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PubMed2004

Genetic characterization of the population of Grande Comore Island (Njazidja) according to major blood groups.

The Comorian population is historically considered a blend of influences from African Bantus, Arabs, and possibly Austronesians. In this study we present the first genetic data on the current Comorian population. Serologic analysis of the six major blood group systems (ABO, RH, KEL, FY, JK, and MNS) was performed on 164 individuals from Grande Comore Island (Njazidja). In addition, Duffy genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction using allele-specific primers. Our findings establish a high frequency of the Fy(a- b-) phenotype (86%), presenting the same genetic background as in sub-Saharan Africa. Analysis of genetic frequencies, distances, and admixture with other populations indicates that African Bantus made the main contribution to the gene pool (73.2%+/-15.5%). The Arab contribution from the Arabian peninsula was smaller (24.2%+/-7%) and the Indonesian contribution was minor (2.6%+/-9%). The major Bantu contribution was commensurate with the Bantu cultural influence. The contribution from the Arabian peninsula seemed in relation to its permeating religious and linguistic influence. As with the language, the Indonesian contribution to the Comorian gene pool was small. These results are in agreement with historical, sociological, and linguistic data.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and race.

OBJECTIVE: A recent study conducted by the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network provided evidence that girls in the United States, especially black girls, are starting puberty at a younger age than earlier studies had found, but the reasons for this are not known. Because nutritional status is known to affect timing of puberty and there is a clear trend for increasing obesity in US children during the past 25 years, it was hypothesized that the earlier onset of puberty could be attributable to the increasing prevalence of obesity in young girls. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reexamine the Pediatric Research in Office Settings puberty data by comparing the age-normalized body mass index (BMI-ZS; a crude estimate of fatness) of girls who had breast or pubic hair development versus those who were still prepubertal, looking at the effects of age and race. RESULTS: For white girls, the BMI-ZS were markedly higher in pubertal versus prepubertal 6- to 9-year-olds; for black girls, a smaller difference was seen, which was significant only for 9-year-olds. Higher BMI-ZS also were found in girls who had pubic hair but no breast development versus girls who had neither pubic hair nor breast development. A multivariate analysis confirms that obesity (as measured by BMI) is significantly associated with early puberty in white girls and is associated with early puberty in black girls as well, but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with obesity's being an important contributing factor to the earlier onset of puberty in girls. Factors other than obesity, however, perhaps genetic and/or environmental ones, are needed to explain the higher prevalence of early puberty in black versus white girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Outcomes of infant sleep problems: a longitudinal study of sleep, behavior, and maternal well-being.

OBJECTIVES: In a community sample of children aged 3 to 4 years with previous infant sleep problems, we aimed to 1) establish proportions with recurring, persisting, and resolving sleep problems; 2) identify early predictors of later sleep problems; and 3) identify comorbidities of persistent or recurrent sleep problems at age 3 to 4 years. METHODS: A follow-up community survey was conducted of mothers of children aged 3 to 4 years who had, as 8- to 10-month-old infants with identified sleep problems, participated in a community-based, randomized, controlled trial of a brief sleep intervention from 3 middle-class local government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Infant sleep problems (standardized maternal questionnaire), maternal well-being (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), child behavior problems (Child Behavior Check List for ages 1.5 to 5 years), marital satisfaction (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), and family functioning (General Functioning Scale, McMaster Family Assessment Device) were measured. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent (114 of 156) of mothers responded, 36 (32%) of whom reported a current problem with their child's sleep. Current sleep problems were similar regardless of infant sleep intervention. Twelve percent (14 of 114) reported that their child's sleep problem had persisted, and 19% (21 of 113) reported that it had recurred. Children with current sleep problems were more likely still to be nursed to sleep by an adult and had slightly higher mean scores on Child Behavior Check List subscales for Aggressive Behavior (54 vs 52) and Somatic Problems (55 vs 53). Their mothers had higher Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores (median: 8 vs 5) and more difficulties with their partner undermining the management of their child. However, early depression did not predict current sleep problems. Families of children with sleep problems were functioning as well as those without sleep problems. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence or recurrence of infant sleep problems in the preschool years is common and is associated with slightly higher child behavior problems and maternal depression scores. Results suggest that depressive symptoms are a result rather than cause of sleep problems. Despite this, families of children with sleep problems are functioning well.

Australia↗
PubMed1998

[Calcified splenic abscess, colonic fistula and ascites in a chronic carrier of Salmonella typhi].

We report the unusual case of a patient with chronic carriage of Salmonella typhi who presented with partially calcified splenic abscess linked to colic fistula and ascitis. The colic fistula could be secondary to ischemic necrosis by left colon compression due to spleen large abscess. Fistula was evidenced by abdominal computed tomography scan and confirmed by barium enema. The possible etiologies of ascitis are either tuberculosis or ascitic peritonitis secondary to the fistulisation; nevertheless, the role of segmentary portal located hypertension cannot be completely excluded. The splenic abscess was probably due to Salmonella typhi which was only isolated from stool specimens. The calcified splenic abscess was the evidence that the infection had occurred first. In addition, the isolation of Salmonella typhi in stool cultures six months after the subject had returned from the Comores proved the chronic carriage. Treatment by splenectomy and left colectomy was successful in this patient.

Abdominal Abscess↗
PubMed1999

[Evolutive visceral malaria and hyperimmune palustral splenomegaly: a difficult distinction].

One case of hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly is reported for a Comores Island patient living in France and having thus lost his protective immunity. Plasmodium falciparum was detected in a bone marrow aspiration, whereas peripheral venous blood samples were negative. A three-month treatment of sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine was effective with a complete regression of splenomegaly and biological disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Acute complete puerperal inversion of the uterus following twin birth: case report.

A twenty-year old multiparous woman was admitted to our obstetric unit on February 13th 1998, with features of acute complete puerperal uterine inversion, two hours after twin birth at home. She was resuscitated and the inverted uterus repositioned using Johnson's method under general anaesthesia. The potential of twin birth as an important aetiological factor in acute/sub-acute puerperal inversion is discussed. Formal training of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in developing countries where trained medical personnel are scarce, is emphasised.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Country watch: Benin.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Benthic dinoflagellates from the coral reef lagoon of Mayotte Island (S-W Indian Ocean); identification, toxicity and preliminary ecophysiological study.

The community of benthic dinoflagellates of Mayotte Island is similar to those of other regions. Four clones of Gambierdiscus toxicus and of other benthic dinoflagellates species (Prorocentrum spp., Ostreopsis sp., Amphidinium spp.) have been isolated and screened for their crude toxicity using mouse-test. The toxigenic reservoir seems moderated. One toxic clone of G. toxicus has been studied for factors governing growth and photosynthetic activity of this species: salinity, temperature, light intensity and nutrients with bioassays.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evolution of Gambierdiscus toxicus populations in the coral reef complex of Mayotte Island (SW Indian Ocean) during the 1985-1991 period.

Evolution of the Gambierdiscus toxicus populations during the 1979/1985-1991 period shows an increase of the average densities until 1988-Sept. that seems linked with climatic parameters (insolation, rainfalls) but mainly with anthropogenetic disturbances. After a bloom the populations are now stabilized at a level higher than at the beginning of the monitoring. Without clear correlation, Gtx densities seems associated to physical and chemical features of the lagoonal and reefal waters.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of HIV in Mayotte].

Mayotte is a little French island, located in the Indian ocean, between Madagascar and Mozambic. Officially, the population goes up to 150,000 inhabitants, but in fact, it probably comes up to about 200,000 people, because of a very numerous illegal immigration, especially coming from Anjouan, the nearest Comorian island. Up to now there are no data about HIV in Mayotte. There is only one adult medical unit (except intensive care). All patients detected as seropositive for HIV are sent for treatment in this unit. The only case of systematically proposed HIV serology is pregnancy, and this since 1994. 70% to 80% of women accept it. There are annually 6000 deliveries in Mayotte. When a seropositivity is detected, screening is systematically proposed to other members of the family. Epidemiology does not seem to worsen, even if detection is increasing: 8675 tests done in 1998, 9142 in 1999, 12,085 in 2000. All cases of seropositivity attended to at present time in our unit have been registered and studied, apart from patients who died before this study, and those who did not consult for more than two years. There were 8 HIV positive people who died since 1990 in Mayotte, most of them in 1991, 1992. There was no death in the last years, nor sanitary evacuation, except one. 50 people are registered: 20 males, 30 females. Average age is 34. 39 Comorian people, 10 metropolitans, and one from another origin. Contamination was heterosexual in 43 cases, intravenous drug user in 1 case, homosexual in 2 cases, professional in 1 case, unknown in 3 cases. There are 4 double contamination Ag Hbs/HIV, and 2 HCV/HIV. 39 subjects are at A stage, 5 B, 6 C. The beginning of the epidemic in Mayotte took place probably around 1990, among militaries and prostitutes. Now, transmission keeps going on, in most cases, heterosexual, as it occurs in the nearby Africa. Polygamy, official or officious, has a leading role. Females who were detected during pregnancy have obtained zidovudine, or have been able to pursue previous therapy. Medical care and therapy are free in Mayotte, but sometimes there are delays in supplying medicines or in returning results. Epidemic has not increased up to now; even though screening has. There are very few pediatric cases: only 4 cases were notified in Mayotte until now: one who died very soon, one who has gone to live in Reunion island, and two who are still in Mayotte: one is 12 years old, and another one 5 years old.

Adult↗