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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Studies on the medicinal plant in the "Sambutsu-cho" of Higo Province possessed by the Kumamoto clan (II): on the medicina herbs].

In the previous report, I studied the medicinal trees contained in the Sambutsu-cho of the Kumamoto clan in Higo Province. In this report, I studied the medicinal herbs contained in the same book. There were 439 names in the herbal part. I identified 214 species and found 129 species as the medicinal plants. The ratio of the medicinal plants was 60%. the famous medicinal plants were as follows: Atractilodes japonica, platycodon grandiflorum, prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, pharbitis nil, cnidium officinale, angelica acutiloba, bplerum falcatum, pueraria lobata, sophora flavescens, sinomenium acutum, akebia quinata, paeonia lactiflora, paeonia suffruticosa, achyranthes fauriei, houttuynia cordata, ophiopogon japonica, pinellia ternata and cyperus rotundus.

Botany↗
PubMed2001

Distribution and retention of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda.

Nakivubo wetland, which has been receiving wastewater from the capital of Uganda for more than 40 years is a tropical wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum. Field, pilot and laboratory studies were carried out to assess the distribution of faecal coliforms and factors responsible for their retention in different compartments of the two macrophytes in the wetland. There were higher coliform numbers in the free water column below the mat of zones dominated by Miscanthidium (11.1 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) MPN/100 ml) compared to those dominated by papyrus (8.9 +/- 3.1 x 10(4) MPN/100 ml). The thick (1.3 m) and compact mat of Miscanthidium restricts vertical transport of wastewater into the mat, resulting in flow-through of wastewater under the mat. The papyrus mat is loose, open and thin (0.5 m) and allows easy vertical penetration of wastewater into the mat. The unrestricted interaction between the wastewater in the water column and that in the mat of papyrus in addition to plant debris and detritus continuously sedimenting out of the mat to the wetland bottom are responsible for the retention of coliforms in the papyrus dominated zones. Attachment, sedimentation and natural die-off were found to be important mechanisms responsible for the retention of coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment effect of constructed wetlands on organic matter in wastewater from pig farm].

Using plant species Vetiveria zizanioides and Cyperus alternifolius respectively, two constructed wetlands (CWS) with size of 1.0 m x 0.5 m x 0.8 m were established. The purifying function and its change pattern with season, influent concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the constructed wetlands on the organic matters in wastewater from a pig farm were studied throughout four seasons in the year. The results showed that the two CWS had very stable effects on the removal of COD and BOD, while the organic matters in wastewater changed. The removal rate of COD and BOD was 70% and 80% respectively by HRT 1-2 d in spring. The removal rate of COD reached 90% with the influent of COD 1000-1400 mg.L-1 in summer. The removal rate of COD and BOD was 50-60% and 50% respectively by HRT 1-2 d in autumn. The removal rate of COD reached 70% with the influent of COD 1003 mg.L-1 in winter. There was no significant difference between two CWS in the removal of COD, BOD and SS. The rule of contaminants decreased with the HRT in CWS followed exponential function: Yt = Y0.exp(-kt). The relation between the concentration of contaminants in influent (x) and outflow (y) at the same HRT followed linear relation: y = a + bx.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Studies on extensive application of bromoacetamide in various types of schistosomiasis endemic area].

AIM: To provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of molluscide bromoacetamide. METHODS: Large scale application of bromoacetamide in twenty eight counties of four provinces was investigated and its molluscicidal effect in marshland and influence on marshland grass (Cyperus) and fishes were observed. RESULTS: High molluscicidal effect of bromoacetamide was found against both snails and snail eggs in various environments. According to the results observed in different fields, the applicable dosage of bromoacetamide is 1.5-2 g/m2 for spraying method, 1.5-2 g/m3 for immersing method and 1.5-2 g/m for immersing in combination with shovelling the turf along the bank. When it was applied in fish-raising ponds or rivers at an applicable dosage, no toxic effect on fishes was found. The spraying dosage of bromoacetamide did not affect the rice seedling but it did some damage to the leaf-tips of marshland grass, however, the grass did turn green and grow. CONCLUSION: Bromoacetamide has proved to be a safe and effective mulluscicde against Oncomelania under various field conditions.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of constructed wetlands on treating with nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater from hoggery].

Using plant species Vetiveria zizanioides (VCWS) and Cyperus alternifolius (CCWS) respectively, two constructed wetlands (CWS) with size of 1.0 m x 0.5 m x 0.8 m were established. The purifying function and its change pattern among different seasons, influent concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of CWS on nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater from a hoggery was studied throughout four seasons in the year. The results showed that the effects of HRT and wastewater concentration on the removal rate of NH3-N and S-PO4(3-) were obvious in both VCWS and CCWS. High removal rates of NH3-N and S-PO4(3-) were obtained in CCWS and VCWS in spring. Significant removal of TN in wastewater existed in CCWS and VCWS in autumn, while significant removal of TP in wastewater existed only in VCWS. The removal of TP or S-PO4(3-) against the HRT in CWS followed exponential function. The rates of P removal in winter and summer changed with the influent concentrations. Under the same HRT, the change of S-PO4(3-) concentrations in outflow against the influent concentration followed a linear relationship.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1992

[Treatment of intestinal metaplasia and atypical hyperplasia of gastric mucosa with xiao wei yan powder].

UNLABELLED: 138 cases of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and 104 cases of atypical hyperplasia (AH) of the gastric mucosa of chronic gastritis treated with Xiao Wei Yan Powder (XWYP) were reported. The diagnoses were based on the pathological examination of gastric antrum biopsy specimens. The cases were randomly divided into treated group and control group. The XWYP contained Smilax glabrae, Hedyotis diffusae, Taraxacum mongolicum, Caesalpinia sappan, Paeonia alba, Cyperus rotundus, Bletilla striata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis etc., and was prepared in powder form, taken orally 5-7g tid. After 2-4 months of administration, gastroscopic and pathological examinations were repeated. RESULTS: In treated group, the total effective rate of IM was 91.3% and that of the AH was 92.16%, while in control group, they were 21.3% and 14.46% respectively (P < 0.01). It denoated that XWYP had marked therapeutic effects for IM and AH. The animal experiments revealed no toxic effect, so safety guarantee was provided for its clinical application.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Use of Ancient texts in modern therapeutic research].

Two main purposes were assigned to this study of medicinal prescription of spices at the time of the Roman Empire: analyze Roman pharmacopoeia of spices in reference to modern criteria and assess a new discipline, close to "ethno-botany" and "ethno-pharmacology", aiming to a new approach of drug research: "archeopharmacology". A brief overview is given of the Roman world of spices : all aromatic substances from Orient, India and Far-East held a major place which can only be compared to the role of petroleum in our modern times. The study is conducted on a thesaurus of 2600 quotations from twelve authors: Apicius, Caelius Aurelianus, Cassius Felix, Celsus, Dioscorides, Galen, Marcellus,(Anonymous) Mulonmedicina, Pelagorius, Pliny the Elder, Serenus Sammonicus and Scribonius Largus and a set of 33 medicinal spices among which: cyperus, ferulas (Asa foetida), frankincense, pepper, myrrh and saffron. Medicinal use of spices (mainly for pneumology, dermatology and gastroenterology) do not differ notably from the rest of Roman pharmacopoeia: the main criteria for prescription of spices is not their place of origin but a "therapeutic profile" which is clearly assigned to each substance by tradition. During the last decades, new methods of therapeutic research: ethno-botany and ethno-pharmacology have been used extensively to explore traditional medicines. A new discipline is ready to emerge: "archeo-pharmacology", aiming towards a drug research based on Ancient texts.

Archaeology↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary investigation of the potential of four tropical emergent macrophytes for treatment of pre-treated pulp and papermill wastewater in Kenya.

The potential of four aquatic macrophytes for treatment of wastewater in constructed wetlands was investigated in bucket mesocosms at Pan African Paper Mills (E.A) Limited. The buckets were operated as semi-continuous batch reactors with reversed vertical flow for a period of 3 months. Four treatments were applied involving two hydraulic retention times (HRT) and two wastewater concentrations. Plants appear healthier and greener in treatments at HRT5 than at HRT10. Cyperus immensus and Typha domingensis had higher biomass gain compared to the other two species. Plant nitrogen and phosphorus content, based on dry weight, was lower at the end of the experiment than at the beginning in all treatments for all species The removal efficiency achieved for COD ranged from 10 to 55% for planted buckets at HRT5 and 15 to 65% at HRT10 for similar buckets. The mean percentage COD removal in unplanted buckets was significantly lower than in planted ones. TSS removal efficiency ranged from 44-86%. Buckets planted with Typha exhibited the highest removal efficiency in all treatments. Those at HRT5 showed significantly higher removal efficiencies than those at HRT10 for all species. The results indicate that the plants are suitable for use in constructed wetlands for treatment of the wastewater provided the appropriate treatment is applied.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2003

Aeroallergens in clinical practice of allergy in India. An overview.

Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are dramatically increasing all over the world including developing countries like India. Today, more than 30 % of the population is known to suffer from one or other allergic ailment. Major causative agents implicated are pollen grains, fungal spores, dust mites, insect debris, animal epithelia, etc. Several aerobiological studies have been conducted in different parts of the country to ascertain aerial concentration and seasonality of pollen grains and fungi. Recently, an "All India Coordinated Project on Aeroallergens and Human Health" was undertaken to discover the quantitative and qualitative prevalence of aerosols at 18 different centres in the country. Predominant airborne pollen are Holoptelea, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Putanjiva, Cassia, Quercus, Cocos, Pinus, Cedrus, Ailanthus, Cheno/Amaranth, Cyperus, Argemone, Xanthium, Parthenium and others. Clinical and immunological evaluations have revealed allergenically important texa - some of them for the first time. Allergenically important pollen are Prosopis juliflora, Ricinus communis, Morus, Mallotus, Alnus, Querecus, Cedrus, Argemone, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Holoptelea, Brassica, Cocos, Cannabis, Parthenium, Cassia and grasses. Further cross-reactivity of the IgE antibodies is a common phenomenon among various pollen allergens. Ricinus communis pollen from commonly growing weeds in India, cross-reacts with latex (Hevea brasiliensis), Mercurialis annua and also with seeds of Ricinus communis - all belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Areca catechu cross-reacts with other members of Arecaceae such as Phoenix sylvestris, Cocos nucifera and Borassus flabelifer. Several reports on pollen and fruit syndrome have been analyzed. Experiments conducted by us revealed that pollutants (NO(2) and SO(2)) not only affect pollen morphology but also changes their allergenic potency. Immunotherapy with recombinant proteins having similar epitopes from different allergens have been advocated, besides allergen avoidance.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

The occurrence and allergising potential of airborne pollen in West Bengal, India.

A continuous 2-year volumetric aerobiological survey was conducted in Berhampore town, a centrally located and representative part of West Bengal, India. The aim of the study was to assess the allergising potential of airborne pollen grains of West Bengal. A total of 31 pollen types were identified of which Poaceae (grasses) pollen showed maximum frequency, followed by Cyperaceae, Cassia sp., Acacia auriculiformis, etc. The seasonal periodicities of the pollen types and their relationship to meteorological conditions were investigated. It was found that the pollen concentration is positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Clinical investigations by skin prick test were carried out to detect allergenicity of pollen types. Eighteen common airborne pollen types induced positive responses of which pollen extracts of Saccharum officinarum (grass), Azadirachta indica, Cocos nucifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Cyperus rotundus and Eucalyptus citriodora showed strongest sensitising potential. This result is consistent with previous investigations in different parts of West Bengal.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of environmental factors on AM fungi around steppe plant roots in Tibet Plateau].

The study on the representative steppe plant species in Tibet Plateau showed that the density of AM fungi spores in host plant rhizosphere did not correlate with the infection rate of AM fungi. The big changes in air temperature and rainfall at different altitudes played an important role in determining the growth and infection of AM fungi specific to steppe plants, and steppe type and soil texture also had obvious effects on AM fungi's growth and infection. Within a certain range, the spore density increased significantly with increasing soil pH (r = 0.5319, n = 20), but showed a declining trend with the improvement of soil organic matter (r = - 0.1973, n = 20). In contrast, the infection rates of AM fungi to host plants were to some extent negatively and positively correlated with soil pH and soil organic matter, respectively. Phosphorus (P) enrichment in soil environment led to the inhibition of the reproduction and infection of AM fungi. The suitable soil pH, OM and Olsen P contents for the growth and reproduction of AM fungi ranged from 8.0-8.7, 3.8-4.8 g.kg(-l) and 7.8-10.1 mg.kg(-1), respectively. Moderate and serious degradation of steppe (especially the serious degradation) had negative or detrimental impacts on the reproduction and infection of AM fungi. Reasonable grazing was helpful to the conservation of critical species of AM fungi. AM fungi also showed a relatively high infection rate on the roots of sedge species such as Carex praecpara, Kobresia humilis and Cyperus compressus.

Altitude↗
PubMed2005

Nitrogen management in reservoir catchments through constructed wetland systems.

In this study, nitrogen removal was investigated in pilot-scale subsurface flow (SSF) and in free water surface flow (FWS) constructed wetlands installed in the campus of TUBITAK-Marmara Research Center, Gebze, near Istanbul, Turkey. The main purposes of this study are to apply constructed wetlands for the protection of water reservoirs and to reuse wastewater. Experiments were carried out at continuous flow reactors. The effects of the type of plants on the removal were investigated by using emergent (Canna, Cyperus, Typhia spp., Phragmites spp., Juncus, Poaceae, Paspalum and Iris.), submerged (Elodea, Egeria) and floating (Pistia, Salvina and Lemna) marsh plants at different conditions. During the study period HLRs were 30, 50, 70, 80 and 120 L m(2)d(-1) respectively. The average annual NH4-N, NO(3)-N, organic N and TN treatment efficiencies in SSF and FWS wetlands are 81% and 68%, 37% and 49%, 75% and 68%, 47% and 53%, respectively. Nitrification, denitrification and ammonification rate constant (k20) values in SSF and FNS systems have been found as 0.898 d(-1) and 0.541 d(-1), 0.488 d(-1) and 0.502 d(-1), 0.986 d(-1) and 0.908 respectively. Two types of the models (first-order plug flow and multiple regression) were tried to estimate the system performances.

Kinetics↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological studies of Fasciola gigantica infections in cattle in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe.

During the period between January 1999 and December 2000, the distribution and seasonal patterns of Fasciola gigantica infections in cattle in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe were determined through monthly coprological examination. Cattle faecal samples were collected from 12 and nine dipping sites in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas respectively. Patterns of distribution and seasonal fluctuations of the intermediate host-snail populations and the climatic factors influencing the distribution were also determined by sampling at monthly intervals for a period of 24 months (November 1998 to October 2000) in six dams and six streams in the highveld and in nine dams in the lowveld communal grazing areas. Each site was sampled for relative snail density and the vegetation cover and type, physical and chemical properties of water, and mean monthly rainfall and temperature were recorded. Aquatic vegetation and grass samples 0-1 m from the edges of the snail habitats were collected monthly to determine the presence or absence of F. gigantica metacercariae. Snails collected at the same time were individually checked for the emergence of larval stages of F. gigantica. A total of 16264 (calves 5418; weaners 5461 and adults 5385) faecal samples were collected during the entire period of the study and 2500 (15.4%) of the samples were positive for F. gigantica eggs. Significantly higher prevalences were found in the highveld compared to the lowveld (P < 0.001), for adult cattle than calves (P < 0.01) and in the wet season over the dry season (P < 0.01). Faecal egg output peaked from August/September to March/April for both years of the study. Lymnaea natalensis, the snail intermediate host of F. gigantica was recorded from the study sites with the highveld having a significantly higher abundance of the snail species than the lowveld (P < 0.01). The snail population was low between December and March and started to increase in April reaching a peak in September/October. The number of juvenile snails peaked between April and August. The mean number of snails collected was negatively correlated with rainfall and positively correlated with temperature. Mean number of snails collected was also positively correlated with Potamogeton plant species and negatively correlated with Cyperus plant species. However, none of the L. natalensis collected from the habitats were found shedding Fasciola cercariae. Metacercariae were found on herbage from the fringes of the snail habitats between February and August for both years, with most of the metacercariae concentrated on herbage 0-1 m from the banks of the habitats. Based on the findings of this study, anthelmintic treatment should be administered in December/January to control chronic and mature fasciolosis. A second treatment should be given in April/May to reduce pasture contamination and subsequently snail infection, as this is the time the snail population starts to build up. To control acute fasciolosis due to the immature liver flukes a third treatment should be given in August. The first application of molluscicides to control the snail intermediate hosts can be done in June the time when the snail is harbouring the parasite and a second application in September in order to kill new generations of infected snails

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Studies on the ecology of Bulinus globosus, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in the Ifakara area, Tanzania.

During a period of 2 years, the ecology of Bulinus globosus was studied in 8 habitats in two streams near Ifakara, SE-Tanzania. The relative Bulinus densities were followed monthly. Two different methods for estimating snail densities (man/time vs. palmleaf traps) gave comparable results. Bulinus densities were constantly low throughout the year in the stream, but they showed distinct seasonal fluctuations in adjacent pools, with a density-peak at the end of the small rainy season. B. globosus, identified by starch gel electrophoresis, was found to be the only intermediate host for urinary schistosomiasis in the investigated streams. A correlation of the Bulinus densities with several abiotic and biotic factors revealed that pH, temperature and conductivity had little effect on the Bulinus population, as they oscillated within the tolerated limits. No correlation of the distribution of B. globosus and other snail species was found. Rainfall patterns have a distinct influence on snail densities. They determine the duration of desiccation and affect the snails by fluctuations of the water level and by the fast increase of water velocity after heavy rains. B. globosus shows a clear predilection for the sedge Cyperus exaltatus as support for oviposition. It is also preferred as food and/or food-support. During the dry season, oviposition of B. globosus is concentrated in clearly defined sites ("breeding pockets"), which, due to the lowering of the water level, become isolated from the stream or retain only a small connection to it. These sites form important reservoirs of B. globosus, from where the snails are spread when the sites are flooded during the subsequent rainy season. The significance of these observations for control measures is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antimicrobial activity and interaction with DNA of medicinal plants from the Peruvian Amazon region].

Decoctions of four plants used for the treatment of different infections by indigenous groups of the Peruvian Amazon, i.e. Abuta grandifolia, Cyperus articulatus, Gnaphalium spicatum and Pothomorphe peltata were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by the "stroke method" in agar plates. Tested organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium gordonae. All decoctions showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the tested organisms. The A. grandifolia and C. articulatis decoctions partially inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. S. aureus was completely inhibited by C. articulatus decoction and only partially inhibited by G. spicatum and P. peltata. The A. grandifolia decoction also showed a partial inhibition against M. gordonae, showing a clear correlation between the ethnopharmacological use and the observed activity. Methanolic extracts of plants were analyzed by using the DNA-methyl green bioassay. The methanolic extract of P. peltata (concentration 1000 micrograms/ml) showed a decrease of 30% regarding to the initial absorbance of the DNA-MG complex suggesting the possible interaction with DNA.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp).

Abstract: Field investigations were carried out during 1999 and 2000 to identify effective chemical/ cultural methods of weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp). The treatments comprised pre-emergence applications of oxyfluorfen (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand weeding, hoeing and mulching using spent of lemon grass (at 5 tonnes ha(-1)) 45 days after planting (DAP), three hand-weedings 30, 60 and 90 DAP, weed-free (frequent manual weeding) and weedy control. Broad-leaf weeds were more predominant than grass and sedge weeds, accounting for 85.8% weed density and 93.0% weed dry weight in 1999 and 77.2% weed density and 93.9% weed dry weight in 2000. Unrestricted weed growth significantly reduced geranium oil yield, by 61.6% and 70.6% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (0.75-1.00 kgAI ha(-1)) or oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand-weeding, hoeing and mulching and three hand-weedings were highly effective in reducing weed density and dry weight and gave oil yield comparable to the weed-free check. Application of oxyfluorfen (0.15 or 0.20 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50 kg AI ha(-1)) were less effective in controlling the weed species in geranium. None of the herbicides impaired the quality of rose-scented geranium oil measured in terms of citronellol and geraniol content.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2002

Protective effect of a plant formula on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.

A plant formula and its five components were evaluated independently for their gastric protective effect against ethanol-induced stomach lesions in rats. Aqueous extracts of the plant formula (0.25-2g crude drug/kg orally) and its individual components (at the same dose) all showed significant stomach protective effects dose dependently. However, when these extracts were given to rats at a dose of 0.25 g/kg, the five single-herb preparations did not show any activity, but the formula-extract still exhibited a strong protective effect. These findings suggest the presence of a synergistic effect among the plant components. Chemical examination of the extracts indicated that the major ingredients of the five plants were essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides and saccharides and these may contribute to the stomach protective activity observed.

Alpinia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antioxidative effects related to the potential anti-aging properties of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and Carthami Flos in senescence-accelerated mice.

The popular oxidative stress theory predicts that enhancement of the antioxidative defense system to attenuate free radical-induced damage counteracts the aging process. We used senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) because SAM has been shown to suppress the antioxidative defense system and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress. We investigated the antioxidative effects of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and its crude drug component Carthami Flos. The administration of Kangen-karyu extract at 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 10 weeks inhibited generation of nitric oxide, superoxide and the hydroxyl radical (*OH), while Carthami Flos extract showed only *OH-scavenging activity. Diet supplemented with Kangen-karyu and Carthami Flos extracts enhanced the activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase in hepatic tissue and glutathione peroxidase in renal tissue, and reduced the hepatic lipid peroxidation level which increased with aging, indicating the protective action against oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidative status. Hepatic and renal dysfunction with aging was also ameliorated by the administration of Kangen-karyu and Carthami Flos supplements. Furthermore, the observed antioxidative properties of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu were more evident than those of Carthami Flos. These findings suggest that the protective activity of Kangen-karyu against the oxidative tissue damages during aging may be due partly to synergistic and/or additive effects of its crude preparation. The present study strongly indicates that Kangen-karyu counteract the oxidative stress and ameliorating tissue damage possibly associated with aging in SAM.

Aging↗