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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

"Speak to me as to thy thinkings" commentary on 'Interpersonal psychoanalysis' radical façade" by Irwin Hirsch.

This article has two purposes. First, a rebuttal to those writers, including Irwin Hirsch, who criticize the current emphasis by relational analysts on the value of affective openness and affective honesty, particularly with regard to their use of clinical vignettes that vividly portray the analyst's use of self-revelation--as if these illustrations were revealing an endorsement of a naive and mindless invasion of the patient's psyche. The second, and perhaps more important purpose, is to illuminate something I feel is obscured by Hirsch's framing the topic of the analyst's "spontaneity" in the context of analytic politics--that an analyst's self-revelation in language is increasingly understood to be not simply "allowable," but a necessary part of the clinical process. Language does not make it less spontaneous nor part of what Hirsch calls a "standardized technique." Its most powerful therapeutic contribution is in facilitating linguistic symbolization of dissociated, enacted, subsymbolic experience that is immune to self-reflective cognition, immune to internal conflict, and thereby unavailable to interpretation until it becomes relationally accessible to language and thought. Both neuroscience and cognitive research support the need for a revised theory of therapeutic action consistent with the growing recognition of the human mind as a nonlinear, self-organizing dynamic system-a system in which normal maturation as well as therapeutic repair depends, developmentally, on an ineffable coming together of two minds in an unpredictable way. From this vantage point, the analyst's self-revelation contributes to the coconstruction of an alive intersubjective space through an ongoing process of engagement between two subjectivities, making the analyst's subjective openness as potentially negotiable as any other aspect of the patient/analyst relationship, rather than an unrepairable "intrusion" into a self-contained psyche.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of eyeblink activity during self-referent information processing in mild depression.

This study was designed to assess characteristics of self-referent information processing in mildly depressed persons using the eyeblink response measured in a discrete-trial paradigm. 7 mildly depressed and 9 nondepressed subjects (classified by scores on Beck's inventory) performed a self-reference task for positive and negative trait adjectives. The eyeblink was suppressed before and during presentation of stimuli and a burst pattern of the eyeblink was observed just after exposure. The pattern of the eyeblink burst after trait adjectives could be interpreted to reflect cognitive effort, cognitive load, or amount of attentional resource. Present results suggested that depressed individuals should have less cognitive load or allocate less attentional resource to negative stimuli than to positive ones during self-referent information processing.

Blinking↗
PubMed2004

[The effect of empathy on accuracy of behavior prediction in social exchange situation].

Seventy-six participants first played a prisoner's dilemna (PD) game with an anonymous partner and then predicted behavior of other participants in the same PD game. In addition, they took a test of accuracy in judging sociometric relations among group members. Of the four factors of empathy, the two reflecting emotional aspects--self-directed and other-directed emotional responses--were found to have no relation with accuracy in predicting behavior of other participants and judging sociometric relations among group members. In contrast, the other two reflecting cognitive aspects--imagination and perspective taking--were found to be related to accuracy in predicting behavior of other participants in the PD game. Of the two, imagination was a better indicator of accuracy in the prediction than perspective taking. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of domain specificities of adaptive task that different aspects of empathy are thought to fulfill.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[P300 clinical utility in major depression].

INTRODUCTION: Event related potentials are an objective parameter reflecting cognitive functions. Among the event related potentials, the P300 component is viewed as a measure of stimulus evaluation time and it can provide a rough estimate of the time required for perceptual processing. Impairment in cognitive processing, psychomotor retardation and abnormally amplitude and longer P300 latency have been found in depressive patients. METHODS: To evaluate the influence of visual and auditory stimuli on the P300 latency we studied 595 patients with major depression. The experimental tasks applied were, first, a series of 300 auditory stimuli: 85% were tones of 1,000 Hz, and 15% were tones of 2,000 Hz, and second, a series of 300 visual stimuli; 85% were black circles on a white background and 15% were black squares on a white background. RESULTS: The results shown an increase of P300 latency in depressive patients during auditory and visual tasks. DISCUSSION: These results are consistent with an impairment in brain function with cortical hypo activity in depressive patients that is associated with cognitive deficit processing. These results determine the clinical utility of P300 in patients with major depression.

Brain↗
PubMed2003

Dementia and Nutrition. Intervention study in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVES: To know nutritional status of a group of institutionalized patients with moderate Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and to ascertain the effects of an intervention with nutritional supplements on morbidity and mortality after one year follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 99 patients (mean age: 86.5 years), 80 women, with a diagnosis of AD according with NINCDS/ADRDA criteria, were recruited from 8 nursing-homes. 25 were included in an intervention group and received a nutritional supplements along 12 months. Evolution was evaluated according to the Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). Patients with FAST levels 5-6 were included. General clinical variables as well as variables reflecting cognitive state and nutritional status: anthropometric, biochemical data and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were analysed. Statistical analysis was carry out with the SPSS 10.0 package. RESULTS: Mean time since diagnosis was 49 months, with a 20.2 months duration of institutionalization. Mean value of MNA was 20.1 3.5. 16.5% of patients had a BMI equal o lower than 21. After one year the intervention group showed higher levels of albumin (P=05), pre-albumin (P=05), iron (P=01), zinc (P=05), and beta-carotene (P=05) than the control group. The same response in BMI (P=05), MNA (P=05), and triceps skinfold (P=01). Mortality was lower (16% vs. 22.7%), without statistical significance, in the intervention group, as it was the number of infectious events (47% vs. 66% P=05), and the days in bed (7.5 2.1 vs. 17.3 5.6 P=05). CONCLUSION: Nutritional supplements applied to a group of patients with AD living in nursing-homes can reduce morbidity and mortality after one year follow-up.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Auditory event-related potentials in Parkinson's disease].

The results of event-related potential (ERP) components were studied in 25 cases of Parkinson's disease. This study included 33 normal volunteers (14 females and 19 males). With no prior history of neurologic or psychiatric illness. They were all over 50 years of age in "Auditory oddball" event-related potential paradigm. All of the Patients (20 males and 5 females) were 45-80 year's old. The latencies of the patients on N2P3aP3b wave which reflected cognitive process (activity) were significantly prolonged (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02). The amplitude of P3a, P3b wave were decreased (P less than 0.001). This cognitive function were markedly different from normal. It's valuable in the diagnosis and follow up of Parkinson's disease. The origin of waves of ERP components and clinical application were also discussed in this paper.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Effects of neocortical lesions on the P300 component of the auditory evoked response.

P300 event-related potentials were recorded in 10 subjects with neocortical lesions, and 10 control subjects, using a basic oddball paradigm. In separate tests, subjects discriminated rare and frequent tones that differed with respect to frequency, or discriminated the tones in a noise background. Subjects were required to count the number of rare stimuli that occurred during test runs. Recordings were obtained from vertex (Cz) sites referenced to linked earlobe electrodes. Control subjects exhibited P300s on all test runs. Decreasing stimulus differences relative to frequency, or adding background noise, produced significant increases in P300 latency plus decreases in amplitude. In contrast, two of the 10 lesion subjects failed to demonstrate P300 responses, although both subjects accurately counted the rare stimuli. With the remaining lesion subjects, absent or significantly delayed P300 responses occurred in 53 percent of the test runs, while accurate counts of the rare stimuli were maintained in all test runs. Absent or delayed P300s in the lesion group was not correlated with location or extent of the lesions. These results indicate that, while the P300 is susceptible to neocortical damage, it reflects cognitive processing other than simply discriminating differences between rare and frequent stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1983

A multicenter evaluation of bupropion versus placebo in hospitalized depressed patients.

Bupropion, a new antidepressant with a novel structure and neurochemical profile, was compared to placebo in a three-center evaluation. Seventy-five depressed inpatients, 48 on bupropion and 27 on placebo, participated for up to 28 days. At dosages of 300-600 mg/day, bupropion was significantly more active than placebo in reducing depressive and anxious symptomology, beginning at the 3-week evaluation. Bupropion was particularly efficacious in more severely ill and older patients. Symptoms reflecting cognitive disturbance, somatic anxiety, and psychomotor retardation were most improved; sleep disturbances showed less marked effects. Appetite and diurnal variation were not markedly influenced. Adverse effects were minimal, with no significant cardiovascular or clinical laboratory findings. Three patients developed a skin rash. There was a notable absence of sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular-related side effects. Bupropion has demonstrated antidepressant effects and a spectrum of activity that holds promise for a difficult subgroup: the older depressed patient with retardation and cognitive disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropsychology and psychology of MCS.

Neurological symptoms are frequently reported by patients with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Methods to compare the psychiatric, personality, and neuropsychological function of patients with MCS, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and normal controls are described. Increased rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses are observed in the literature for MCS and CFS subjects relative to controls. Findings on the MMPI-2 and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale reveal profiles consistent with the tendency to report somatic rather than emotional symptoms in response to stress. However, many of the reported somatic symptoms also coincide with those found in neurologic disorders. The overall neuropsychological profile for MCS subjects does not reflect cognitive impairment. Relative to normal controls, the only difference in neuropsychological performance observed is reduced recognition of nontarget designs on a visual memory task. More fruitful areas for future psychological research will include measurement of the interaction between behavioral response styles and attentional processes in cognition, as well as observations under controlled challenge conditions.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1998

Functional neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal activity: a positron emission tomographic study.

To reveal areas in the central nervous system of importance for electrodermal control, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was correlated to nonspecific skin conductance fluctuations (NSF) during aversive and nonaversive conditions. Participants viewed a TV screen displaying white noise or snake videotapes presented both with and without electric shocks given to the right hand. H2 15 O positron emission tomography was used to measure rCBF, and the constant voltage technique was used to measure NSF from the left hand. Electrodermal activity was positively related to rCBF in the left primary motor cortex (MI, Brodmann's Area 4) and bilaterally in the anterior (Areas 24 and 32) and posterior cingulate cortex (Area 23). Negative relations were observed bilaterally in the secondary visual cortex (Areas 18 and 19) and the right inferior parietal cortex (Area 39), with a tendency also for the right insular cortex (Areas 13, 15, and 16). Because results from lesion and stimulation studies in humans converge with the present imaging results, we conclude that the cingulum and the motor cortex, in addition to the parietal and possibly the insular cortex, form part of one or several distributed neural network(s) involved in electrodermal control. Because these areas also support anticipation, affect, and locomotion, electrodermal responses seem to reflect cognitively or emotionally mediated motor preparation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cortical processing of visual and auditory stimuli in depressive patients: a study with event related potentials].

Event related Potentials, which seem to be an objective parameter reflecting cognitive functions, have been examined in depression. To evaluate the influence of visual and auditory stimuli on the P300 latency we studied 42 patients with major depression and 21 normal subjects. The experimental tasks applied were first a series of 300 auditory stimuli [255 (85%) were tones of 1000 Hz, and considered the frequent stimulus, whereas 45 (15%) were tones of 2000 Hz and referred to as the rare stimulus and second a series of 300 visual stimuli 255 (85%) were black circles on a white background, and considered the frequent stimulus, 9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration whereas 45 (15%) were back squares on a white background and referred to as the rare stimulus, 9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration] in the center of a computer screen. The results shown an increase of P300 latency in depressive patients during auditory and visual tasks. Non differences were found in reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli. These results are consistent with an impairment in brain function in depressive patients that is associated with cortical hypoactivity and deficits in perceptive, auditory or visual, functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Influence of reflection-impulsivity and cognitive style on time estimation under different ambient conditions.

120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsively with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient conditions had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations, this requires further research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Promoting cognitive and metacognitive reflective reasoning skills in nursing practice: self-regulated learning theory.

BACKGROUND: Effective clinical reasoning in nursing practice depends on the development of both cognitive and metacognitive skills. While a number of strategies have been implemented and tested to promote these skills, educators have not been able consistently to predict their development. Self-regulated learning theory suggests that this development requires concurrent attention to both the cognitive and metacognitive dimensions of reasoning in nursing care contexts. AIMS: This paper reports on a study to explore the impact of self-regulated learning theory on reflective practice in nursing, and to advance the idea that both cognitive and metacognitive skills support the development of clinical reasoning skills. METHODS: Integrative review of published literature in social science, educational psychology, nursing education, and professional education using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Educational Resource Information Center (ERIC), and American Psychological Association (PsychInfo) Databases. The search included all English language articles with the key words clinical reasoning, cognition, critical thinking, metacognition, reflection, reflective practice, self-regulation and thinking. FINDINGS: Reflective clinical reasoning in nursing practice depends on the development of both cognitive and metacognitive skill acquisition. This skill acquisition is best accomplished through teaching-learning attention to self-regulation learning theory. A critical analysis of the literature in the areas of critical thinking and reflective practice are described as a background for contemporary work with self-regulated learning theory. It is apparent that single-minded attention to critical thinking, without attention to the influence of metacognition or reflection, is but one perspective on clinical reasoning development. Likewise, single-minded attention to metacognition or reflection, without attention to the influence of critical thinking, is another perspective on clinical reasoning development. While strategies to facilitate critical thinking and reflective practice have been used in isolation from each other, there is evidence to suggest that they are inextricably linked and come together with the use of self-regulated learning prompts. CONCLUSIONS: Students and practising nurses are able to improve their cognitive and metacognitive skills in clinical contexts by using self-regulated learning strategies. The self-regulated learning model in nursing is offered to support teaching and learning of reflective clinical reasoning in nursing practice contexts.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between primitive reflexes, extra-pyramidal signs, reflective apraxia and severity of cognitive impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Controversy exists in the literature about the significance of primitive reflexes (PR) and extrapyramidal signs (EP) as diffuse cortical dysfunction signs and their relationship to age and cognitive impairment. A sample of 91 patients with a dementia of the Alzheimer type were examined with a standardized technique to assess the relationship between the finding of PR, EP and severity of cognitive impairment measured by Mini-Mental Status Examination. The value of a short cognitive test, the reflective apraxia (i.e. imitation of meaningless gestures), were also assessed. A significantly lower MMS score was correlated with the number of present PR and with presence of snout, sucking and grasping reflexes. No correlation was found between presence or absence of PR and age, depression, or drug therapy. EP score was correlated with the number of present PR and MMS, but not with age. Reflective apraxia score was significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment and was found with lower cognitive impairment than PR.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Perceptual-cognitive universals as reflections of the world.

The universality, invariance, and elegance of principles governing the universe may be reflected in principles of the minds that have evolved in that universe--provided that the mental principles are formulated with respect to the abstract spaces appropriate for the representation of biologically significant objects and their properties. (1) Positions and motions of objects conserve their shapes in the geometrically fullest and simplest way when represented as points and connecting geodesic paths in the six-dimensional manifold jointly determined by the Euclidean group of three-dimensional space and the symmetry group of each object. (2) Colors of objects attain constancy when represented as points in a three-dimensional vector space in which each variation in natural illumination is canceled by application of its inverse from the three-dimensional linear group of terrestrial transformations of the invariant solar source. (3) Kinds of objects support optimal generalization and categorization when represented, in an evolutionarily-shaped space of possible objects, as connected regions with associated weights determined by Bayesian revision of maximum-entropy priors.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Are deficits in executive sub-processes simply reflecting more general cognitive decline in schizophrenia?

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is associated with both global and specific cognitive deficits. We sought to investigate whether deficits in executive subcomponents differed in their relationship to global cognitive impairments. METHOD: 95 patients were classified according to pre-morbid and current general cognitive ability as having either (a) intact pre-morbid and current general cognitive ability; (b) intact pre-morbid but deteriorated current ability, and (c) deteriorated both pre-morbid and current cognitive ability. All patients completed measures of verbal and spatial working memory, sustained selective attention, attentional set sifting, and inhibitory control. RESULTS: Deficits on both measures of working memory were associated with general cognitive ability. None of the attentional control deficits observed were associated with general ability. Further, spatial working memory deficits were also associated with more severe negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence of the discreet nature of attentional deficits in schizophrenia. By contrast, this study suggests that working memory deficits may to some extent index more general cognitive decline. Awareness of such overlap is important for schizophrenia genetics studies where working memory measures has been used to index supposedly discreet aspects of cognitive dysfunction.

Adult↗