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PubMed2002

Modulation of radioligand binding to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex by a new component from Cyperus rotundus.

Four sesquiterpenes, beta-selinene, isocurcumenol, nootkatone and aristolone and one triterpene, oleanolic acid were isolated from the ethylacetate fraction of the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus and tested for their ability to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A))-benzodiazepine receptor function by radioligand binding assays using rat cerebrocortical membranes. Among these compounds, only isocurcumenol, one of the newly identified constituents of this plant, was found to inhibit [3H]Ro15-1788 binding and enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the presence of GABA. These results suggest that isocurcumenol may serve as a benzodiazepine receptor agonist and allosterically modulate GABAergic neurotransmission via enhancement of endogenous receptor ligand binding.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Electron transport inhibitor in Cyperus javanicus.

The natural quinone, hydroxydietrichequinone (3-heptadec-8-enyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-[1,4]benzoquinone) is a secondary metabolite of Cyperus javanicus. We found that this quinone inhibited both mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis in their electron transportation systems. The quinone was found to have a mode of action against the ubiquinone reductase site from the results of different electron donor experiments on intact mitochondria from rat liver. The electron transport system, photosystem-II (PS-II), in chroloplast from spinach leaves was inhibited by the quinone in a similar way to that of the triazin sires herbicide, atrazin, with its mode of action against PS II. This natural quinone has a long aliphatic chain (C17) including an unsaturated bond at its midpoint. We recognized 8-9 unsaturated bonds in the aliphatic chain from an MS analysis of the methylthio-addact, and spectral data presumed a configuration of cis. form.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of particle size on the leaching of Scirpus cubensis Poepp & Kunth.

An investigation was made on the effects of detritus particle size on leaching rates in organic matter, and the associated environmental changes caused by detritus re-cycling in an oxbow lake (Lagoa do Infernão). Experiments were conducted during the decay of an aquatic macrophyte specie, S. cubensis, which in turn led to the formation of colored compounds. The S. cubensis were collected from the Lagoa do Infernão and taken to the laboratory where they were washed, dried, and fractionated using a sieve pedological set. The detritus was classified into six groups according to size, viz. 100, 10, 1.13, 0.78, 0.61, and 0.25 mm. Overall, the fragmentation process tended to increase the detritus fraction to be dissolved and to decrease the leaching rates owing to the possible dissolution of refracting matter. Fragmentation also caused the amount of colored compounds to increase and appeared to favor dissolved electrolyte release. Finally, in Lagoa do Infernão fragmentation is probably mediated by the metabolic action of benthic communities.

Cyperaceae↗
PubMed2004

Oxygen uptake during mineralization of humic substances from Infernão Lagoon (São Paulo, Brazil).

Assays were carried out to evaluate the dissolved oxygen uptake resulting from mineralization of humic substances (fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA)) from different sources: sediment, dissolved organic matter (DOM) of 120-day decomposed aquatic macrophyte (Scirpus cubensis and Cabomba piauhyensis), and lagoon DOM. The experiments were also aimed at estimating the oxygen uptake coefficient of the mineralization. About 20-30 mg of substrate were added to 1.1 liters of water from Infernão Lagoon (21 degrees 33' to 21 degrees 37'S; 47 degrees 45' to 47 degrees 51'W). The solutions were aerated and the dissolved oxygen (DO) was monitored during 40 days. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were estimated after 80 days of the experiment. Anaerobic processes were avoided by aerating the solutions. The results were fitted to a first-order kinetics model, from which the uptake of oxygen parameters was obtained. Oxygen consumption (OC) ranged from 4.24 mg L(-1) (HA--S. cubensis) to 33.76 mg L(-1) (FA--sediment). The highest deoxygenation coefficient (kD) was observed during mineralization of FA--DOM (0.299 day(-1)), followed in decreasing order by FA--S. cubensis, HA--sediment, HA--S. cubensis, FA --sediment, and FA--C. piauhyensis (0.282; 0.255; 0.178; 0.130, and 0.123 day(-1), respectively). The carbon analyses indicated that the FA and HA samples at the end of the experiment presented a decay that varied from 15.23% to 42.35% and that the FA and HA conversions into POC were relatively low (from 0.76% to 3.94%).

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

The effect of the size of particles on mineralization of Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp. & Kunth) Lye.

Assays were carried out to evaluate effects of detritus size on the mineralization of an aquatic macrophyte, the Oxycaryum cubense. Samples of plant and water were collected from an oxbow lake, the Infernão lagoon (21 degrees 35' S and 47 degrees 51' W) located at Mogi Guaçu river floodplain. The plants were taken to the laboratory, washed under tap water, dried (50 degrees C) and fractioned into six groups according to their size, viz. 100, 10, 1.13, 0.78, 0.61 and 0.25 mm. Decomposition chambers were prepared by adding 1.0 g of plant fragments to 4.1 L of water lagoon. In sequence, the incubations were aerated and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, the pH, the electric conductivity and the temperature were monitored for 120 days. The occurrence of anaerobic processes was avoided by reoxygenating the solutions. The experimental results were fitted to a first order kinetic model and the consumption of dissolved oxygen from mineralization processes was obtained. The physical process of fragmentation of O. cubense detritus is unlikely to promote the consumption of higher quantities of dissolved oxygen in mineralization processes meaning that fragmentation should not interfere in the balance of DO in this aquatic system, however fragmentation processes favored the acidification and increased the liberation of dissolved ions from the Infernão lagoon.

Cyperaceae↗
PubMed2003

Field method for isolation of trichostrongyle larvae from vegetation of natural pastures of Arctic ruminants.

The extent to which wild ruminant populations are exposed to infective helminth larvae on their natural pastures is relatively undetermined. In the present study, a modified method for sampling of herbage and isolation of trichostrongyle infective third-stage larvae from natural pastures was used successfully in a muskox habitat in low-Arctic Greenland. The method, a revision of the Macro-Baermann method, is particularly aimed at fieldwork under primitive conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cottongrass effects on trace elements in submersed mine tailings.

Phytostabilization may limit the leakage of metals and As from submersed mine tailings, thus treatment of acid mine drainage with lime could be reduced. Tall cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny) and white cottongrass (E. scheuchzeri Hoppe) were planted in pots with unlimed (pH 5.0) and limed (pH 10.9) tailings (containing sulfides) amended with sewage sludge (SS) or a bioashsewage sludge mixture (ASM). Effects of the amendments on plant growth and plant element uptake were studied. Also, effects of plant growth on elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of SO4(2-), in the drainage water as well as dissolved oxygen in tailings, were measured. Both plant species grew better and the shoot element concentrations of white cottongrass were lower in SS than in ASM. Metal concentrations were lowest in drainage water from limed tailings, and plant establishment had little effect on metal release, except for an increase in Zn levels, even though SO4(2-) levels were increased. In unlimed tailings, plant growth increased SO4(2-) levels slightly; however, pH was increased and metal concentrations were low. Thus, metals were stabilized by plant uptake and high pH. Amendments or plants did not affect As levels in the drainage water from unlimed tailings. Thus, to reduce the use of lime for stabilizing metals, phytostabilization with tall cottongrass and white cottongrass on tailings is a sound possibility.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2006

Metal distribution and stability in constructed wetland sediment.

The A-01 wetland treatment system (WTS) is a surface flow wetland planted with giant bulrush [Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Palla] that is designed to remove Cu and other metals from the A-01 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, SC. Copper, Zn, and Pb concentrations in water were usually reduced 60 to 80% by passage through the treatment system. The Cu concentrations in the wetland sediments increased from about 4 to 205 and 796 mg kg(-1), respectively, in the organic and floc sediment layers in cell 4A over a 5-yr period. Metal concentrations were higher in the two top layers of sediment (i.e., the floc and organic layers) than in the deeper inorganic layers. Sequential extraction was used to evaluate remobilization and retention of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe in the wetland sediment. Metal remobilization was determined by the potentially mobile fraction (PMF) and metal retention by the recalcitrant factor (RF). The PMF values were high in the floc layer but comparatively low in the organic and inorganic layers. High RF values for Cu, Zn, and Pb in the organic and inorganic layers indicated that these metals were strongly bound in the sediment. The RF values for Mn were lower than for the other elements especially in the floc layer, indicating low retention or binding capacity. Retention of contaminants was also evaluated by distribution coefficient (Kd) values. Distribution coefficient (Kd) values were lower for Cu and Zn than for Pb, indicating a smaller exchangeable fraction for Pb.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

Vegetation-derived cues for the selection of oviposition substrates by Anopheles albimanus under laboratory conditions.

Oviposition response of gravid Anopheles albimanus Wiedemman (Diptera: Culicidae) females to water containing Brachiaria mutica, Cynodon dactylon, Jouvea straminea, Fimbristylis spadicea, and Ceratophyllum demersum was investigated. Gravid An. albimanus females deposited similar egg numbers in cups containing natural plants in water from natural breeding sites and in cups containing natural plants in distilled water. Gravid mosquitoes deposited significantly more eggs in cups containing natural plants in water from natural breeding sites than in cups containing artificial plants in water from the corresponding natural breeding sites. These results were confirmed in experiments conducted in a wind tunnel, indicating that female response is mediated by chemical cues from plants. Bioassays with organic extracts of all 5 plant species indicated that these extracts at 100%, 10%, and 1% concentrations had an oviposition repellent effect, while attractiveness was observed at 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the organic extracts found in all 5 plants showed a mixture of terpenoid and alcohol compounds, among them: guaiacol, phenol, isoeugenol, longifolene, caryophyllene, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and p-cresol. These results suggest that middle-range volatiles from plants may function as chemical cues for the female's oviposition response in this mosquito species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Nitrogen dynamics in different organs of Calamagrostis angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa in Sanjiang plain].

The dynamics of nitrogen content and storage in different organs of Calamagrostis angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa which are dominant vegetation in swamp wetland were determined, and the utilization rate of nitrogen and its nutrient limitation in the region were analyzed. The results showed that the aboveground and underground biomass might be described by p = gamma + alpha t + beta t2 and p = a0 + b0t, respectively. The content of total N, NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N varied widely with different organs because of the effects of soil water, nutrient content, atmospheric temperature, vegetable feature and selective absorption to nitrogen, etc. The content of NO3(-)-N in different organs varied less than that of NH4(+)-N, and NH4(+)-N/NO3(-)-N was < 1. The N:P content less than 14 in two vegetations showed that it was N but not P was the limitation nutrient to the growth of vegetation in this region, moreover, the limitation was less in July than in August. This conclusion was also drawn from the analysis of the NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N content in soil.

Biomass↗
PubMed2000

[Nitrogen content variation in litters of Deyeuxia angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa in Sanjing plain].

This paper dealt with the litter of two dominant species Deyeuxia angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa in swamp of Sanjiang Plain, and analyzed the seasonal variation and content feature of nitrogen in litter and its roles on maintaining matter equilibrium in ecosystems. The nitrogen content in litter decreased with the increasing temperature and above-ground biomass. The weightlessness rate of litter increased with time, and the annual accumulative weightlessness rates of D. angustifolia and C. lasiocarpa were 32.2% and 27.7%, respectively. The annual accumulative nitrogen input amount of D. angustifolia community was 1478 mg.m-2, C. lasiocarpa 587 mg.m-2, while the annual accumulative nitrogen output amount in litter of D. angustifolia community was 759 mg.m-2, C. lasiocarpa 410 mg.m-2. It was suggested that the nitrogen input amount was higher than output, and that the state of nitrogen accumulation was beneficial to the stability of the ecosystems.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Nitrogen removal in a combined system: vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed.

Pig farm wastewater creates various problems in many areas throughout Thailand. Constructed wetland systems are an appropriate, low cost treatment option for tropical countries such as Thailand. In this study, a combined system (a vertical flow bed planted with Cyperus flabelliformis over a horizontal flow sand bed without plants) was used to treat settled pig farm wastewater. This system is suitable for using in farms where land is limited. The average COD and nitrogen loading rate of the vegetated vertical flow bed were 105 g/m2 x d and 11 g/m2 x d respectively. The wastewater was fed intermittently at intervals of 4 hours with a hydraulic loading rate of 3.7 cm/d. The recirculation of the effluent increased total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 71% to 85%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies were 95% and 98%. Nitrification was significant in vertical flow Cyperus bed, and the concentration of nitrate increased by a factor of 140. The horizontal flow sand bed enhanced COD removal and nitrate reduction was 60%. Plant uptake of nitrogen was 1.1 g N/m2 x d or dry biomass production was 2.8 kg/m2 over 100 days.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

The effect of refinery effluent on the aquatic macrophytes Scirpus californicus, Typha subulata and Zizaniopsis bonariensis.

Experimental wetlands were built to follow the implementation and permanence of three species of aquatic macrophytes (Scirpus californicus, Typha subulata and Zizaniopsis bonariensis) under different treatments (water, water + nutrients and water+ nutrients + refinery effluent). Morphological variables (number of lateral shoots produced, height of the main lateral shoot and final density values) were used to check the influence of a petrochemical effluent. All the response variables showed significant differences (p = 5%) in their development, mainly between the water treatment and water + nutrient + effluent, followed by water with water + nutrients. In the Water treatment, the lowest variable values were found for the three species, possibly due to the lack of nutrients in the medium. Opposite results were found in the other treatments, indicating that the petrochemical effluent was not a limiting factor for the implementation of the species in the systems.

Biomass↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment effect of constructed wetlands on organic matter in wastewater from pig farm].

Using plant species Vetiveria zizanioides and Cyperus alternifolius respectively, two constructed wetlands (CWS) with size of 1.0 m x 0.5 m x 0.8 m were established. The purifying function and its change pattern with season, influent concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the constructed wetlands on the organic matters in wastewater from a pig farm were studied throughout four seasons in the year. The results showed that the two CWS had very stable effects on the removal of COD and BOD, while the organic matters in wastewater changed. The removal rate of COD and BOD was 70% and 80% respectively by HRT 1-2 d in spring. The removal rate of COD reached 90% with the influent of COD 1000-1400 mg.L-1 in summer. The removal rate of COD and BOD was 50-60% and 50% respectively by HRT 1-2 d in autumn. The removal rate of COD reached 70% with the influent of COD 1003 mg.L-1 in winter. There was no significant difference between two CWS in the removal of COD, BOD and SS. The rule of contaminants decreased with the HRT in CWS followed exponential function: Yt = Y0.exp(-kt). The relation between the concentration of contaminants in influent (x) and outflow (y) at the same HRT followed linear relation: y = a + bx.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of agricultural wastewater in two experimental combined constructed wetland systems in a tropical climate.

Two designs of experimental combined constructed wetland systems were constructed: vegetated (Scirpus grossus Linn) subsurface horizontal flow bed followed by a vegetated vertical flow bed and a vegetated vertical flow bed over an unvegetated horizontal flow sand bed. The systems were used to compare the nitrification/denitrification efficiency in a tropical climate which has temperatures above an average of 25 degrees C throughout the year. The effluent from a biogas digester of pig farm wastewater with TKN and COD concentrations of approximately 400 and 1,000 mg/L was fed every 4 hours intermittently. The effluent was recycled to the system with the ratio of 1:1 and the hydraulic loading rate was increased from 3 to 6 and 12 cm/d including recycled water. At higher hydraulic loading rates, nitrogen COD and BOD removal efficiencies were lower. The SS, TP and fecal coliform bacteria removal efficiencies were not clearly affected by the high hydraulic loading or the different layout of the system. Nitrogen uptake by plants was very low in relation to the nitrogen loading of the systems. In general, the removal efficiencies of both types were comparable but the system with a vertical flow over horizontal flow sand bed is more suitable for sites with limited land area, although its construction can be more difficult than the system with horizontal flow followed by a vertical flow bed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Vegetation pattern related tc grazing pressure in alpine meadows of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

The present study aims to analyze the interaction of prevailing biotic pressure on plant species diversity in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) which lies in northern part of Uttaranchal hills between 79 degrees 40'E to 80 degrees 05'E longitude and 30 degrees 17' N to 30 degrees 41'N latitude and covers an area of 2236.7 km2. A total of 75 species has been found which included the herbaceous plants viz., grasses, sedges and forbs. Generally, the plants have a short life span of 3-4 months. However, few species persist throughout the growth period i.e. May-October. Phytosociological study performed in plots of varying slope and grazing pressure intensity revealed that the dominant grasses were Danthonia cachemyriana and Poa annua and dominant forbs were Trachydium roylei and Geum elatum in all the plots. Grasses were abundant on west facing slopes while forbs preferred the even topography of east facing meadows. The grasses and sedges together had optimum density during July and August. In general, short lived species exhibited more diversity for one or two months whilst the long lived species exhibited optimum diversity althrough the snow free period. The species diversity is maximum (100%) in moderately grazed bughiyals i.e. Pacchu and minimum in intensively grazed bughiyals i.e. Martoli. The species distribution among the plots was 60-90% contagious and 11.2-38.0% randomirrespective of grazing pressure, thus highlighting the significance of grazing pressure in management of alpine meadows.

Altitude↗
PubMed2005

Landfill leachate treatment by an experimental subsurface flow constructed wetland in tropical climate countries.

Municipal leachate was treated in an experimental unit of constructed wetlands of subsurface flow type. The parameters studied were organics (BOD and COD), solids and heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr and Pb). Using two types of emergent plants of Scirpus globulosus and Eriocaulon sexangulare, more than 80% removal was achieved for all the parameters. E. sexangulare removed organics and heavy metals better than Scirpus globulosus. A higher concentration of heavy metals in the influent did not change the removal efficiency.

Cyperaceae↗