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PubMed1997

The effect of chronic periodontal disease on human jaw muscles: a pilot study using computed tomography.

Patients with chronic periodontal disease sometimes complain of difficulty in masticating hard foods. Computed tomography (CT) was used to investigate the cross-sectional area (CSA) and density of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles in a pilot study of 12 healthy female subjects aged 30-39 years. Six subjects (the 'diseased' group) had suffered from chronic periodontal disease and had, on average, 40% bone loss. Their disease had been treated by scaling and root planning and had remained clinically stable for at least 6 months before their inclusion in the study. The six age-matched 'control' subjects had no history of periodontal disease. All bone-loss measurements were evaluated as a percentage of root length. At defined scan planes, sections of both muscles were readily identified. Results from the 'diseased' group as compared with the 'control' group revealed that in the former the CSA of masseter and medial pterygoid was reduced significantly by 25% and 10%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the X-ray density of both muscles between the two groups, which indicated a similar fibro-fatty content. These findings indicate a reduction in the masticatory force that may be utilized by patients with reduced periodontal support and may help explain their masticatory difficulties.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Association of Fcgamma receptor IIa genotype with chronic periodontitis in Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: Functional polymorphisms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors IIIa and IIIb (FcgammaRIIIa and FcgammaRIIIb) have been shown as risk factors for periodontitis. The aim of this study is to examine whether FcgammaRIIa polymorphism is associated with a disease risk as well. METHODS: Baseline periodontal and general health examinations were carried out on 1,221 Caucasian adults. From these, 422 subjects with moderate to severe, or little or no periodontal disease were assigned to two groups according to their mean clinical attachment loss (CAL). Subjects with mean CAL > or = 2.94 mm were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (n = 213, 62 never-smokers and 151 smokers). Subjects with mean CAL < or = 1.77 mm were considered as having little or no periodontal disease and designated as controls (n = 209, 125 never-smokers and 84 smokers). The FcgammaRIIa genotype for three bi-allelic polymorphisms (FcgammaRIIa-R/ R131, R/H131, and H/H131) was determined by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS: The distribution of FcgammaRIIa genotype between the patient and control groups was significantly different, with enrichment of the high ligand-binding genotype FcgammaRIIa-H/H131 in the patients (patients versus controls: 36.6% versus 25.4%; P = 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that subject age and gender, smoking, and the FcgammaRIIa genotype were significantly associated with severity of chronic periodontitis. For smokers, a significant over-representation of FcgammaRIIa-H/H131 in the patient group compared to the control group (patients versus controls: 35.1% versus 19.0%; P = 0.03). Additionally, smokers with FcgammaRIIa-H/H131 exhibited significantly greater mean CAL (mean +/- SE: 3.44 +/- 0.16 mm) than those with FcgammaRIIa-R/H131 (2.91 +/- 0.14 mm) and R/R131 (2.82 +/- 0.16 mm) (P = 0.04). There was no association between FcgammaRIIa genotype and the disease susceptibility or severity in subjects who had never smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the FcgammaRIIa-H/H131 genotype may be associated with chronic periodontitis risk (and disease severity) in Caucasian smokers. Further studies with families and studies of mechanisms are necessary to help establish the extent to which this is a genetic determinant of periodontal diseases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Accumulation of methylglyoxal in the gingival crevicular fluid of chronic periodontitis patients.

BACKGROUND, AIMS: Methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic product of cellular metabolism, is elevated in tissues and fluids in a number of human diseases. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine whether MG accumulates in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients. METHODS: GCF samples were collected for 30 s each from three teeth with pocket depths greater than 3 mm (DD sites), from 14 chronic periodontitis patients. Control samples were taken from three healthy sites (DH sites) in the same patients, as well as from seven subjects who were periodontally healthy (HH sites). Fluid volumes were determined and the strips were placed in 0.5 N perchloric acid. Subsequently, samples were derivatized with o-phenylenediamine and the resulting methylquinoxaline was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography on Lichrospher(R)-100 RP-18, with UV detection. RESULTS: Mean pocket depths were 5.7+/-0.7, 2.7+/-0.6 and 2.7+/-0.5 mm (mean+/-SD) for the DD, DH and HH sites, respectively. Mean MG levels were found to be 208.7+/-241.7 and 142.9+/-235.7 pmol/site in the GCF from DD and DH sites, respectively (p=0.0023), but only 11.5+/-4.4 pmol/site for the HH sites. Bacteroides forsythus has been found to accumulate high levels of MG in culture (unpublished data) and, consistent with this, the sampled diseased sites contained higher levels of B. forsythus than the corresponding healthy sites (2.7+/-4.2 x 10(5) versus 0.7+/-1.1 x 10(5), respectively; p=0.022). Total "red complex" microorganisms were significantly elevated in the DD sites. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the known protein- and DNA-modifying effects of MG, the finding of elevated levels of MG in the GCF from chronic periodontitis patients supports the hypothesis that MG may contribute to destructive tissue damage in this disease.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1997

Antigen-presenting properties of gingival fibroblasts in chronic adult periodontitis.

Chronic periodontitis is characterized by dense infiltrations of T lymphocytes in the connective tissue, which consists mainly of gingival fibroblasts. It is becoming increasingly clear that T lymphocytes and gingival fibroblasts are capable of influencing each other. For example, the T cell cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is able to induce MHC class II molecules on the surface of several cell types, including gingival fibroblasts. Histological sections of chronically inflamed gingival tissue showed a great number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-gamma, and in addition showed abundant expression of MHC class II molecules on gingival fibroblasts. Therefore, we investigated whether these gingival fibroblasts acquire the capacity to carry out MHC class II-restricted functions such as antigen presentation to local T cells. In this study, we show that IFN-gamma-treated gingival fibroblasts were able to function as antigen-presenting cells (APC) for superantigen-mediated T cell proliferation. However, these fibroblasts failed to present whole-cell antigens of periodontitis-associated bacteria. Moreover, gingival fibroblasts inhibited the presentation of the whole-cell antigens of these bacteria by professional APC. This inhibition could be overcome by the addition of IL-2. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts play an important role in the local specific immune response in chronic inflammatory periodontal lesions by regulating the response of infiltrating T cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Association of the -1087 IL 10 gene polymorphism with severe chronic periodontitis in Swedish Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: Severe forms of periodontitis are suggested to have a genetic basis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present investigation was to study association of an IL10 gene polymorphism (G to A transition at the -1087 position) with severe chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of Swedish Caucasian subjects were included. One group consisted of 60 patients (aged 36-74 years; mean 54.5+/-8.5) with severe and generalized chronic periodontitis. The patients exhibited bone loss >50% at all teeth. Thirty-nine periodontally healthy subjects between 35-78 years of age (mean 51.0+/-10.9) were also recruited. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells and genotyping was performed by combination of PCR with restriction endonuclease mapping. RESULTS: The proportion of subjects that exhibited the GG genotype was significantly larger in the group with severe periodontitis than in the periodontally healthy group. The difference regarding the occurrence of the GG genotype between the two groups was more conspicuous in non-smokers and yielded an odds ratio of 6.1. The G allele carriage in non-smokers was >90 % in the periodontitis group and was significantly higher than in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the -1087 IL10 polymorphism in Caucasian subjects of a north European origin is associated with severe chronic periodontitis.

Adenine↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between clinical parameters and cytokine profiles in inflamed gingival tissue and serum samples from patients with chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relation between clinical parameters and concentrations of the key (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10) cytokines, important in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases, within inflamed gingival tissues and serum samples from patients with severe chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with severe chronic periodontitis, who had sites with probing depths (PD) > 5 mm, and 25 periodontally healthy persons were included in the study. Clinical examinations including PD, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and bleeding index were performed before periodontal treatment. Gingival tissue biopsies were collected from one active site of each patient and from healthy individuals, and blood samples were withdrawn on the day of tissue biopsy. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the relationship between their profiles in situ and in circulation with clinical parameters was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IFN-gamma were, on average, significantly higher in serum samples and gingival tissue biopsies from periodontitis patients than in healthy controls. However, serum samples from both groups showed high individual variability of cytokine profiles, and no association between cytokine concentrations and clinical parameters of periodontitis was found. On the contrary, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in both kinds of samples obtained from patients and controls were generally low or even undetectable, and remained, on average, on the same level. However, the frequency of IL-4 (88% positive samples) and IL-10 (72%) was much higher in healthy gingival tissues. High concentrations of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-2 and, especially, a high ratio of IL-1beta/IL-10 and TNF-alpha/IL-4 found in tissue biopsies from periodontitis patients, strongly correlated with the severity of periodontitis. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that high variability of cytokine concentrations and low frequency of their detection in serum samples from periodontitis patients make these determinations useless for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity. In contrast, high absolute levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma and, especially their high ratios to IL-4 and IL-10 found in inflamed tissue biopsies, were closely associated with periodontal disease severity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Morphometric analysis of pulpal myelinated nerve fibers in human teeth with chronic periodontitis and root sensitivity.

BACKGROUND: The reasons why root sensitivity occurs in some periodontally diseased teeth are still unknown. It is possible that root sensitivity may be related to changes of intradental myelinated nerve fibers, which are responsible for dentine sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define the pattern of myelinated nerve fiber changes in the pulps of teeth with and without root sensitivity in the presence of chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 cross-sectioned human dental pulp specimens were collected from noncarious, intact, permanent teeth sensitive to electric and thermal (cold) stimulus (10 hypersensitive teeth with chronic periodontitis (HTPP group), 15 nonsensitive teeth with chronic periodontitis (NTPP group), and 8 nonsensitive teeth with healthy periodontium (control group)). The morphometric parameters were estimated using light microscopy and image-analyzing computer program Image-Pro Plus. RESULTS: The means of myelinated nerve fiber density, fiber and axon diameter, area, perimeter, length, width, g ratio, index of circularity, and myelin sheath thickness in NTPP group significantly differed from HTPP group and the control group teeth (p<0.001). The great reduction in the density of myelinated nerve fibers in NTPP group was accompanied by unequal decrease in the number of very large-diameter myelinated nerve fibers. The mean values of morphometric parameters of all myelinated nerve fibers in HTPP group were almost the same as those in the control teeth, and no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggest that the reason for enhanced root sensitivity has likely nothing to do with changes of the innervation of myelinated nerves in the dental pulp. While, decreased sensitivity of periodontally diseased teeth may be related to the degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers in the pulp.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Lethal photosensitization of bacteria in subgingival plaque from patients with chronic periodontitis.

Subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic periodontitis were exposed to light from a 7.3 mW Helium/Neon laser for 30 s in the presence and absence of 50 micrograms/ml toluidine blue O as a photosensitizer. Viable counts of various groups and species of bacteria were carried out before and after irradiation. The median numbers of viable bacteria initially present in the 30-microliters aliquots irradiated were 1.13 x 10(5) cfu (aerobes), 4.08 x 10(5) cfu (anaerobes), 4.92 x 10(3) cfu (black-pigmented anaerobes), 4.75 x 10(2) cfu (Porphyromonas gingivalis), 6.15 x 10(3) cfu (Fusobacterium nucleatum) and 1.7 x 10(4) cfu (streptococci). The dye/laser combination achieved significant reductions in the viability of these organisms, the median reductions in the viable counts being 91.1% for aerobes, 96.6% for anaerobes, 100% for black-pigmented anaerobes, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum and 94.2% for streptococci. Overall, the viability of bacteria in the 20 plaque samples was not significantly decreased by the dye alone. However, in a small minority of samples there were indications of light-independent, dye-induced toxicity. Low-power lasers, in conjunction with appropriate photosensitizers, may be a useful adjunct to mechanical debridement in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases if a similar effectiveness against subgingival plaque bacteria can be achieved in vivo.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effectiveness of scaling and root planing versus modified Widman flap on nitric oxide synthase and arginase activity in patients with chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by NO synthase (NOS). Arginase, which is an arginine-depleting enzyme, can compete with NOS for the common substrate L-arginine and thus inhibit NO production. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we aimed to examine the correlation between the arginase and NOS activity in patients with chronic periodontitis and to compare the effects of scaling and root planing and modified Widman flap procedures on enzyme activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 13 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Using a split-mouth design, the defects showing>or=7 mm of attachment loss were treated either with scaling and root planing or with modified Widman flap. Gingival biopsies from both sites were obtained at baseline and 2 months after periodontal treatment. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for evaluating NOS expression and specific arginase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Although inflamed periodontal tissues demonstrated a strong inducible NOS (iNOS) expression at baseline, immunostaining decreased after periodontal treatment. iNOS expression intensity and the number of inflammatory cells showing iNOS expression were found to be higher in the scaling and root planing group compared to the modified Widman flap group. The specific activity of arginase was measured as 0.18+/-0.07 IU/mg protein in the modified Widman flap group and 0.25+/-0.11 IU/mg protein in the scaling and root planing group at baseline. After periodontal therapy, the enzyme level was increased to 0.68+/-0.14 IU/mg protein in the modified Widman flap and to 1.10+/-0.23 IU/mg protein in the scaling and root planing group. CONCLUSION: This study was the first report of evaluating the involvement of the arginine-NO pathway in chronic periodontitis and this might be considered to be of value in understanding the periodontal disease mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A radiographic study of chronic periodontitis in 15 year old Queensland children.

A retrospective study was carried out to determine the frequency of early periodontal bone loss in 15 year olds as seen in bite-wing radiographs. A total of 468 radiographs of 15 year olds was examined, 246 from 1970-74 and 222 from 1978-80. The alveolar bone crest on the mesial and distal of the first permanent molar teeth was examined for radiographic evidence of early chronic periodontitis. The condition of the adjacent proximal tooth surfaces was also recorded. No significant difference was found between the two groups; 39% of the 1978-80 and 43% of the 1970-74 group showed radiographic evidence of early chronic periodontitis (P less than 0.05). Males and females showed a similar frequency of periodontal disease levels. The mesial interproximal space of the first molars had significantly higher frequencies of radiographic evidence of chronic periodontitis than the distal interproximal spaces in the two groups examined. Fewer proximal restorations with overhangs were noted in the 1978-80 group, however more proximal subgingival calculus was found in this group than the 1970-74 group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of in vitro activity of niridazole, metronidazole and tetracycline against subgingival bacteria in chronic periodontitis.

Niridazole, metronidazole and tetracycline were compared for their activity against subgingival bacteria from patients with chronic periodontitis. Niridazole was consistently more effective than the other drugs against obligate anaerobes and exhibited some activity against facultative organisms. It was concluded that niridazole has potential for topical use in chronic periodontitis.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2004

Effect of periodontal therapy on crevicular fluid interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10 levels in chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse the levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis prior to, and following, periodontal therapy for a period of 32 weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GCF samples were obtained from 24 non-diseased and 72 diseased sites of 12 periodontal patients prior to as well as at 6, 16 and 32 weeks post-periodontal therapy. All sites received conventional periodontal treatment and IL-1beta and IL-10 levels (concentration and total amount) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, probing pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival (GI) and plaque (PII) indices were evaluated pre-and post-therapy. RESULTS: IL-1beta was detected in 382 out of 384 samples, while IL-10 was detected in 337 out of 384 samples. The total amount of IL-1beta was significantly higher at diseased compared to non-diseased sites (p<0.01). Following therapy, IL-1beta total amounts were reduced, while IL-1beta concentration gradually increased. IL-10 total amounts (per 30 s sample) were similar in diseased and non-diseased sites, and following therapy they remained almost unchanged. By contrast, IL-10 concentration was significantly higher in non-diseased sites (p<0.01) and displayed a significant increase post-therapy. Moreover, IL-1beta concentration and total amount were significantly greater in smokers following therapy, while IL-10 total amount was significantly higher in non-smokers both prior to and following therapy. Total IL-1beta amounts were positively correlated with GI and Pll. A weak negative correlation between IL-1beta and IL-10 levels was noted (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the total amount rather than the concentration of IL-1beta in GCF seemed to be closely associated with periodontal disease severity. Moreover, smoking status influenced IL-1beta and IL-10 levels. An inverse relationship between IL-1beta and IL-10 was evident.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adjunctive benefits of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline in the management of severe, generalized, chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Severe, generalized periodontitis is a form of chronic periodontitis that appears to be associated with an exaggerated host response. Little information is available on the benefits of using adjunctive host modulation in the management of this form of periodontal disease. METHODS: Thirty subjects < or = 45 years of age with severe, generalized periodontitis received subgingival debridement and oral hygiene instructions each week for 4 weeks, plus 6 months of adjunctive subantimicrobial doxycycline (SDD) or placebo. Periodontal status was monitored at baseline, and at 1, 3, 5.25, and 8.25 months following completion of the hygiene sessions. Maintenance therapy was performed at 3, 5.25, and 8.25 months for both groups. RESULTS: Ten subjects in each group completed all phases of the study. Subgingival debridement plus adjunctive SDD reduced deep pockets (> or =7 mm at baseline) by an average of 3.02 mm after 9 months versus 1.42 mm for the placebo group. A significant clinical response was seen in both groups as soon as 1 month, but the response was always clinically and statistically greater in the SDD group. In the SDD group, nearly 40% of 237 pockets > or =7 mm were reduced by > or =4 mm, and 55% were reduced by > or =3 mm. In addition, only 2 pockets deepened by > or =4 mm in the SDD group versus 10 in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The supplementation of hygienist-delivered full mouth subgingival and supragingival debridement with a host-modulating agent, SDD, provides clinically and statistically significant benefits in the reduction of deep pockets in patients with severe, generalized periodontitis. In addition, adjunctive SDD is more effective than a placebo in preventing further increases in probing depth.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Long-term implant prognosis in patients with and without a history of chronic periodontitis: a 10-year prospective cohort study of the ITI Dental Implant System.

AIM: The aim of this 10-year study was to compare the failure, success and complication rates between patients having lost their teeth due to periodontitis or other reasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients who received 112 hollow screw implants (HS) of the ITI Dental Implant System were divided into two groups: group A - eight patients with 21 implants having lost their teeth due to chronic periodontitis; group B - forty five patients with 91 implants without a history of periodontitis. One and 10 years after surgical placement, clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed. The incidences of peri-implantitis were noticed over the 10 years of regular supportive periodontal therapy. RESULTS: Success criteria at 10 years were set at: pocket probing depth (PPD) <or=5 mm, bleeding on probing (BoP-, bone loss <0.2 mm annually. The survival rate for the group with a past history of chronic periodontitis (group A) was 90.5%, while for the group with no past history of periodontitis (group B) it was 96.5%. Group A had a significantly higher incidence of peri-implantitis than group B (28.6% vs. 5.8%). With the success criteria set, 52.4% in group A and 79.1% of the implants in group B were successful. With a threshold set at PPD <or=6 mm, BoP- and bone loss <0.2 mm annually, the success rates were elevated to 62% and 81.3% for groups A and B, respectively. Relying purely on clinical parameters of PPD <or=5 mm and BoP-, the success rates were at 71.4% and 94.5%, and with a threshold set at PPD <or=6 mm and BoP-, these proportions were elevated to 81% and 96.7% for groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with implants replacing teeth lost due to chronic periodontitis demonstrated lower survival rates and more biological complications than patients with implants replacing teeth lost due to reasons other than periodontitis during a 10-year maintenance period. Furthermore, setting of thresholds for success criteria is crucial to the reporting of success rates.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2006

Effects of metronidazole plus amoxicillin as the only therapy on the microbiological and clinical parameters of untreated chronic periodontitis.

AIM: To determine the effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin (M+A) as the sole therapy, on the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with untreated chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to a group that received M+A for 7 days, or to a group receiving scaling and root planing (SRP) and two placebos. Clinical measurements including sites with plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) were made at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from all teeth at baseline 3, 6, 9 and 12 months for the counts of 40 subgingival species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: Mean PD was reduced from 2.80+/-0.45 at baseline to 1.95+/-0.05 at 12 months (P<0.001) and from 2.39+/-0.41 to 1.95+/-0.10 (P<0.001) in the M+A- and SRP-treated patients, respectively. Corresponding values for relative mean AL were 10.07+/-1.30-9.77+/-0.34 (P<0.001) and 9.94+/-0.28-9.77+/-0.26 (P<0.001). Percentage of sites exhibiting BOP were 40.6+/-18.3-14.0+/-1.4 (P<0.001), and 38.5+/-5.1-19.0+/-2.8 (P<0.001) in the M+A and SRP groups, respectively. Mean total DNA probe counts and counts of the majority of the 40 test species were significantly reduced over time in both groups, with no significant differences detected at any time point between groups. At 12 months many of the species were still present at significantly lowered levels compared with their baseline counts in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in clinical and microbiological parameters were similar after receiving systemically administered M+A as the sole therapy or after receiving SRP only.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The Fc gamma receptor genotype as a severity factor for chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND: Functional polymorphisms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors (Fc gamma R) have been shown to be associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) or recurrence of chronic periodontitis (CP) in Japanese patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Fc gamma R polymorphisms are also associated with severity of CP. METHODS: Fifty Japanese non-smoking patients with severe CP and 39 Japanese non-smoking patients with moderate CP were identified according to established clinical criteria, including measurements of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and alveolar bone loss (BL). Fc gamma R genotypes for 3 bi-allelic polymorphisms (Fc gamma RIIa-R/H131, Fc gamma RIIIa-158V/F, Fc gamma RIIIb-NA1/NA2) were determined in these CP patients and 64 race-matched, non-smoking healthy controls by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS: There was a significant over-representation of Fc gamma RIIIa-158V allele in severe CP patients compared to moderate CP patients (odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-4.01, chi 2 = 4.86, P = 0.028). In addition, we found a strong association between CP severity and Fc gamma R composite genotype comprising Fc gamma RIIIa-158V plus Fc gamma RIIIb-NA2 (severe CP versus moderate CP: odds ratio 4.69, 95% CI 1.52-15.10, chi 2 = 9.35, P = 0.002; severe CP versus healthy controls: odds ratio 4.10, 95% CI 1.62-10.59, chi 2 = 11.13, P = 0.0009). Moreover, CP patients positive for the composite genotype exhibited more severe signs of periodontitis than composite genotype-negative individuals (positive versus negative; mean PD: 3.8 mm versus 3.2 mm, P = 0.005; mean CAL: 4.5 mm versus 3.7 mm, P = 0.005; mean % BL: 37.6% versus 29.9%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our results document the Fc gamma RIIIa-158V allele and possibly Fc gamma RIIIb-NA2 to be associated with severity of CP in Japanese patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of quitting smoking on chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate longitudinally the effect of smoking cessation on clinical and radiographic outcomes following non-surgical treatment in smokers with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-nine smokers with chronic periodontitis who wished to quit smoking were recruited. Full-mouth probing depths, bleeding and plaque data were recorded at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Clinical attachment levels were recorded at target sites and subtraction radiography was used to assess bone density changes. Patients received non-surgical periodontal therapy during the first 3 months and supportive periodontal care over the remainder of the study. Smoking cessation counselling was provided according to individual need. RESULTS: After 12 months, of patients with complete data, 10 had continuously quit smoking (20% of the original population), 10 continued smoking and six were oscillators (those patients who quit and then relapsed). There were no differences between the groups following treatment with respect to mean clinical or radiographic parameters. Analysis of probing depth reductions between baseline and month 12, however, and comparing quitters with the other two groups combined, demonstrated a significant difference in favour of quitters (p<0.05). Furthermore, quitters were significantly more likely to demonstrate probing depth reductions > or =2 and > or =3 mm than non-quitters and oscillators (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Quitting smoking has an additional beneficial effect in reducing probing depths following non-surgical treatment over a 12-month period.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The IL1A (-889) gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontal disease in a sample of Brazilian individuals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proposed that genotypes reflective of polymorphisms in cytokine genes can predispose individuals to disease by enhancing inflammatory processes. The C/T polymorphism at position -889 of the IL1A gene influences interleukin-1alpha expression, with the T allele inducing higher expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the IL1A (-889) gene polymorphism in Brazilian individuals with different clinical forms of periodontitis and severity of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: DNA was obtained from oral swabs of 163 Brazilian individuals and was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Products were submitted to digestion and were analyzed by electrophoresis to distinguish the C and T alleles. RESULTS: A significant difference in the genotype distribution was observed when comparing the chronic periodontitis group with the control group, evaluating only nonsmokers (chi-squared analysis = 9.91; p = 0.007), as well as when smokers were included (chi-squared analysis = 6.36; p = 0.04). Moreover, we observed a higher incidence of the T allele in the chronic periodontitis group (37.8%) when compared with the control group (18.4%) in nonsmokers (p = 0.006, odds ratio = 2.69, confidence interval = 1.27-5.68) and also when smokers were included (p = 0.03, odds ratio = 1.87, confidence interval = 0.98-3.56). No statistical difference was observed when the aggressive periodontitis group was compared with the control group. With regard to severity of disease, no statistical difference was observed. CONCLUSION: These data show an association of the IL1A (-889) polymorphism with chronic periodontitis in Brazilian individuals.

Adolescent↗