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PubMed1989

Evaluation of dressings to aid healing of mulesing wounds on sheep.

Five proprietary and one experimental dressing were compared with no treatment in their ability to aid healing of mulesing wounds in over 1900 young lambs. Healing was judged as the completeness of shrinkage of the mulesing cuts and the condition of scabs on the new skin surface. When assessed at 21 d it was found that treatment with Heriots Crown Wound Powder or Coopers Mulesing Powder offered a significant advantage over leaving the wounds untreated. Neither aqueous organophosphate washes, Defiance nor Defiance containing 0.08% chlorfenvinphos offered any healing advantage over controls. However, washing the wounds with an aqueous organophosphate solution aided healing more than the Defiance-based dressings. It was considered that the powders or the washes encouraged quick scab formation either by creating a dry covering (powders) or by washing away blood and allowing fast drying of the wound. The Defiance-type dressings slowed healing by keeping the wound moist for up to 10 d, but healing was not significantly different to the untreated group by 21 d.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The efficacy of insecticides against the screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana).

A number of insecticides used for ectoparasite control in the livestock industry were screened for their efficacy against larvae of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, using in vivo and laboratory tests. Proprietary screw-worm fly treatments (after exposure to outdoor conditions for up to 10 days) were also tested against eggs and adults of C bezziana. Three of these were also evaluated on naturally acquired screw-worm infestations. Residual protection was generally of short duration. Among the organophosphorus compounds, the most effective formulations contained relatively high concentrations (3 to 4% al) of coumaphos, 2.5% fenchlorphos or low concentrations (0.05 to 0.5% al) of diazinon, chlorfenvinphos and fenthion methyl. Two chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides containing 3% lindane and 5% dieldrin were very effective but are now prohibited for use in Australia. Preparations had serious deficiencies when used under field conditions, especially for treating large, deepseated myiases for which systemic insecticides are recommended. A comparison of methods demonstrated that a laboratory test could supersede live animal experimentation, at least for the initial screening of potential insecticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of a liquid and a powder insecticidal dressing to aid healing and prevent flystrike of mulesing wounds in lambs.

A proprietary insecticidal mulesing powder containing diazinon and an experimental liquid dressing based on eucalyptus oil, naphthalene, cresylic acid and chlorfenvinphos in a carrier of liquid hydrocarbons and petroleum oil were compared for their ability to promote wound healing and reduce the incidence of fly strike in freshly mulesed lambs. Throughout the trial period of 4 weeks, fly trapping confirmed the presence of Lucilia cuprina in the paddock where the ewes and lambs were grazing At inspection one month after mulesing, no deaths had occurred since mulesing and no lambs showed evidence of cutaneous myiasis, although a number of their dams (with 8 months wool) were struck. At 4 weeks after mulesing, the wounds of the lambs treated with the experimental liquid dressing showed better healing than those treated with the powder dressing. It was concluded that both mulesing preparations were effective in inhibiting flystrike, but the liquid dressing promoted faster wound healing than did the powder.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laval implant sutdies with Lucilia cuprina.

Semi-field studies, using the larval implant technique, show that sheep may be protected against resistant larvae of Lucilia cuprina by thorough jetting with chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlofenthion and fenthion ethyl, but not bromophos ethyl, for the normal duration of waves of bodystrike in New South Wales. The standard method of assessing implant data is to be preferred to analyses based on average protection due to the extra time required for the latter procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Reappraisal of indications and limitations of oxime therapy in organophosphate poisoning.

1 In vitro studies with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the mouse diaphragm model were performed to unravel the various microscopic reaction parameters that contribute to the dynamic equilibrium of AChE inhibition, ageing and reactivation. These data may help to define more precisely the indications and limitations of oxime therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning. 2 Diethylphosphoryl-AChE resulting from intoxications with parathion, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and other OPs is characterized by slow spontaneous reactivation and low propensity for ageing. This kind of phosphorylated enzyme is particularly susceptible to reactivation by oximes. 3 None of the oximes tested (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI 6 and HLö 7) can be regarded as a universally suitable reactivator. Obidoxime turned out to be the most potent and most efficacious oxime in reactivating AChE inhibited by various classes of OP insecticides and tabun. Obidoxime, however, was inferior to HI 6 against soman, sarin, cyclosarin and VX. Pralidoxime was generally less potent. 4 The kinetic data of reactivation established for diethylphosphoryl-AChE of human red cells indicate that the usually recommended dosage to attain a plasma concentration of 4 micrograms/ml does not permit exploitation of the full therapeutic potential of the oximes, in particular of pralidoxime. However, in suicidal mega-dose poisoning, oximes, even at optimal plasma concentrations, may be unable to cope with the fast re-inhibition of reactivated AChE in the first days following intoxication. 5 It is suggested that oximes be administered by continuous infusion following an initial bolus dose as long as reactivation can be expected and until permanent clinical improvement is achieved.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1975

Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 6. The filaricidal activity of organophosphorus compounds.

Several organophosphorus compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy against micro- and macrofilariae in experimental investigations on Litomosoides carinii infection in the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis. The anthelmintic haloxon proved to be the most effective compound with high activity against microfilariae and a favourable chemotherapeutic range. The organophosphates fenthion, Dursban, metrifonate, coumaphos, crufomate and naphthalophos also showed pronounced microfilaricidal activity but with different and lower chemotherapeutic indices. The preparations chlorfenvinphos, benoxafos, cythioate and imidan proved to be without marked microfilaricidal action at tolerable dose schedules. The organophosphorus compounds did not show any influence on the mobility or viability of the adult worms of Litomosoides carinii.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Liquid-liquid extraction followed by solid-phase extraction for the determination of lipophilic pesticides in beeswax by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection and matrix-matched calibration.

Analytical methods for the simultaneous analysis of lindane, chlorpyriphos, z-chlorfenvinphos, endosulfan A and B, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-TDE, acrinathrine, bromopropylate, tetradifon, coumaphos and fluvalinate in pure beeswax samples are studied. For the analysis of bleached beeswaxes, a liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile followed by a clean-up on polymeric cartridges is the best option in terms of recovery and precision. However, some interferences that hinder the identification and quantification of important varroacides are found when non-bleached beeswaxes are analyzed. The analysis of all compounds in the latter samples require a clean-up by coupling an ODS cartridge before the polymeric cartridge. Considerations about the influence of the matrix in the quantitative analysis by a classical external standard calibration are also made and the use of a matrix-matched calibration is advised. Recoveries resulted to be about 100% with coefficients of variation between 10% and 20% (n = 5) for concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining organohalides in animal fats using gel permeation chromatographic cleanup: repeatability study.

Evaluation of a previously published gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) procedure was undertaken to determine whether it can be used for additional organochlorine pesticides. After repeatability studies of many pesticides, the following compounds were approved for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Domestic Residue Monitoring Program: coumaphos-S, stirophos, chlorpyrifos, ronnel, carbophenothion, chlorfenvinphos, phosalone, kepone, captan, linuron, and endosulfan I and II. Recoveries ranged from 54% for captan to 123% for ronnel. Ranges of CVs varied from 0-9.5% for carbophenothion to 7.1-47.7% for kepone. Although the minimum acceptable recovery of 50% was attained for all 12 pesticides, the anticipated CV of 20% was waived to include chlorpyrifos, endosulfan I and II, and kepone. For a multiresidue procedure involving approximately 40 compounds, these results were within the acceptable criteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Determination of certain pesticides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium ions, sulphates, urea and chlorides in surface and underground water and in certain agricultural products. VI].

The subject of this study was determination of the residue of pesticides (lindane, methoxychlor, and chlorfenvinphos) nitrates, ammonium ions, sulphates and urea in surface waters and underground waters and in potatoes in 11 localities in the eastern part of the Province of Szczecin in 1987. The pesticides were determined by gas chromatography, while nitrates, nitrites, ammonium ions, sulphates and urea by spectrophotometry, chloride--by precipitation. The obtained results showed that contamination of surface and underground waters with these pesticides was below the permitted value. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen exceeded the permitted in Poland level in 15% of underground water samples. These samples were taken from wells in private farms. Nitrites were demonstrated in all of the samples of surface waters and 78% of underground water samples. The highest concentration of nitrite nitrogen was in the well of a private farm. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen exceeded in 22% of underground water samples the permitted value. Sulphates were detected in all water samples, but their concentrations were not exceeding the permitted level. In none of the analysed potato samples these pesticides were demonstrated. On the other hand high levels of nitrates and nitrites were found.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1987

The resistance spectrum shown by a fenvalerate-resistant strain of blue tick (Boophilus decoloratus) to a range of ixodicides.

A strain of Boophilus decoloratus, resistant to fenvalerate, was subjected to larval immersion, adult immersion and stall tests using the following classes of ixodicides: organochlorines, organophosphates, a diamidide and pyrethroids. A susceptible reference strain of B. decoloratus was used for comparative purposes. The results indicated a high level of resistance to DDT and camphechlor, slight tolerance to dioxathion, chlorfenvinphos and pirimiphos ethyl, full susceptibility to bromophos ethyl and amitraz, but marked resistance to cyhalothrin, cypemethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin. This marked resistance in the strain therefore appears to be widespread within the pyrethroid group of chemicals and may have developed as a result of organochlorine cross-resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Toxicity of insecticides to tsetse flies.

New insecticides have been evaluated for toxicity to tsetse flies and compared with organochlorine compounds currently in use. The most toxic compounds and their estimated median lethal doses in nanograms per fly by topical application in solution to teneral Glossina austeni were: resmethrin 4, fenthion 8, dieldrin 10, propoxur 12, chlorfenvinphos 12, tetrachlorvinphos 20, and dichlorvos 20. There was little variation in the susceptibility of teneral male and female flies, young fed flies, and fed stud males with all the compounds tested (dieldrin, resmethrin, tetrachlorvinphos, bromophos, and propoxur) and increased tolerance in old fed pregnant flies occurred only with dieldrin and resmethrin. There was also little variation in the susceptibility of teneral flies of the two species G. austeni and G. morsitans. In contact toxicity tests with water dispersible powder deposits on plywood, propoxur was highly active initially but lost its effectiveness after only a few weeks, whereas tetrachlorvinphos was less active initially but more persistent.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Ixodicidal resistance in Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei.

A series of in vitro trials using unfed larvae and fully fed adult ticks confirmed ixodicidal resistance in the one-host Pantropical Blue Tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Fifty-seven of 64 field isolates were resistant to arsenic; 10 of 56 were resistant to toxaphene; 1 of 5 were resistant to lindane; 3 of 5 were resistant to dieldrin; 3 of 19 were resistant to DDT and 8 of 55 were resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicide, dioxathion. One of the field isolates resistant to dioxathion was also highly resistant to the carbamate, carbaryl, and to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos and diazinon. A second was resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, diazinon, carbophenothion, dicrotophos, ethion, fenitrothion and quintiofos. Low levels of resistance, less than 3X, were shown to chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos. No resistance was shown to chlorpyrifos, bromophos ethyl or the diamidine ixodicide, amitraz. In hand-spraying trials no variation in the susceptibility of an organophosphorus resistant strain or the susceptible laboratory strain to amitraz was observed. This is the first recorded resistance to ixodicides by B. microplus in Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The current status of resistance to organophosphorus ixodicides by the blue tick, Boophilus Decoloratus (Koch) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei.

In a four year survey 253 isolates of Boophilus decoloratus from the Republic of South Africa and Transkei were tested in the laboratory for their susceptibility to certain organophosphorus ixodicides. Fifty-seven of these isolates were susceptible to organophosphorus compounds, 88 isolates showed a range of susceptibility between that of the susceptible laboratory strain and a strain having a resistance greater than that for the Berlin type strain. A field trial confirmed degrees of resistance shown in the laboratory to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, chlorfenvinphos, dioxathion, dicrotophos, quintiofos and chlorfenvinphos/dioxathion.

Drug Resistance↗
PubMed1978

Resistance to certain organophosphorus ixodicides in the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland.

A series of in vitro trails confirmed resistance in the three-host tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, to the organophosphorus ixodicides, dioxathion, chlorfenvinphos, quintiofos, bromophos-ethyl and a dioxathion/chlorfenvinphos combination. The results of a routine survey showed that a resistance factor of greater than 100x was present in the offspring of ticks in six of 115 field isolates tested. These six isolates were confined to the lowveld areas of the province of Natal, Republic of South Africa, and Swaziland. Ticks in a further 59 isolates were less susceptible than the reference strain. Resistance was present in all three tick instars. This is the first recorded resistance to the organophosphorus group of ixodicides by multi-host ticks in Africa.

Drug Resistance↗
PubMed1994

Effect of a mixture of 15 commonly used pesticides on DNA levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.

The level of 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine in rat liver DNA was measured as an index of oxidative damage after treating rats for 10 days at a dose ranging from 0.75 to 10 mg/kg with a mixture of 15 pesticides (dithiocarbamate, benomyl, thiabendazole, diphenylamine, chlorthalonil, procimidone, methidathion, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, fenarimol, parathion-methyl, chlorpropham, parathion, vinclozolin, chlorfenvinphos, pirimiphos-ethyl) commonly found in foods of central Italy. At the doses of 0.75 and 1 mg/kg DNA levels of 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine were significantly increased relative to controls, whereas at higher doses (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) the levels returned to control values. The administration of the pesticide mixture dose dependently reduced benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, N-demethylase activities, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and thiol transferase activities in the liver. The results show that the pesticide mixture induced free radical DNA damage at low doses. However, at higher doses it produced a depression of cellular metabolism, inhibiting a further expression of oxidative damage.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of organophosphorus pesticide residues in citrus fruits from the Valencian community (Spain).

Approximately 200 citrus samples from markets of the Valencian Community (Spain) were analyzed to establish their residue levels in 12 organophosphorus pesticide residues during the 1994-1995 campaign. The organophosphorus pesticides carbophenothion, chlorpyriphos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, ethion, fenitrothion, malathion, methidation, methylparathion, phosmet, quinalphos, and tetradifon were simultaneously extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring mode. A total of 32.25% contained pesticide residues and 6.9% exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The pesticides found in the samples with residues above MRLs were carbophenothion, ethion, methidathion, and methyl parathion. Lower level residues of these and the other pesticides studied (except diazinon) were frequently found. The estimated daily intake of the 12 organophosphorus pesticide residues during the studied period was 4.87 x 10(-4) mg/kg body weight/day. This value is lower than the provisional tolerances dairy intakes proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1984

Excretion and peripheral metabolism of 1, 2-3H-testosterone and androgens in rats following intoxication with organophosphorous insecticides. 1--Acute exposure.

The effects of methylbromphenvinfos (MBFV) and fenitrothion on androgen levels, excretion and peripheral metabolism were studied in male rats. The insecticides were administered orally in high, single doses. Plasma testosterone levels and urinary excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids had increased 24 and 48 h after MBVF administration. During the same time period, fenitrothion reduced plasma and urine androgens, but after 72 h significant increases in steroid levels and excretion were apparent. Investigation of the peripheral metabolism of 3H-testosterone indicated that fenitrothion markedly diminished the urinary excretion of 3H-androstenedione during the first 48 h and then increased its level after 72 h. Simultaneously, 3H-testosterone elimination was increased during the first 24-48 h and then decreased after 72 h. These data suggest that MBFV and fenithrothion in high doses can produce significant alteration in physiological hormonal balance of the male reproductive system.

Androgens↗