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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Comparative study of two antihypertensive agents: guanfacine and guanethidine.

1. The antihypertensive effect and side-effects of the new centrally acting agent guanfacine (BS 100-141, Estulic) and guanethidine (Ismelin) were compared in a single-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of two active treatment periods of 6 weeks each, both preceded by a 1-3 weeks placebo period. 2. Sixteen ambulant patients (six male, ten female) with mild or moderate hypertension were admitted to the study. The patients were also receiving diuretic therapy (clopamide 10-20 mg daily). On average the optimal daily dose of guanfacine was 3 mg and of guanethidine 20 mg. 3. An equally large and significant decrease in blood pressure was produced by both drugs. Both guanfacine and guanethidine caused a very slight reduction in heart rate. Mild orthostatic hypotension occurred in 11 patients during guanethidine therapy. Dryness of the mouth occurred in 13 patients taking guanfacine.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of thiazide photohemolysis in vitro by antioxidants and a nitrogen atmosphere.

The diuretics acetazolamide, bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlorazanile, chlorothiazide, chlortalidone, clopamide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, diazoxide, etozoline, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, mefruside, metolazone, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, and xipamide were screened in vitro for phototoxic effects by means of a photohemolysis test. In all, 19 out of the 25 test substances revealed phototoxic hemolytic properties after irradiation with either solar stimulating irradiation, UVA and/or visible light. Addition of the antioxidants ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherole or superoxide dismutase significantly inhibited the phototoxic hemolysis, as well as did investigations carried out in a nitrogen rich atmosphere, findings which indicate the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the phototoxic process.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1980

The relevance of hypertension and oedema in pregnancy.

The triad of severe pre-eclampsia is often described as a combination of hypertension, oedema and proteinuria. Hypertension alone arising in the second half of pregnancy however is not associated with any greater perinatal mortality or low birthweight than normotensive primigravidae and it is probable that this hypertension may be either physiological or a manifestation of essential hypertension or, in some cases, a mild form of pre-eclampsia. Oedema also does not necessarily signify abnormality. High weight gain, fluid retention or oedema is associated with a lower incidence of small babies, but with a higher incidence of pre-eclampsia. Considerable amounts of water retention can occur in normal pregnancy, either measured as an increase during pregnancy, or as a fall after delivery. The diuretics cyclopenthiazide, spironolactone and clopamide given prophylactically to high weight gain primigravidae did not prevent the onset of proteinuric pre-eclampsia, but caused the babies to be lighter in weight than those of controls. Sodium potassium and water content of leucocytes from primigravidae with proteinuric pre-eclampsia is the same as in mild pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy. Although salt and water retention are common features of pre-eclampsia, they do not cause the condition and are not an essential part of it.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1987

Pharmacological properties of besulpamide, a new diuretic, in rats and dogs.

Besulpamide, a newly synthesized compound, has demonstrated significant diuretic activity in rats and dogs, similar to that of chlorthalidone, clopamide and xipamide. Antihypertensive activity of besulpamide is similar to that of hydrochlorothiazide and was demonstrated in rat one-kidney desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. In addition, besulpamide, like hydrochlorothiazide, potentiated the antihypertensive activity of captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Doses of besulpamide exceeding those normally required for pharmacological activity did not evoke adverse reactions in rats and mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A comparative trial of fixed ratio beta-adrenoceptor blocker and diuretic combination products in moderate hypertension.

Two fixed ratio combination tablets, 10 mg pindolol combined with 5 mg clopamide and 100 mg metoprolol combined with 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide, were compared at two dose levels in a double-blind crossover trial in 10 previously untreated hypertensive patients. No significant difference was observed between resting blood pressure on the two combinations at either dose level. Exercise systolic pressure was lower after the pindolol/clopamide combination at low dose (p less than 0.05). The incidence of side-effects in this trial was high but proper comparison of the two products could not be made because of the small number of patients. It is suggested that combination products should be used only after patients have failed to respond adequately to a single agent.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1982

Long-term antihypertensive therapy with guanfacine.

Twenty patients with essential hypertension were treated with guanfacine given in single 1-5 mg daily doses over a period of 24 weeks. Compared with the initial values at the end of the first washout period, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. The most common side effect, dryness of the mouth, usually disappeared after 8-10 weeks of treatment. No changes in laboratory values were seen. In the post-treatment placebo period there were significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared with the last readings during the treatment period. However, these never exceeded the pretreatment values. In a second series guanfacine (1-5 mg daily) was abruptly discontinued in 11 patients after 6-20 weeks of treatment. Blood pressure was measured twice a day, in lying and standing positions, during the 4 days preceding abrupt withdrawal of guanfacine and for 7 days after discontinuation. Clopamide was given concurrently to two patients, and this was continued after withdrawal of guanfacine. Only in two patients did the blood pressure rise to values above the initial levels (30 mmHg systolic and 10 diastolic), but no clinical symptoms were observed during the withdrawal. A transitory increase in heart rate between 10 and 30 bpm was observed in five patients after abrupt discontinuation of the drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Simultaneous occurrence of hyperkalemia due to aldosterone suppression and hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenoma.

The change of the pattern of clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism in older patients is illustrated by a case history of a 61-year-old woman with multicystic kidney disease in whom a thiazide antihypertensive drug (clopamide) induced a very severe symptomatic hypercalcemia. Withdrawal of the drug was followed by a prolonged complete clinical remission, normocalcemia, normocalciuria, but consistently elevated parathormone levels. This "normocalcemic biochemical hyperparathyroidism" was complicated with hyperkalemia due to aldosterone suppression, a counterpart of the recently described association with hypokalemia due to primary hyperaldosteronism, necessitating further studies on the occurrence and significance of altered production of aldosterone in geriatric patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of phototoxic properties of oral antidiabetics and diuretics. Photohemolysis model as a screening method for recognizing potential photosensitizing drugs.

The oral hypoglycemic drugs carbutamide, chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glubornuride, gliclazide, glipizide, gliquidone, glisoxepide, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide, and the diuretics acetazolamide, bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlorazanile, chlorothiazide, chlortalidone, clopamide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, diazoxide, etozoline, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, mefruside, metolazone, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, and xipamide were investigated for photohemolytic properties in vitro. Irradiation with a SOL 3 apparatus (solar simulating irradiation) revealed hemolysis in the presence of five oral hypoglycemic agents and in the presence of 19 out of the 25 tested diuretics. Photohemolysis was induced in the presence of three substances, respectively, after exposure to UVA or visible light. UVB alone did not induce phototoxic hemolysis in the presence of the tested drugs. Compared to clinical reports on photosensitivity reactions, the photohemolysis model seems a good predictive model in recognizing potential photosensitizing sulfonamides.

Dermatitis, Phototoxic↗
PubMed1993

Clinicopharmacological reappraisal of the potency of diuretics.

From a clinicopharmacological standpoint, the urinary excretory potency of diuretics should be assessed comparatively on the basis of the changes in 24-hour natriuresis, with respect to 24-hour natriuresis after placebo, caused by single oral doses administered to healthy adult subjects who are in habitual and steady-state external sodium balance. The potency of various formulations of loop (e.g., furosemide), of early distal tubular (e.g., the thiazides), and of potassium-retaining diuretics, as well as of several combinations of diuretics, has been evaluated in a series of studies. Two formulations of loop diuretics (muzolimine 20 mg and torasemide 2.5 mg) are definitely nondiuretic. The majority of the other formulations of loop diuretics studied are, in general, comparatively less potent than most of the common formulations of early distal tubular diuretics studied. As a general rule, most common formulations of early distal tubular diuretics are at least not less potent than the majority of common formulations of loop diuretics. Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg and furosemide 80 mg have similar potencies. Loop diuretics increase mean renal sodium output strikingly within the first few (0-6) hours after dosing, but this forced excretion is followed by a rebound with respect to postplacebo mean urinary sodium flow; the rebound usually takes place between 6 and 24 hours after dosing. However, no rebound in mean urinary sodium flow occurs during the 24 hours following a single dose of a distal tubular diuretic; these substances increase urinary sodium excretion with lower maximal intensity but more protractedly than loop diuretics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clopamide↗