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PubMed1974

Epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in the district of Kolín, Czechoslovakia. Second report (1965-1972).

An epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in a district with a population of 100 000 has been in operation in Czechoslovakia since 1960. Its objective is to ascertain the epidemiological situation and long-term trend in respect of tuberculosis in a country with well-established tuberculosis control facilities. This second report presents the results achieved in the period 1965-72 and the epidemiological trend of tuberculosis observed during the 12-year study period. The fundamental control measures adopted during the study included systematic BCG vaccination of the newborn and revaccination of persons aged 14 and 19 years; mass surveys of the population over 14 years of age by photofluorography; case-finding among persons with symptoms and in risk groups; systematic treatment of all persons with active tuberculosis-i.e., supervised inpatient treatment followed by outpatient self-administered regimens; and radiological and bacteriological follow-up of cases.The results confirmed that the systematic application of effective treatment throughout the study population was followed by a rapid decline in the prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis, particularly in its chronic form. The incidence of bacillary tuberculosis declined more slowly, because the risk of contracting the disease continued to be high for middle-aged and elderly persons. Indiscriminate photofluorographic surveys of the study population at 3-yearly intervals produced a decreasing yield.An increasing proportion of noninfected persons among the population is the basic condition for a further decline of tuberculosis. The cost of tuberculosis control can be reduced by strict adherence to rational and economical working methods. Most of the economic indicators analysed fell to less than one-fifth between 1961 and 1972.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Studies on smoking, chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases, and lung cancer in selected territories of Czechoslovakia.

Results of epidemiological studies in selected territories of Czechoslovakia confirmed the important role of cigarette smoking as a risk factor of chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. Surveys in Kolin-District, in Prague, and Zatec revealed that the prevalence of chronic bronchitis for adult male smokers was 3--4 times, for adult female smokers twice higher than for the nonsmokers of the respective age and sex. The risk of developing lung cancer in male smokers aged 40--64 years who had smoked a total amount of 200,000 cigarettes and over was approximately 50 times higher than for nonsmokers. The smoking related respiratory diseases represent a serious medical, social, and economic problem. Their prevention carried out by various approaches, including effective smoking control measures, is an important task.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Antibiotic resistance of salmonellae in Czechoslovakia -- situation and prospects.

Antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonellae is in Czechoslovakia continuously monitored by a computer and its transferability is studied, on an all-nation level, within the Federal Plan of Scientific Investigation and Development. Restance and its transferability was surveyed in strains of Salmonella from humans, from farm animals, from the food chain as well as from surface and waste waters. Proportion of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains did not, in general, increase during the four-year period of 1973 to 1977. While resistant strains from humans as well as farm animals show a high degree of transferability, strains from food samples lack, in general, the transfer ability. This might be inferred that strains causing human salmonellosis which are carried to man trough foodchain, gain their character of transferability directly in the gut, i.e. from E. coli strains, and mainly due to presence of therapeutically given antibiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in the district of Kolin, Czechoslovakia. Report for the first 4 years of the study (1961-64).

Many developed countries are faced with the problem of reorganizing their tuberculosis-control programme to bring it into line with modern conditions. The study reported was undertaken to provide guidelines for this reorganization. It was begun in the district of Kolín, Czechoslovakia, with a population of some 100 000, in 1961 and is still in progress. The paper covers the first 4 years of the study.In 1961 a thorough check-up was made on all persons registered as having active or inactive tuberculosis, or fibrotic lung lesions. In 1961 and 1963 a mass X-ray and tuberculin-testing campaign, with 95% coverage, was carried out for all persons over 14 years of age. All persons with active tuberculosis received adequate treatment. Persons registered as having tuberculosis or suspected tuberculosis were subjected to regular photofluorographic and bacteriological investigations. Newborn infants were given BCG vaccination, and persons aged 14 years and 19 years with negative tuberculin reactions were vaccinated.The prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis fell from 150 cases in 1960 to 91 in 1964, mainly owing to a decrease in the number of chronic cases. The incidence of bacillary tuberculosis detectable by direct smear microscopy, however, remained at about 25 cases throughout the period 1961-64. The risk of developing tuberculosis was found to be highest in persons with fibrotic lung lesions or inactive tuberculosis, and in men above 45 years of age and women above 65 with previously normal photofluorograms.It is concluded from the study that in developed countries priority should be given to adequate treatment of all persons with active tuberculosis, and to early diagnosis in persons consulting physicians and in the high-risk population groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

Hong Kong influenza in Czechoslovakia, 1969: a preliminary surveillance report.

Cases of Hong Kong influenza did not appear in Czechoslovakia until the middle of January 1969, although cases had occurred in neighbouring Poland in December 1968.Altogether 426 strains of A2 influenza virus were identified between the 5th and 22nd weeks of 1969 and their biological and antigenic properties were investigated. The strains isolated were highly sensitive to non-specific inhibitors present in horse, guinea-pig and human sera: in human sera, the inhibitors could be removed by means of receptor-destroying enzyme but not by treatment with KIO(4). The haemagglutinin of the new variant was much less sensitive to a temperature of 56 degrees C-65 degrees C than the former A2 strains. The results of all these investigations, which also included complement-fixation and haemagglutination-inhibition tests, showed that the epidemic was caused by A2 influenza strains antigenically and biologically identical with the A2/Hong Kong/68 strain.Surveillance studies showed that the outbreak started in the north-western part of Bohemia and Moravia and spread to the south-east. The rural areas were much less affected than the industrial and densely populated areas. The number of deaths due to influenza and pneumonia was only slightly higher than the seasonal average, probably because of the mild clinical course of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Geographical disproportions of multiple sclerosis in Czechoslovakia.

In the sanatorium in Vráz near Pisek in 1970-1978 3310 patients with multiple sclerosis received spa treatment. By analysis of their birth place, domicile at age of 15 years and present domicile we tried to assess the geographical distribution of the disease in Czechoslovakia. The area of the suspected highest frequency of MS is the northwestern part of Bohemia with the maximum near Teplice and Most. The lowest frequency was recorded in the lowland areas of southern Moravia and southern Slovakia including Bratislava. The frequency gradient from the north-west towards the south-east, the demarcation line formed by the 49th northern parallel and some ecological relations are very striking and deserve further research and confirmation.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1977

The incidence of sarcoidosis in Czechoslovakia in the years 1971-1975.

In Czechoslovakia the yearly incidence of sarcoidosis has been followed-up from the year 1971 on the whole territory, in each of 112 districts separately. All together it makes no difference what diagnostic procedure has corroborated the diagnosis or whether the patient at the time when sarcoidosis was ascertained did or did not have any disturbances. The number relative to 100000 inhavitants of each district varied greatly up to the end of 1975, from 0 to 32 per 100000 people. In 10 districts it was higher than 6:100000. As the very districts with the highest incidence in 7 out of 10 districts adjoined the districts with the zero incidence it seems to be logical to resume that the zero incidence in none of the 21 districts was a real one. The sex and age distribution, the number of persons with histologically verified diagnosis, the intrathoracic and extrathoracic localisation of sarcoidosis and the distribution of the stages of intrathoracic sarcoidosis have been followed-up in 1442, respectively in 1839 patients observed in the last five years period. The necessity of a new prospective cooporative controlled study of the incidence of sarcoidosis in some European countries seems to be evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Long-term antibiotic susceptibility pattern of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Czechoslovakia in the years 1957-1982.

Over the past 25 years a total of 7492 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been isolated in Czechoslovakia, mainly in Prague (64%). All these strains have been tested for susceptibility to the following antibiotics: penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, kanamycin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, lincomycin and clindamycin. In addition, seven derivatives of newer antibiotics of penicillin and cephalosporin series were tested in 1981. The study showed that in 1957 the MIC of 0.03 units of penicillin per ml was effective against 95% of strains, but in 1981 only 37% of isolates were sensitive to this concentration. The first gonococcal strains with the MIC value of 4.0 units/ml to penicillin were detected in 1981. This tendency towards decreased gonococcal susceptibility to benzylpenicillin is alarming. Over the last eight years there have been described sporadic isolations of strains relatively resistant to tetracycline (MIC = 8.0 mg/l). The susceptibility to spectinomycin has been tested in over 4000 gonococcal strains, since 1967. The test showed that this antibiotic remained highly effective against the gonococcal infection with over 95% of gonococci with the MIC value of 16.0 mg/l. No fully spectinomycin resistant strains have been found. Penicillin G as well as spectinomycin and cefotaxim are still considered the antibiotics of the first choice in the treatment of gonorrhoea. The alternative antibiotics may include cefuroxim, chloramphenicol and, in cases of sensitive strains, tetracyclines.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1980

Varicella morbidity in Czechoslovakia.

Data are presented on varicella and herpes zoster morbidity notified in Czechoslovakia in the years 1970 to 1978. The notified varicella incidence is compared with serologically confirmed varicella incidence among the selected groups of children up to the age of 12 from the North-Moravia region. Comparative analysis revealed a considerable difference between the notified and serologically detected cases of varicella. The highest rate of notified varicella was recorded in children of 3 and 4 years of age, while the highest incidence of seropositive cases was detected among the 2-year-old children. The cumulative notified morbidity involved about 35% of 6-year-old and 45% of 12-year-old children, whereas specific antibodies against the varicella-zoster virus were found in about 60% of 6-year-old and 90% of 12-year-old children. The titres of virus-specific antibodies were determined by the method of indirect hemagglutination reaction. No serological methods are applicable for herpes zoster morbidity studies in the population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Incidence and some ecological aspects of avian trypanosomes in Czechoslovakia.

A total of 1 874 birds belonging to 99 species was investigated on the presence of trypanosomes in Czechoslovakia, using the method of blood smears and cultivation from peripheral blood (PEN method) and autopsies with subsequent cultivation from the bone marrow. Apart from a single finding in owls, the trypanosomes were detected only in passerines which represent the majority of birds investigated (1 518 specimens belonging to 66 species). Except for sparrows, in which trypanosomes were present very rarely, they were abundant practically in all bird families represented by a sufficient number of specimens. Autopsies showed that trypanosomes occurred on the average in 23.6% of passerines. Throughout the year their presence in peripheral blood of birds ranged from a peak in June (29% of positive passerines after PEN method) to their absence in the winter months. There were differences in the incidence of trypanosomes in birds coming from localities with different biotopes. No essential difference was found in their incidence in migratory and non migratory birds. In birds several years old the incidence of trypanosomes was higher than in younger birds. Repeated investigations of ringed birds recaptured point out long-lasting infections with avian trypanosomes. A considerable correlation between the incidence of trypanosomes and that of Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus and microfilariae indicates that avian trypanosomes are probably transmitted by blackflies (Simuliidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and louse flies (Hippoboscidae).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Therapeutic use of restricted antibacterials in Czechoslovakia.

The therapeutic use of restricted antibacterials in Czechoslovakia was studied. Data from 10 hospitals were collected over one year for approximately 10,000 therapeutic applications of eight restricted antibacterials to 8411 patients. The drugs monitored were oxacillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, carbenicillin, co-trimoxazole, colistin, cephalosporins, and lincomycin/clindamycin. Eighty-nine percent of the patients received the restricted antibacterials for therapeutic (rather than prophylactic) purposes. Approximately 16% of these patients received two or more of the drugs, and many of them received nonrestricted antibacterials concurrently. Patients on pediatric, newborn, and prematurely born wards received 55% of the restricted antimicrobials, where oxacillin and gentamicin were used most frequently. Therapy with these drugs was initiated without regard to bacteriological examination for causal bacteria and susceptibility in 7% of all cases, causal bacteria were not reported in an additional 10%, bacterial susceptibility was not determined in another 29%, therapy was administered in 7% of cases in which the bacteria were known not to be susceptible, and confirming susceptibility results were known in advance of therapy in only 30% of the cases. The restricted antibacterials were overused and were frequently prescribed for patients who may not have needed antibacterial therapy at all.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Case finding of bronchial carcinoma in Czechoslovakia (author's transl)].

In Czechoslovakia obligatory registration of all cases of cancer is introduced in 1953. In this paper are informed of the most important results of the analysis of indexes which were find out in the whole country, of the results of epidemic studies in Prag, and of the epidemic studies in the district of Kolín. From 1959 to 1975 the rate of bronchial carcinoma has increased in men from 47 to 86 of the male population, in women from 6 to 9 of the female population.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1982

The incidence and mode of scabies transmission in a district of Czechoslovakia (1961-1979).

An epidemiological analysis was carried out of more than 11 thousand cases of scabies reported in 1961-1979 in the district of Karviná, Czechoslovakia. The paper presents analyses of the incidence of scabies in different age groups of patients divided according to sex and occupation and the results of the epidemiological investigations in family foci. A special attention is paid to the problems of spread of infection in the human population, including the detection of the source and mode of transmission in patients with microscopically confirmed diagnosis. The results obtained serve as a basis for the proposed practical control measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Detection of human Bhanja virus-specific antibodies in Czechoslovakia.

Blood sera from 185 Czechoslovak citizens, residents of South-Moravia (Znojmo district: 107, Breclav district: 13) and East-Slovakia (Roznava district: 65) regions, were examined for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to Bhanja arbovirus, using PS and Vero cell lines, constant dose of virus and serial serum dilutions. Specific antibody titres greater than or equal to 1:10 were detected in the sera of 10 persons (i.e. 5.4% of all examined), of which 5 men and 4 women were from district of Roznava (13.8% of all examinees in this district) and 1 woman (forest worker) was from district of Znojmo (0.9% of all examinees in this district), but she could not be excluded to get infected while staying abroad (USSR) for a certain period prior to examination. Striking prevalence of seropositivity among the inhabitants of the Roznava district is apparently linked with two circumstances: this area is infested with Haemaphysalis punctata and Dermacentor marginatus ticks (Bhanja virus vector) and all the seroapositive subjects there in contact with goats and sheep. Detection of the human Bhanja virus-specific antibodies is the first one made on the territory of Czechoslovakia; linked with the previously reported seropositivity of goats and sheep in this area it indicates the presence of this arbovirus in the East-Slovakia region.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Prophylactic use of restricted antibacterials in Czechoslovakia.

The prophylactic use of restricted antibacterials in Czechoslovakia was studied. Data from 10 hospitals were collected for approximately 10,000 therapeutic applications of eight restricted antibacterials to 8411 patients. The drugs monitored were oxacillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, carbenicillin, co-trimoxazole, colistin, cephalosporins, and lincomycin/clindamycin. Within one year in the 10 hospitals studied, 943 of 8411 patients (11.2%) received one of the restricted antibacterials for prophylaxis. In the newborn ward, 61.7% of all restricted antibacterial therapy was for prophylaxis; in the gynecology and obstetrics ward, 32.2%. Approximately 14% of patients receiving restricted antibacterials for prophylaxis received two or more, and many of them received nonrestricted antibacterials concurrently. Duration of therapy with these drugs averaged 7.9 days, and 10% of these courses of therapy exceeded 11 days. Although the selection of individual restricted antibacterials for prophylaxis was generally satisfactory, irrational prolongation of therapy was not, indicating that use of these drugs must be supervised carefully.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1981

Trends in cancer mortality in Czechoslovakia 1949-1978.

The analysis of the trends of the principal causes of deaths in Czechoslovakia indicated leading second position of malignant neoplasms in the whole mortality over the period 1949 through 1978. The rapidly growing all sites cancer mortality trends in males together with their unimportant changes in females resulted in the steadily increasing overmortality of males. Among digestive organs important decrease of stomach and in lesser extent also of oesophageal cancers with simultaneously increasing mortality trends of malignant neoplasms of colon, pancreas and rectum in both sexes were observed. The trends in the cancer mortality of respiratory organs as well as the increasing rates of the whole male cancer mortality were strongly influenced with dramatical increase of lung cancers while these of larynx showed slow increase in males and decrease in females. The rapidly growing mortality trends showed also breast cancer, reaching at the end of the investigated period the first position in the whole female cancer mortality, while the increasing mortality from the malignant neoplasms of the different genital and urinary organs of females were less or more expressed. The relatively high average annual increase was characteristic for the mortality trends of the malignant neoplasms of bladder and other urinary organs and of prostate gland and testis in males. Among other sites the increasing mortality trends from malignant neoplasms of brain and leukemias were of interest.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1980

Some qualitative changes of indicators of the epidemiological position as regards tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia and their perspectives.

The application of comprehensive provisions in TB control in Czechoslovakia led to a marked decline of its quantitative and qualitative epidemiological indicators. The incidence of TB declined from 191.1 in 1951 to 46.3 in 1978 per 100 000 population. The number of newly detected cases of TB in child groups declined between 1958 and 1978 from 78.2 to 5.5 per 100 000 children. The number of cases of tuberculous meningitis declined during this period in the entire population from 97 to 5 cases. There was a markes shift of newly detected cases into higher age groups. The prevalence of bacillary TB decline from 211.1 in 1956 to 39.0 in 1977 per 100 000 population. According to mathematical and statistical calculations the incidence of TB will preserve also in future its declining trend whereby the values at the turn of the century will be at the borderline of the lower half of the value recorded at present.

Adolescent↗