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PubMed1997

Human zoonotic infections transmitted by dogs and cats.

Dogs and cats are the 2 most common household pets. However, they may be a direct or indirect source of human infections. This article aims to familiarize physicians with some common and uncommon bacterial, rickettsial, parasitic, and fungal zoonotic infections of dogs and cats. Animal bites with or without infection continue to be a common problem. Treatment of infected animal bites must include early debridement and concern for organisms from the mouth flora of the animal. The diagnosis and treatment of cat-scratch disease have become easier since Bartonella henselae has been established as the main causal agent. Less common bacterial and rickettsial zoonotic infections are included to increase the reader's awareness. Parasitic infections, such as creeping eruptions, visceral larva migrans, cryptosporidiosis, and toxoplasmosis, are diseases associated with contact with dogs and cats. Pets can also be the source of dermatophyte infections. An increase in awareness that some of these diseases may be associated with animals could provide a better plan for the prevention and treatment of common and uncommon zoonotic infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Larva currens. Cutaneous strongyloidiasis.

Strongyloides stercoralis causes a distinctive form of cutaneous larva migrans that is recognized as larva currens. The rapid rate of intracutaneous migration, the cutaneous localization, the chronicity of recurrence, and the frequency of urticarial reaction justify its presentation as a clinically distinguishable form of creeping eruption. This clinical complex should be identified as a cutaneous sign of systemic disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Current status of gnathostomiasis dorolesi in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.

Gnathostomiasis is an important food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused mainly by ingesting uncooked or undercooked flesh of freshwater fishes. Although four distinct species of the genus Gnathostoma were identified as the causative agents for human gnathostomiasis, human infections with G. doloresi have been found only in Japan, concentrated in Miyazaki Prefecture. So far we have found 25 cases in Miyazaki Prefecture. Although most of these patients were of cutaneous gnathostomiasis, two patients presented to the hospital with unusual clinical manifestations; one case was a pulmonary gnathostomiasis diagnosed by immunoserological methods, and the other was an ileus caused by migration of the late 3rd stage larva in the colonic tissue, which was found by post-operative histopathological examination. Although cutaneous lesions such as creeping eruption or mobile erythema are the common clinical features of gnathostomiasis, caution should be paid to the presence of such unusual cases.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Chronic strongyloidiasis in World War II Far East ex-prisoners of war.

Fifty-two of 142 (37%) American ex-prisoners of war that worked on the Burma-Thailand Railroad during World War II were found to have previously unrecognized symptomatic Strongyloides stercoralis infections. A characteristic urticarial creeping skin eruption on the abdomen, buttocks and thighs occurred in 92%. Infection was also associated with pruritus ani, abdominal pain, indigestion, heartburn, and diarrhea. Demonstration of larvae in ether-formalin stool concentrates in these chronic low density infections required 5 hours of microscopy per case to detect 90% of positive cases. Therapy with thiabendazole resulted in a clinical cure in 93% and a microscopic cure in 100%; but was associated with frequent side effects. Chronic strongyloidiasis should be considered in veterans of Far East conflicts and in others with intimate soil contact in rural Strongyloides stercoralis-endemic areas who present with recurrent creeping skin eruption, abdominal pain, and eosinophilia.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Creeping hair: an isolated hair burrowing in the uppermost dermis resembling larva migrans.

A 55-year-old Japanese male presented with a slowly moving linear erythema that looked like an eruption of creeping disease, or cutaneous larva migrans. The eruption extended linearly along Langer's line of the lateral side of the abdomen to the lower back, leaving wave-like erythema. In the top third of the erythematous eruption, close examination demonstrated a black thin line, which was revealed to be a hair shaft by a shallow incision of the skin. After removal of the hair, the eruption diminished immediately, leaving a slight pigmentation. An ingrown pubic hair seemed to have migrated with the lower end forward along Langer's line, because of the arrangement of hair cuticle and the force of body motion. Linearly moving erythematous eruptions that look like that of larva migrans should be differentiated from creeping hair by close examination detecting burrowing hair.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1985

Chronic strongyloidiasis in Vietnam veterans.

Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infections can produce intermittent urticarial skin eruptions and gastrointestinal discomfort for years. Three cases of symptomatic infection acquired by United States military personnel in Vietnam are presented as examples of chronic parasitic disease unrecognized by physicians despite clear histories of geographic exposure, classic creeping skin eruptions, and eosinophilia. More attention needs to be paid to the possible long-term sequela from military service in tropical climates by both military and civilian physicians.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a small intestinal nematode that has the ability to multiply within the human host. Because of the potential opportunistic behavior of this parasite, immunocompromised patients may develop fatal disseminated infections. Chronic strongyloidiasis may last decades and give rise to various dermatologic lesions, the most characteristic of which is larva currens, a serpiginous creeping urticarial eruption caused by the intradermal migration of the infective filariform larvae. Rarely recognized is the presence of widespread petechiae and purpura that may develop in patients with disseminated infections. A 64-year-old immunosuppressed man developed fatal extraintestinal S stercoralis infection with extensive purpura associated with massive invasion of the skin by migrating larvae.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Parasitic worms of the central nervous system: an Australian perspective.

The diagnosis and management of parasitic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is difficult, even for infectious diseases physicians and neurologists. Furthermore, few overviews of the spectrum of causative helminths and clinical syndromes have been published. In the present study, we review the seven most common parasitic diseases of the CNS: (i) cysticercosis, (ii) neuroschistosomiasis, (iii) paragonimiasis, (iv) angiostrongyliasis, (v) hydatid disease, (vi) sparganosis and (vii) gnathostomiasis. Major syndromes of parasitic disease of the CNS and their differential causes are discussed, including: (i) cystic lesions, (ii) enhancing granulomas (with and without creeping subcutaneous eruptions), (iii) eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and (iv) spinal cord disease. Specific risk factors that predispose to these infections are also discussed and particular attention is drawn to the situation in Australia.

Angiostrongylus↗

PubMed2003

Cutaneous Strongyloides stercoralis infection: an unusual presentation.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a widespread, soil-transmitted, intestinal nematode common in tropical and subtropical countries. The parasite is unique in its capability to carry out its entire life cycle inside the human body. Human beings contract strongyloidiasis by penetration of filariform larvae into the skin or mucous membrane after contact with contaminated soil. The larvae travel by the venous systems to the lungs, then ascend the bronchi to the trachea, where the larvae are coughed up by the human host, subsequently swallowed, and attain their habitat in the small intestine. Chronic strongyloidiasis acquired in endemic areas may last decades and gives rise to various dermatologic lesions, the most characteristic of which is larva currens, a serpiginous, creeping urticarial eruption. In disseminated strongyloidiasis, the characteristic skin lesions are widespread petechiae and purpura. We present a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis with an unusual manifestation mimicking a drug rash and review the dermatologic manifestations of strongyloidiasis infestation.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Experimental infection in a monkey with Gnathostoma hispidum larvae obtained from loaches.

Since the 1908s gnathostomiasis has occurred sporadically in Japanese who have eaten loaches, fresh-water fish imported from southeast Asia. Symptoms include creeping skin eruptions and eosinophilia. The symptoms disappeared in most patients within three months after the onset and the patients then remained symptom-free. To elucidate the causative factors, we fed one monkey with 80 gnathostome larvae collected from loaches and autopsied the animal 466 days later. Fifty-one viable larvae (64%) were recovered from muscle; these were in the advanced third stage and were encapsulated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cutaneous larva migrans, an occupational disease.

Creeping skin eruption is known to follow exposure to canine and feline hookworm larvae found in contaminated soil encountered in humid, tropical and subtropical regions. A little known hazard of similar infections exists among veterinarians and laboratory workers exposed to Strongyloides larvae from horses located in temperate climates. The evolving clinical picture is described in detail. Continued exposure may lead to a state of hypersensitivity to the parasitic protein resulting in severe hyperimmune reactions. The invasiveness of Strongyloides larvae through intact skin and the pathologic changes associated with infection were demonstrated in a rabbit.

Adult↗

PubMed1950