METHODS: One hundred and eighty tooth segments were embedded in polyester resin, and sanded flat. Cylindrical cavities 1.0mm-deep and 1.5mm-diameter were prepared in root dentin and randomly restored by fluoride-containing restorative systems: Ketac-fil/Espe (Ke), Fuji II LC/GC Corp (Fj), F2000/3M (F2), Surefil/Dentsply (Su) or a control: Filtek Z250/3M (Z2). Ten experimental groups were made to test the association among the five restorative systems and two dentifrices: with F(-) (Sensodyne Baking Soda) or without F(-) (Sensodyne Original) (n=18). After surface polishing, a 1mm-wide margin around the restorations was demarcated and initial dentin surface Knoop microhardness values (KHN(i)) were obtained. The specimens were submitted to a pH-cycling model, and to applications of slurries of dentifrice. Afterwards the final dentin surface Knoop microhardness values (KHN(f)) were measured. RESULTS: The differences between KHN(i) and KHN(f), and the covariate KHN(i) were considered by the ANCOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=0.05). The interaction between restorative system and dentifrice was statistically significant (p=0.0026). All restorative systems provided some protection against artificial caries challenge when associated with the fluoride-containing dentifrice treatment. The means (standard deviation) of reductions in Knoop hardness values for systems associated with the fluoride-containing dentifrice were: Ke: 40.0(1.02)(a), Fj: 41.9(1.02)(b), F2: 43.3(1.04)(c), Su: 43.5(1.00)(c), Z2: 44.0(1.02)(c); and with the non-fluoride-containing dentifrice were: Ke: 42.9(1.02)(a), Fj: 44.7(1.01)(b), F2: 45.2(1.09)(bc), Su: 46.0(0.99)(c), Z2: 46.6(0.99)(c) (statistical differences were expressed by different letters). CONCLUSION: The cariostatic effect shown by the fluoride-containing dentifrice could enhance that shown by Ketac-fil and Fuji II LC, and could mask that shown by F2000.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Tissue structure, and IL-1beta, IL-8, and TNF-alpha secretions after contact by engineered human oral mucosa with dentifrices.

The use of dentifrice is part of an oral prophylaxis that aims at keeping bacteria in check within the dental plaque. When introduced into the oral cavity, dentifrice also comes in close contact with the oral epithelium. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of dentifrices on tissue structure and pro-inflammatory mediator release by epithelial cells. For this purpose, tri-dimensional engineered human oral mucosa (EHOM) was produced using normal human palatal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. EHOMs were either treated with Aquafresh(R) or Crest(R) for 1, 4, 8, and 24 h, or untreated, then used for cell viability assessment and structural analyses. Cultured supernatants were used to evaluate cytokine (interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) secretion, and metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activities. The present in vitro study using engineered oral mucosa confirms that dentifrices (Aquafresh and Crest) contribute to tissue desquamation. The desquamation was substantial at 24 h of contact but was limited to the upper layers of the treated tissues. Cell death in these tissues was not increased, suggesting that the dentifrice had accelerated desquamation of the layers containing differentiated cells. Measurement of cytokines revealed that dentifrices up-regulated IL-1beta while down-regulating IL-8 and TNF-alpha secretion, thus indicating an impaired cascade of inflammatory responses. These dentifrices may also impair normal repair mechanisms as suggested by an up-regulation of gelatinase activities. In conclusion, this study suggested that, via cytokines, dentifrice contributes to the modulation of the inflammatory (pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory responses) process.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2004

Influence of a SLS-containing dentifrice on the anti-plaque efficacy of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse.

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), the most widely used detergent in dentifrice, may counteract. Consequently, studies about this interaction suggested that care is required when combining both these compounds, even when they are introduced separately into the oral cavity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of toothbrushing with a SLS-containing dentifrice in one jaw, on the plaque inhibition of a CHX mouthrinse in the opposite jaw during a 4-day study period. METHODS: The study was an examiner-blind, randomised two-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare two different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of 17 days. Sixteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received a thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of each 4-day test period. One jaw (upper or lower) was randomly assigned as the "study" jaw. The opposite jaw was assigned as the "dentifrice" jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Two oral hygiene regimens were evaluated. During one randomly assigned test period, the "dentifrice" jaw was treated by toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice and rinsed together with the "study" jaw with 0.2% CHX, thus forming regimen 1. As a control during the other test period, both the "dentifrice" jaw and "study" jaw were only rinsed with 0.2% CHX, forming regimen 2. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Silness & Löe 1964). The "study" jaw was used to study the effect of the two regimens on the level of plaque accumulation at the end of the 4-day period. RESULTS: The overall plaque index was 0.36 for regimen 1 and 0.34 for regimen 2. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the two regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study design, it can be concluded that ordinary brushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice (Colgate Bi-Fluor), followed by rinsing with water does not appear to reduce the level of plaque inhibition offered by a post-brushing CHX rinse.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Frequency of gingival lesions after standardized brushing as related to stiffness of toothbrush and abrasiveness of dentifrice.

The clinical trial was primarily designed to determine to what extent the stiffness of toothbrush bristles and the abrasiveness of dentifrices influence the degree of gingival erosion. Further, the plaque removing effectiveness of the toothbrushes and dentifrices tested was evaluated. 24 dental hygienist students with clinically healthy gingivae volunteered for the study. A "soft" toothbrush with a bristle thickness of 0.15 mm, a "hard" toothbrush with a bristle thickness of 0.23 mm and 2 dentifrices of different abrasiveness were used for the experiment. The 2 brushes were also used without a dentifrice. Prior to each examination the teeth of the test subjects were brushed by the same dental hygienist. Evident signs of laceration or.ulceration at any 1 of 4 gingival aspects of each tooth were recorded as brushing injuries. The teeth were then stained with basic fuchsin and the amount of remaining plaque was assessed according to the PLQ Index (Bay & Ainamo 1974). The use of the hard brush resulted in lower plaque scores and, at the same time, more gingival erosions than the use of the soft brush. With both brushes a significantly greater number of lesions was recorded after use of an abrasive powder than when no dentifrice was employed. The difference in the amount of erosions occurring when utilizing either brush, without a dentifrice or with a moderately abrasive toothpaste, was not, however, found to be statistically significant. When assessed separately for the 2 brushes, the slight tendency towards lower PLQ scores with increasing abrasiveness of the dentifrice was not considered statistically significant. The study showed that the modes decrease observed in mean PLQ scores with increasing stiffness of the toothbrush bristles and with increasing abrasiveness of the dentifrice is accompanied by increased damage caused to the soft gingival tissues.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate-free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration.

OBJECTIVE: Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is the most commonly used detergent in dentifrices. Recent reports have suggested that it may exacerbate conditions with compromised epithelial integrity. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an SLS-free dentifrice and an SLS-containing dentifrice on recurrent oral ulceration (ROU). DESIGN: A double-blind crossover clinical trial was carried out during which subjects used an SLS dentifrice for 8 weeks and an SLS-free dentifrice for 8 weeks. Each phase was preceded by a 2-week washout period. SETTING: A UK dental teaching hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-seven subjects completed the trial. They were all in the age range 10-62 years, had regularly recurrent oral ulceration reporting at least one to two ulcers per month and had normal levels of vitamin B12, ferritin and folate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The trial phases were compared for the following ulcer parameters--number of ulcer days, total pain scores, number of ulcer episodes, and number of ulcers. Additional parameters compared were the number of ulcers per episode, ulcer duration, total pain per episode and ulcer size. RESULTS: None of the ulcer parameters measured was significantly affected by the use of the SLS-free dentifrice as compared with the SLS dentifrice. CONCLUSION: SLS-free dentifrice had no significant effect on ulcer pattern in the ROU study group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque control with triclosan containing dentifrices.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque control with triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4 dichlorophenoxy)phenol) containing dentifrice. SEARCH STRATEGY: An electronic search of the National Library of Medicine, Washington DC (Medline-PubMed; up to and including March 2005) was performed using specific search terms to identify clinical trials of >or=6 months in duration, which assessed the effect of various forms of plaque control in gingivitis subjects. In those trials the manual toothbrush group (frequently the control group) served to provide data for the assessment of the effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque control with a triclosan-containing dentifrice. The data were analysed depending on the (baseline) intervention, being either a professional oral hygiene instructions, a prophylaxis, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers extracted information (KPKJH and GAW). Where appropriate plaque and gingivitis data for baseline and end-trial were used to calculate weighted mean differences (WMD) with the appropriate 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random effect models. MAIN RESULTS: Of 105 titles and abstracts, 18 trials were found suitable for clinical data were extracted. Meta-analysis were conducted. In studies (n=9) evaluating a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice, plaque control [Quigley and Hein (1962) Journal of American Dental Association, Vol. 65: pp. 26-29] was significantly improved compared with a control fluoride dentifrice, with a WMD of -0.48 (95% CI: -0.73 to -0.24). For gingival inflammation as assessed with the gingival index [Löe and Silness (1963) Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, Vol. 21: pp. 533-551] a significant WMD of -0.24 (95% CI: -0.35 to -0.13) was found. From studies (n=6) evaluating the Triclosan zinc/citrate dentifrices a small but significant WMD for plaque control [Silness and Löe (1964) Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, Vol. 22: pp. 121-135] was observed in favour of the test group as compared with the standard fluoride dentifrice formulations (WMD -0.07, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.05). While at baseline the proportion of bleeding was comparable, at the end of the studies a significant -10.81% WMD (95% CI: -12.69 to -8.93) in favour of the triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice was observed. CONCLUSION: This systematic review indicates, based on studies >or=6 months of duration in adults with gingivitis, that the effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque control with a triclosan-containing dentifrice, had a significant albeit small positive effect on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1981

Fluoride uptake from in situ brushing with a SnF2 and a NaF dentifrice.

Fluoride uptake into decalcified human enamel was determined from in situ brushing with a 0.40% SnF2-calcium pyrophosphate abrasive dentifrice, a 0.243% NaF-silica abrasive dentifrice, and a non-fluoride-silica abrasive placebo dentifrice. Dentifrice treatments were compared using a randomized block test design with 11 panelists, wearing specially fabricated partial dentures that were able to hold two 3-mm-diameter enamel discs in proximal positions. The enamel discs were analyzed for fluoride after two wk of regular use of the test dentifrices. The mean fluoride contents after use of the test dentifrices were 16.0, 8.4, and 4.6 micro/cm2 for the 0.243% NaF, the 0.40% SnF2, and the placebo dentifrice, respectively. The differences in the means were statistically significant. These uptake results correlate well with the reported clinical efficacies of these dentifrices.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1997

In vivo detection of calcium from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrices in demineralized human enamel and plaque.

A series of studies was conducted to clarify the role of DCPD in improving the effects of fluoride in the mouth. We performed plaque fluid studies to see if the use of DCPD dentifrices increases the levels of free Ca2+ ions and the DSenamel in plaque fluid. The results of these studies showed that plaque fluid was undersaturated with respect to DCPD; therefore, DCPD would dissolve in the mouth. The Ca2+ activity in plaque fluid measured 12 hours post-treatment was significantly elevated with the use of DCPD dentifrices in comparison with silica dentifrices. The use of DCPD dentifrices also increased the DSenamel of plaque fluid in comparison with a NaF/silica dentifrice. To determine whether Ca from DCPD could be detected in demineralized enamel and whole plaque after in vivo usage of a DCPD/ fluoride dentifrice, we conducted a 44Ca labeling study. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) was used to detect and measure changes in 44Ca levels in enamel before and after 6 days of in vivo treatment with a 44DCPD/fluoride dentifrice. The results showed that 44Ca from DCPD was incorporated into enamel and detected in plaque 18 hours post-treatment. The findings from these studies show that brushing with a DCPD dentifrice introduces additional, exogenous Ca into the oral environment, which fosters improved remineralization of teeth in combination with fluoride.

Calcium↗

PubMed1985

Biochemical, microbiologic, and clinical comparisons between two dentifrices that contain different mixtures of sugar alcohols.

It has been customary to think that in a dentifrice only a few of its ingredients would be active and have clinically significant effects on dental caries, oral hygiene, and the levels of caries-inducive microorganisms or harmful plaque metabolic products. Therefore, most of the emphasis has been placed on the type of fluorine compounds, abrasives, or similar dentifrice ingredients. This study shows that such common dentifrice components as the humectants, which contribute to the texture, rheologic characteristics, and shelf life of the product, also may affect the type of dental plaque grown on the tooth surfaces between toothbrushings or during long-term neglect of toothbrushing or of oral hygiene. Commonly used humectants include sorbitol, a sugar alcohol of the hexitol type, which is used often in sugarless candies. This study showed that when sorbitol in a dentifrice was replaced by xylitol, a sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, the dental plaque of human subjects contained more ammonia and significantly less bacterial polysaccharides. It is accepted generally that ammonia neutralizes plaque acids and that bacterial polysaccharides are involved in promoting caries. Xylitol-containing dentifrice also reduced the saliva levels of S mutans. The results further indicated that if sorbitol and xylitol could be compared in a short-term dentifrice study that relied on subjective and coarse plaque determinations only, no differences between those dentifrices would be found necessarily. To demonstrate the differences between the experimental dentifrices used in this study, it was necessary to analyze specific plaque components and the salivary levels of S mutans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗