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PubMed1978

Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma androgenic steroids and their precursors.

Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate ester (DHEAS), and androstenedione (A2), delta5-pregnenolone (delta5-P), and 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were measured in women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and in female controls of similar age. All three androgenic steroids and their two C21 precursors were reduced in the oral contraceptive users compared with the controls. It is concluded that oral contraceptives cause a decrease in plasma DHEA, DHEAS, and A2, one possible mechanism for which is the inhibition of delta5-P synthesis from cholesterol.

17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone↗
PubMed1977

Effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism.

Gestamimetic amounts of progesterone enhance basal and glucose-stimulated insulin production. Contraceptive doses of synthetic progestins cause a moderate increase or no change in glucose-stimulated insulin production, depending on route of administration and species tested. Estrogens potentiate the insulinotropic effects of progesterone and the synthetic progestins. Basal serum triglyceride concentrations are generally unaffected by progesterone or 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone treatment but may decrease during 19-nortestosterone administration. Glucose tolerance does not change during treatment with gestamimetic doses of progesterone alone but may improve in rats and monkeys during concurrent estrogen administration. By contrast, deterioration of glucose tolerance is observed in women treated concurrently with synthetic estrogen plus 19-nortestosterone derivatives and, occasionally, with 19-nortestosterone derivatives alone. No consistent changes in glucose metabolism have been observed after treatment with 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives alone. The cause of the species-related differences in glucose metabolism during 19-nortestosterone treatment is obscure.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bone loss during oestriol therapy in postmenopausal women.

In contrast to all other oestrogens examined thus far oestriol hemisuccinate (12 mg/day) did not prevent bone loss in 28 postmenopausal women. The average bone loss, however, was somewhat less than expected from placebo studies, while the bone loss achieved by a group taking 4-6 mg/day was equal to that achieved by previous placebo groups. To be an effective agent for prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis oestriol would have to be prescribed in daily doses considerably in excess of 12 mg.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Ovulation recovery after hormonal contraception.

In an attempt to study the ovulation recovery after hormonal contraception, 20 patients who were on B. C. P. (birth control pills) during 12--36 months, were switched to I. U. D. contraception, and the ovarian changes occurred were assessed by laparoscopy and laparoscopic ovarian biopsy. Fresh corpus leuteum was found in 12 cases (60%), some follicular activity in 4 cases (20%) and no signs of activity in 4 cases (20%). Our results suggest that neither the length of hormonal contraception nor the patient's age have any particular influence upon the return of ovulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Factors affecting pituitary gonadotropin function in users of oral contraceptive steroids.

In order to determine whether certain factors influence the direct pituitary suppressive effect of contraceptive steroid, 50 subjects who had used various formulations of oral contraceptive steroids for periods of time ranging from one to nine years were stimulated with 50 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the last week of oral contraceptive ingestion. The response of lutinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was compared to the results obtained in nine control subjects with regard to: (1) age of subject. (2) type of contraceptive formulation used, and (3) length of use. Prestimulation levels of LH and FSH, respectively, were significantly decreased in 37 (74 per cent) and 42 (84 per cent) of the subjects. Following GnRH stimulation, peak responses of serum LH and FSH, respectively, were also significantly lower than those in the control subjects in 40 (80 per cent) and 45 (90 per cent of the subjects. The degree of suppression of pituitary gonadotropins, both before and after GnRH administration was significantly correlated with the type of steroid formulation used, being greatest with a combination of d-norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. No correlation was found with length of use of oral contraceptives or age of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Endometrial cytology and copper containing intrauterine devices].

Copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception are increasingly used within recent years. IUDs in situ provoke a non-specific inflammatory cell reaction, particularly at the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The cellular changes include swelling of the cytoplasm and of the nuclei, the latter showing chromatin clumping, prominent nuclei and a pseudoeosinophilic reaction. Cytoplasmic changes exhibit vacuolation, incorporation of leukocytes and plasmolysis varying in degree. The local inflammation also accounts for the side effects associated with the device, such as uterine bleeding and endometritis. Cytomorphologically, the differentiation between cellular inflammation through IUDs and inflammatory metaplasia is difficult, particularly if the investigator has no information about the presence of an IUD. Intrauterine application of proteinase inhibitors can be helpful in differential diagnosis of such IUD-mediated cellular changes.

Aprotinin↗
PubMed1979

Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease.

A history of oral contraceptive use, hormonal pregnancy tests, prescribed hormones and other drugs was obtained from 390 mothers of infants with congenital heart disease and 1254 mothers of normal infants in Massachusetts. The data show a small positive association between estrogen/progesterone exposure and cardiac malformation, the prevalence ratio estimate of exposed to non-exposed being 1.5 (90 per cent confidence limits are 1.0, 2.1). No association was evident, however, between hormones and trunco-conal or any other class of defect among the cases, an observation which casts doubt on a causal relationship betweem hormones and cardiovascular malformations. Several other drugs were reported more frequently by cases' mothers. These include: ampicillin; aspirin; a combined anti-nausea agent (doxylamine succinate, dicyclomine hydrochloride and pyridoxine hydrochloride); chlordiazopoxide, codeine, diazepam, diphenylhydantoin; insulin; phenobarbital; phenothiazine; phenylephrine; and tetracycline.

Estrogens↗
PubMed1977

[Clinical, bacteriological and histological studies following several years of IUD use for contraception].

It is informed about clinical, bacteriological and histological examinations of 108 women who had used IUD's for 2 years. The examinations were carried out on the IUD and on the endometrium. We made use of the transcervical technic of taking out under sterile conditions. Pathological findings could only be fixed amongst 4 women in clinical view. In bacteriological view numerous germs of quite different kind were found at the same patient. Optional pathological germs as they also exist in the cervix were predominant. Of an infection was only spoken if in correspondence of the total material the same germ was found. This concerned only in 6% of the women. Histologically adequate findings resulted. Genuine inflammations were only considered in 6% of the examinated female patients.

Adult↗