Protective action of carbenoxolone on pickle-induced gastric injury in man.
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Acetates↗
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Inhibition of aflatoxin formation by some spices.
The effects of black pepper, cinnamon, peppermint, cumin, ginger and clove on growth and aflatoxin formation of Aspergillus flavus were studied in rice powdercorn steep (RC) medium. The effects of the first five spices were judged to be inhibition of aflatoxin formation rather than of mycelial growth. Clove completely inhibited both mycelial growth and aflatoxin formation at a concentration above 0.1%. No aflatoxin was produced when cumin and mint levels of 5% and 10% were used. Black pepper and ginger levels of 10% decreased aflatoxin formation by 100%. Higher concentrations of cinnamon, mint, cumin and ginger stimulated mycelial growth.
Aflatoxins↗
Concentration of selected heavy metals in spices, dry fruits and plant nuts.
Different spices, dry fruits and plant nuts commonly consumed in Pakistan were assayed for the heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron and manganese by the potentiometric stripping analysis and AA spectrophotometry. The results revealed wide variation in heavy metal content among different biological materials. Mixed spices generally exhibited higher value for trace metals specially lead (6.6-9.2 micrograms/g), cadmium (0.65-1.34 micrograms/g), iron (142.3-285.0 micrograms/g) and zinc (64.2-65.8 micrograms/g). Dry fruits contained relatively lesser amounts of heavy metals than plant nuts. Almonds contained higher levels of lead (1.02 micrograms/g) and cadmium (0.24 micrograms/g) than other nuts and dry fruits.
Cadmium↗
[Anaerobic spore formers in commercial spices and ingredients for infant food].
Anaerobic spore-formers can cause food intoxication. Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens type-A strains are mainly involved. In addition to the original contamination of food, e.g., meat or milk, ingredients such as spices or meat extracts are the main source and low numbers of clostridia are present (i.e., up to 10(2) cells/g). At present, information about the quantitative ecology of clostridia is incomplete; therefore 115 commercial food products were investigated (spices: n = 70, meat extracts: n = 15, instant foods: n = 30). For the detection of low numbers of clostridia (less than 10(3)/g), the most probable number (MPN) technique was used. For the detection of higher numbers (greater than 10(3)/g) a cultivation method in solid media was developed. The mesophilic sulphite-reducing clostridia spores were detected by the pour-plating method with overlayer. Twenty-one of the 70 commercial spices, 7 of the 30 specimen of instant food and 12 of the 15 meat extracts were clostridia-positive. The low counts ranged between 3 X 10(0) and 10(3) cells/g, in most cases (2/3) in the range 10(1)/10(2)/g. Only in 6 cases were more than 10(3) clostridia/g detected. Most of those isolated were identified as Cl. perfringens (46 of 73 isolates). Only in meat extracts did clostridia species other than Cl. perfringens strains predominate. Three of the 23 Cl. perfringens strains proved to be heat-resistant. A hydrated meat extract originally contaminated with low numbers was tested in a pilot study for the enrichment of clostridia. This extract showed an increase of up to 10(7) cells/ml after a 24-h incubation period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clostridium perfringens↗
[A method for differentiating between vinegar produced by fermentation and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid based on the determination of the specific 3H-radioactivity (author's transl)].
The applicability of the specific 3H-radioactivity for the distinction of synthetic and biogenic vinegar was tested. The acetic acid was isolated from the vinegar as calcium acetate, and the calcium acetate was combusted at 830 degrees C to CO2 and H2O. The water was measured either after two destillation steps by liquid scintillation counting or after reduction to hydrogen and reaction to ethane in a gas proportional counter. The difference in the 3H-content between the two types of vinegar in Austria is about 80--100 T.U. Since the level of activity is subject to appreciable annual fluctuations a series of synthetic and biogenic comparison samples always has to be included.
Acetates↗
[Lead- and cadmium-content of foodstuffs 1. Lead- and Cadmium-content of spices and table salt (author's transl)].
The lead and cadmium contents in more than 50 commercially available spices and spice mixtures were determined. About 75% of the lead-values were below 1 ppm. About 30% of the cadmium-values were between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, about 60% below 0.1 ppm, and in about 10% of the products cadmium was not found (less than 0.004 ppm Cd). In table salt lead contents of up to 1.8 ppm were found, while cadmium was below or slightly above the detection limit.
Cadmium↗
[Flavonol glycosides of leaves and fruits of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). II. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].
From the leaves of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ten flavonol glycosides have been isolated by means of polyamide, paper and thin-layer chromatography and could be identified by the usual procedures. The two major flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide and isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, were obtained crystalline. The minor components were found to be the 3-glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-rhamnoglucosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two other 3-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin occur with the component sugars galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Besides these there are probably other two flavonoids present in trace amounts. In addition, the fruits of dill contain kaempferol 3-glucuronide as main component thought this component is completely absent in leaves.--This is probably the first time that isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide has been obtained crystalline from a plant.
Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
Methods for detection of irradiation of spices.
Three types of methods for the identification of irradiation of spices were tested as potential control methods. The methods were microbiological, combining a direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) with a total aerobic plate count (APC), a chemiluminescence method and chemical gas-chromatographic (GC) and GC mass-spectrometric (MS) methods for analysis of volatile oils of spices isolated by steam distillation. Twelve samples of spices, mainly peppers, were analysed before and after gamma-irradiation with doses of 10 and 50 kGy. The chemiluminescence measurements were performed before the irradiation and 10 and 100 days after the irradiation. The best methods for control purposes were the microbiological (DEFT + APC) methods combined with chemiluminescence measurements. No differences were detected between the irradiated and non-irradiated samples with the chemical methods.
Chromatography, Gas↗
Identification of irradiated foods by the thermoluminescence of mineral contamination.
This investigation assessed the radiation-induced thermoluminescence (TL) of food minerals for identifying irradiated foods. Mineral contamination, rather than the inherent mineral content, of foods was studied. Positive identification of foods given 1-10-kGy doses depends on the contents and composition of the mineral contamination and the time span between irradiation and TL analysis. All 20 irradiated spice and herb samples could be identified without comparing them with unirradiated material. Three out of 60 lots of spices and herbs examined so far were so pure that the mineral contents were too low to allow TL analysis. If the soil where potatoes are grown contains feldspars, sprout inhibition treatment with 100-200-Gy doses can also be detected for up to one year, using the 90-250 degrees C low-temperature part of the TL spectrum for evaluation.
Aluminum Silicates↗
The effects of gamma-irradiation on some pure aroma compounds of spices.
Chemical changes due to gamma-irradiation were investigated in 11 pure aroma compounds typically found in spices. Samples were irradiated with doses of 0, 10, and 50 kGy. The irradiation source was 60Co. Irradiated samples and unirradiated controls were analyzed by gas chromatography alone and coupled with mass spectrometry. Significant changes due to the irradiation occurred only in (+/-)-linalool and alpha-terpineol, which are typical components of, for example, coriander and bay leaf. Their total amounts decreased by about 4-13% and some minor peaks increased as a result of irradiation. However, different results may be obtained when the spices themselves are irradiated.
Chromatography, Gas↗
[Electron spin resonance spectroscopy as probes for spices. Detection of treatment with ionizing radiation].
Detection of irradiated spices by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements was not successful in the past because a central line of unknown origin was detected in the ESR-spectra of both irradiated and unirradiated samples. Identification of irradiated samples by measuring the increase of intensity of this signal after irradiation is limited because the signal intensity decreases over a period of some weeks of storage and reaches the range of unirradiated samples. By changing the measurement conditions (low microwave power) we could detect two additional lines on both sides of the main signal. This line pair appears only in the spectra of irradiated spices. A similar line pair was found in the spectra of irradiated nutshells and possibly derives from cellulose radicals in the sample. For some spices, especially paprika, the identification of irradiated samples by detecting these additional lines was possible even after relatively long periods of storage.
Condiments↗
Evaluation of a microbiological method for detection of irradiation of spices.
The suitability of a microbiological method, a combination of the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) and the total aerobic plate count (APC), for the detection of irradiation of spices was evaluated. The evaluation was carried out using different kinds of spices including peppers, paprika, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger; herbs such as thyme, marjoram, basil, and oregano; and garlic powder. Ground spices were tested as well as cut and whole spice samples. Samples were analysed before and after gamma-irradiation mainly with doses of 5 and 10 kGy. Two different methods (centrifugation, filtration) for sample pretreatment were compared. Differences between the DEFT count and the APC with doses of 5 and 10 kGy varied between 3.9 and 6.8 and between 5.7 and 7.5 log units, respectively. The duration of storage after irradiation had no effect on the microbiological results. When applied to fumigated samples, the method might cause confusion in the absence of chemical analyses. The results of the analyses of samples treated by an unknown process indicated that the method could, in fact, detect irradiated samples, although it could not differentiate between irradiated and heat-treated samples.
Bacteria↗
[The importance of temperature on storage of ground natural spices (author's transl)].
Several factors influencing the ingredients of volative oils of some ground natural spices have been investigated during storage. The effects on the aroma have been characterized sensorically; relations between the analytical and sensorical results are explained using anise as an example. Of the influencing factors studied such as packaging material, storage temperature and storage duration, the storage temperature must be regarded as the most important.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum↗
[Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavon-C-glycosides in anise. I. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].
The flavonoid constituents of various spices were separated by means of chromatography on cellulose colums, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline: Quercetin 3-glucuronide from caraway, fennel, anise, and coriander; isoquercitrin from caraway and fennel; rutin from fennel and anise; quercetin 3-O-caffeylglucoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside from caraway; quercetin 3-arabinoside from fennel, and luteolin 7-glucoside, isoorientin and isovitexin from anise. Other constitutents which were however not obtained crystalline, but which could be identified by the usual procedures were kaempferol 3-glucuronide and kaempferol 3-arabinoside in fennel, apigenin 7-glucoside and a luteolin glycoside in anise, and isoquercitrin and rutin in coriander. The glycosides contained in the fruit of the four spices also occur in the leaves. Leaves of caraway and fennel in addition contain isorhammetin glycosides in low concentration.
Condiments↗
Evaluation of mutagenic activity of turmeric extract containing curcumin, before and after activation with mammalian cecal microbial extract of liver microsomal fraction, in the Ames Salmonella test.
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Animals↗
[The differentiation of parts of paprika fruit by analysis of their mineral constituents].
In order to determine the trace metals and minor elements in the different parts of the paprika fruit (red pepper) samples were ashed and analysed by an emission spectrographic method. Analysis lines of 9 elements (B, P, Fe, Mg, Si, Mn, Al, Ca, Cu) were measured in the arc spectra of the samples, and the logarithmic intensity data processed by pattern recognition methods. From the data obtained the three components of the plant ("exocarp", "seed", and "stem") could be correctly classified. Mixtures of components were prepared at varying ratios and could be differentiated from the pure components with great reliability.
Condiments↗
Enhancement of ethanol-induced sleep by whole oil of nutmeg.
In young chickens, the whole oil of nutmeg (200 mg/kg) increased the duration of sleep induced by ethanol (1--4 g/kg), particularly deep sleep. Iproniazid (50-400 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not mimic this effect.
Animals↗
Comparison of the inhalation toxicity of kretek (clove cigarette) smoke with that of American cigarette smoke. II. Fourteen days, exposure.
The comparative repeat dose toxicity of American cigarettes and kreteks (Indonesian cigarettes containing approximately 60% tobacco and 40% shredded clove buds) was assessed by exposure of groups of five male and five female rats to equivalent (approximately 2 mg/l in terms of total particulate matter) concentrations of smoke from each type of cigarette over 15 consecutive days. The smoke was delivered "nose only" using an HRC Rodent Smoking Machine (Mark IV). For each type of cigarette, three doses were used. These were achieved by regulating the daily total duration of exposure to smoke. The different doses used were 2 x, 4 x and 6 x, 15-min exposures, presented daily over a period of approximately 6 h. Inter-group comparisons were made between American and kretek groups which received the same daily durations of smoke exposure. Higher doses of smoke resulted in reduced bodyweight gains and food consumption in male groups; the response of female groups was not as clear. At the highest dose, male rats exposed to kretek smoke gained significantly more weight by comparison with males exposed to American smoke. Higher doses of smoke tended to increase water consumption in both sexes of groups exposed to American smoke; kretek smoke produced no obvious effect. Smoke exposures produced the expected responses in certain haematological and blood biochemical parameters attributed to exposure to CO and the irritants present in cigarette smoke. Such responses were, however, confined largely to the groups exposed to American smoke. Macroscopic pathological findings attributed to smoke inhalation were confined to the lungs, and consisted of minimal to moderate discolouration and incomplete collapse of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Administration, Inhalation↗