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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Studies on effects of yttrium chloride and praseodymium chloride on frequency of micronucleus in human blood lymphocytes].

OBJECTIVE: To explore genotoxicity of rare-earth elements, yttrium and praseodymium. METHODS: Effects of yttrium chloride and praseodymium chloride on human lymphocytes cultured in vitro were studied by micronucleus test. RESULTS: Frequency of micronucleus in human blood lymphocytes increased significantly by treatment with yttrium chloride and praseodymium chloride, and it increased with the concentration of the both agents, to a certain range. CONCLUSION: It suggests that rare-earth elements yttrium and praseodymium have certain genotoxicity.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1977

[Scope and limitations of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, I: The reaction of aromatic sulfonyl chlorides with aliphatic tertiary amines: the microanalytical aspects of the Hinsberg test (author's transl)].

Contrary to the present understanding of the Hinsberg test, aliphatic tertiary amines (N,N-dimethylethylamine, bufotenin, hordenine, tropan alkaloids) are shown generally to react with aromatic sulfonyl chlorides yielding the N-substituted sulfonamide derivatives of the monodealkylated amines as the result of oxidative dealkylation of the aliphatic tertiary amines. Possible errors resulting from the indiscriminate use of either dansyl chloride, bansyl chloride or other aromatic sulfonyl chlorides for the direct analytical determination of secondary amines, secondary amino acids, noralkaloids etc., are pointed out.

Amines↗
PubMed1977

[Scope and limitation of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, II: Formation of secondary dansyl amines by the reaction of dansyl chloride with N-oxides of aliphatic tertiary amino derivatives according to the Polonovski reaction (author's transl)].

The general validity of the Polonovski reaction with sulfonyl chorides is demonstrated by the reaction of bansyl chloride and dansyl chloride with pseudotropine-N-oxide and the isomeric tropine-N-oxides yielding the corresponding N-Bansyl derivatives and N-Dansyl derivatives of the noralkalois. The consequence of this reaction for the analytical determination of secondary amino derivatives with bansyl chloride, dansyl chloride and corresponding fluorophors is that secondary amino derivatives cannot be determined in the presence of the N-oxides of these amino derivatives.

Amines↗
PubMed2000

Studies on human porin XXI: gadolinium opens Up cell membrane standing porin channels making way for the osmolytes chloride or taurine-A putative approach to activate the alternate chloride channel in cystic fibrosis.

We recently proposed that cell-membrane-integrated vertebrate porin/voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) forms part of the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC) complex that may be involved in volume regulation. The results we present here support this thesis. According to light scattering measurements micromolar concentrations of Gd(3+) induce cell swelling of human healthy and cystic fibrosis (CF) B-lymphocyte cell lines in isotonic Ringer solution. In high-potassium Ringer solution additional swelling is observed. Gd(3+) induces excessive cell swelling of cell lines in hypotonic Ringer solutions, containing 70 mM NaCl or 135 mM taurine, respectively. The gadolinium effect is lost when NaCl is replaced by Na-gluconate. Using video camera monitoring we show that HeLa cells also swell in micromolar concentrations of Gd(3+) in isotonic taurine Ringer solution. The dose-dependent effect of the agonist was always blocked by extracellular application of anti-human type-1 porin antibodies. Together with data on a decreasing effect of micromolar amounts of gadolinium on the voltage dependence of reconstituted human porin the results prove the involvement of porin channels in the swelling behavior in different cell lines. As a mechanism we propose that ionic gadolinium opens up plasmalemma-integrated porin channels, chloride or taurine then following their concentration gradients into the cells. Furthermore, our data argue for a single pathway for inorganic and organic osmolytes during regulatory volume decrease after cell swelling. There is indirect evidence that porin forms part of the cystic fibrosis relevant ORCC channel. Gadolinium thus may work to open the alternate chloride channel in CF.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Determination of vinyl chloride monomer residue in poly(vinyl chloride) at the parts-per-billion level with an automatic purge-and-trap technique.

A method for the determination of vinyl chloride residue in poly(vinyl chloride) using a commercial purge-and-trap ancillary unit has been developed. Concentrations lower than 10 ppb (10(9] with relative standard deviations in the region of 10% in up to 24 samples are detectable with fully automatic operation without operator attendance. With multiple extraction of the same sample an external standard is used; the matrix does not have any influence on the recovery of vinyl chloride.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1989

Monoclonal antibodies to the apical chloride channel in Necturus gallbladder inhibit the chloride conductance.

Monoclonal antibodies raised by injecting Necturus gallbladder cells into mice were tested for their ability to inhibit the apical chloride conductance induced by elevation of cellular cAMP. Five of these monoclonal antibodies bound to the apical cells, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, and inhibited the chloride conductance; one antibody that bound only to subepithelial smooth muscle, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, showed no inhibition of chloride transport. The channel or a closely related molecule is present in the membrane whether or not the pathway is open, since, in addition to inhibiting the conductance of the open channel, the antibody also bound to the membrane in the resting state and prevented subsequent opening of the channel. The antibody was shown to recognize, by ELISA, epitopes from the Necturus gallbladder and small intestine. Finally, by Western blot analysis of Necturus gallbladder homogenates, the antibody was shown to recognize two protein bands of Mr 219,000 and Mr 69,000. This antibody should permit isolation and characterization of this important ion channel.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Thimerosal positivities: patch testing to methylmercury chloride in subjects sensitive to ethylmercury chloride.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) aq., when patch tested in a group of thimerosal-positive subjects reacting to ethylmercury chloride (EtHgCl), might be a reliable model for the better understanding of interactions between alkylmercury compounds and the skin. 19 out of 21 consecutive patients who previously had given positive patch-test reactions to both ethylmercury chloride 0.0165% eth.(EtHgCl, 0.615 mM) and MeHgCl 0.031% aq.(1.23 mM), and negative reactions to thiosalicylic acid 0.05% (3.24 mM) aq./eth. 50/50, were repatch tested to 8 microl of MeHgCl 0.031% aq. and to 8 microl of aq. solutions containing MeHgCl mixed with cysteine, glutathione, ZnSO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, ZnCl2, MgCl2 and MnCl2, respectively. The results showed that cysteine, glutathione and Zn(II) salts were able to abolish the positive reactions, demonstrating the rôle played by both thiol groups and Zn(II) itself. Patch tests concomitantly carried out in 16 out of 19 patients to 8 microl of aqueous MeHgCl and to 8 microl of aqueous solutions containing MeHgCl and MeHgCl mixed to fragment 56-61 of metallothionein I (MT I), MT I and MT II-Zn, respectively, revealed that all the MTs tested were able to reduce or to inhibit the reactions, demonstrating the effect of the thiol groups. Due to the close chemical similarities to EtHgCl and to its water solubility, MeHgCl seems to be a suitable model for evaluating the reactivity of alkylmercury compounds in the skin. We speculate that both EtHg- and MeHg-derivatives are xenobiotics with similar reactivity. However, the lack of clinical relevance of the reactions to both alkyl compounds lead us to conclude that, since environmental exposure does not seem to play a pivotal rôle, they probably have mostly to do with compounds included in in the standard series, and are elicited by reduced function of physiological SH chelators.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

Sodium chloride deprivation: development of sodium chloride as a reinforcement.

The effects of deprivation of dietary sodium chloride on operant behavior reinforced by water and sodium chloride were studied. Rats responded at high rates for sodium chloride reinforcements only after they had been fed an inadequate diet for 40 days. These effects were specific to the deprived element of the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

TASTE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AFTER ADAPTATION TO SODIUM CHLORIDE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE "WATER TASTE".

After adaptation of the human tongue to sodium chloride solutions, subjects reported the taste quality of sodium chloride solutions both above and below the adapting concentration. The adapting solutions became tasteless; solutions weaker than the adapting concentration tasted sour or bitter, and stronger solutions were reported as sweet or salty. The taste of both water and sodium chloride solutions is specific depending on prior adaptation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1984

Incidence of cancer among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers.

The results of a follow up study of the incidence of cancer and the mortality in a cohort of 454 male workers producing vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride are presented. The study population was restricted to employees with more than one year's work experience in the study plant between 1950 and 1969 and the cohort was followed up from 1953 to the end of 1979. Twenty three new cases of cancer were observed compared with 20.2 expected; one case of liver angiosarcoma was found. Five cases of lung cancer were found (2.8 expected) and four cases of malignant melanoma of the skin were observed (0.8 expected). The possibility of a causal relationship between exposure to vinyl chloride and the development of malignant melanomas is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of calcium chloride, zinc chloride, and water infusion on metmyoglobin reducing activity and fresh lamb color.

Calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), or water infusions were used to investigate the biochemical factors that affect fresh lamb color, and to examine the role of metmyoglobin-reducing activity in regulating this important quality attribute. Immediately after exsanguination, lamb carcasses (n = 6 per treatment) were infused (10% of BW) with 0.3 M CaCl2, 0.05 M ZnCl2, or water via a catheter inserted into the left carotid artery. The right LM was excised at 24-h postmortem and divided into two halves. The caudal portion was cut into 2.5-cm-thick chops and displayed for 6 d under 1,076 lx of white fluorescent lighting at 2 degrees C, whereas the cranial half was vacuum-packaged and stored at 2 degrees C for 3 wk before retail display. Objective color measurements and samples for biochemical analysis were taken at 0, 1, 3, and 6 d of display. In infused carcasses, pH decline was more rapid (P < 0.05) than in untreated controls, and it was greatest for CaCl2-infused carcasses. Calcium chloride-infused carcasses had lower (P < 0.01) NAD and higher (P < 0.001) NADPH concentrations than water- and ZnCl2-infused or untreated control carcasses. The negative effects of calcium infusion on fresh lamb color, higher (P < 0.01) metmyoglobin accumulation rate, and lower (P < 0.01) L*, a*, and b* color measurements could be explained by the lower amounts of unbound water (P < 0.01), shorter sarcomere length (P < 0.01), lower NAD concentrations (P < 0.01), and higher lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01). Zinc and water-infusions produced less (P < 0.01) lipid oxidation and improved the color and color stability of fresh lamb (P < 0.001). Rate of lipid oxidation in LM chops was greater (P < 0.01) after 3 wk of vacuum-packaged storage than 24-h postmortem. Metmyoglobin-reducing activities (sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar) were decreased in response to infusion treatments (P < 0.001), and ZnCl2 infusion resulted in the lowest metmyoglobin-reducing activities (P < 0.001). A significant association between the myofibrillar metmyoglobin-reducing activity and lipid peroxidation was observed, but metmyoglobin-reducing activities were not associated with any improvement in lamb color. Strategies to increase the antioxidant levels in lamb are very important to improve lamb quality, especially during vacuum-packaging storage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an important plastic resin for construction, pipe and tubing, siding, and other uses. Exposures to vinyl chloride monomer during the early years of production resulted in an important sentinel health event: the recognition of an excess of a rare liver cancer, hepatic angiosarcoma, at facilities throughout the world. Several other syndromes, including acro-osteolysis, also have been associated with PVC, but less clearly with vinyl chloride. Extensive research ranging from large-scale epidemiologic studies to biomarker research into molecular mechanisms continues to provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of occupational cancer.

Hemangiosarcoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative characteristics of the activity of lithium preparations and anti-arrhythmia agents in strophanthin, calcium chloride and barium chloride arrhythmias in an experiment].

During disorders of cardiac rhythm induced by strophanthine K in anesthesized cats, by calcium chloride in mice and anesthesized rats, and by barium chloride in rabbits, lithium hydroxybutyrate (0.55-3.2 mg/kg according to cation) compares very favourably with lithium chloride, novocainamide, lidocaine, trimecaine, etmozine, quinidine and verapamil as regards antiarrhythmic activity and the range of therapeutic action.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of a chloride channel inhibitor and chloride-free medium on choriogonin-induced cAMP formation by Xenopus laevis follicles].

The inhibitor of chloride channels DIDS (10 microM) decreased and a chloride-free medium increased the cAMP level in the Xenopus laevis follicles stimulated by human chorionic gonadotropin. Also, DIDS inhibited while the chloride-free medium stimulated maturation of the follicle-enclosed oocytes.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed1980

Relation of mitochondria-rich chloride cells to active chloride transport in the skin of a marine teleost.

Mitochondria-rich cells in the skin of the marine teleost, Gillichthys mirabilis, were found to be ultrastructurally similar to typical chloride-secreting cells of marine fish gill, but had a tall, spindlelike shape due to the thickness of the stratified epithelium. The fluorophore, dimethylaminostyrylethyl-pyridiniumiodide (DASPEI), was used to visualize and count skin chloride cells so that cell density could be regressed against the in vitro short-circuit current (ISC) measured on the same tissue. The regression (r2 = 0.76; n = 72) demonstrated that chloride cells are responsible for anion transport across Grillichthys skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of human sweat duct chloride conductance by chloride channel blockers.

To characterize the chloride conductance of human sweat duct the effect of various analogues of diphenylamine-2-carboxylate was investigated on the transepithelial potential difference (PDT) and resistance (RT) of isolated microperfused sweat ducts. Although the most powerful analogues which block Cl- channels in various secretory and absorptive epithelia were ineffective, a number of analogues (in particular Cl substituted ones) were found which at high concentrations significantly and reversibly increased PDT and RT. The data suggest that the main chloride conductance pathway of sweat duct epithelium resides in the cell membranes rather than in the tight junctions. In addition the different blocking spectra of the chloride conductances of sweat duct and tracheal epithelium (Welsh MJ, Science 232:1648, 1986) suggest that the combined impairment of both conductances in cystic fibrosis does not result from a molecular defect in the Cl- channels.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1991

[A flip-flop model of the chloride channel complex explains the dysregulation of the chloride flow in the plasmalemma of cells in cystic fibrosis].

The basic defect in cystic fibrosis is the chloride impermeability of the plasmalemma in different cells. A candidate for the chloride channel, thought to be affected in the syndrome, is "Porin 31HL" recently described by us. The molecule is i) expressed in the plasmalemma of different cells, it has ii) a molecular mass of 31,000 Daltons, it shows iii) high conductance in artificial membranes and it can be iv) modified by 4,4'-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. A porin in the outer membrane of cells should furthermore v) be regulated by modulators. All these characters of "Porin 31HL" correspond to those given in literature for chloride channels. The regulation of the channels can be explained by a two component flip flop model.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Ranking of gas-phase acidities and chloride affinities of monosaccharides and linkage specificity in collision-induced decompositions of negative ion electrospray-generated chloride adducts of oligosaccharides.

Negative ion electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry has been employed to study chloride adducts of saccharide molecules. Decompositions of [M + Cl]- obtained under identical low-energy collision conditions allow the approximate ranking of chloride affinities and gas-phase acidities of a series of isomeric monosaccharides. The ketohexoses are found to be more acidic than the aldohexoses. Chloride adduct decompositions are examined for a glucopyranosyl fructose and a glucopyranosyl glucose series. For each disaccharide series, the linkage position is shown to markedly influence the favored pathways of [M + Cl]- decompositions, initiated either by loss of neutral HCl to form [M - H]- and possibly leading to further (consecutive) decompositions, or by loss of M to form Cl-. Upon formation of [M - H]-, both cross-ring cleavages and glycosidic bond decompositions were observed in varying degrees for the two series of disaccharides. Remarkably, for three non-reducing polysaccharides that each contain a terminal sucrose group at the "downstream" end, chlorine-containing product ions arising from cleavage of the Glcalpha-2Fru linkage have been observed. Apart from Cl-, chlorine-containing product ions are not observed for any of the other disaccharides investigated, and they appear to be specifically diagnostic of a terminal Glcalpha-2Fru linkage. Their appearance is rationalized based upon a substantially reduced tendency for HCl loss from these non-reducing polysaccharides.

Algorithms↗