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PubMed2001

Chemical treatment of textile wastewaters: statistical characterization, colour and sulfide removal.

One of the major problems encountered in the textile industry is production of highly colored large volumes of wastewater. It is often not possible to predict the characteristics of textile wastewaters by using reported values in the literature because every textile industry is unique with respect to the type of production and the technology and chemicals used in production. Furthermore, the concentrations of pollutants in textile wastewaters vary according to the wastewater management practices and amount of water used in the production. In the first part of this study, wastewater characteristics of a cotton mill textile industry were determined by using the normal and log-normal II distribution functions for flow, COD, TOC, pH and colour. These parameters were measured in the effluent of the equalization tank and the statistical fits were evaluated by using the chi-Square test. It was found that flow and TOC values fitted normal distribution; COD values fitted log-normal II distribution. On the other hand, pH and colour did not fit in to aforementioned distributions. In the second part of this study, the treatment of textile wastewater by coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (CFP) was investigated. Lime, iron and aluminum salts with anionic polielectrolite combination were used as coagulants. Aluminum salts and the combination FeSO4 + lime + polielectrolite were used to remove the colour from mixed textile wastewaters, successfully. On the other hand, FeSO4 + lime + polielectrolite was more effective than aluminum salts to remove the colour from wastewater of indigo dyeing process. In the third part of this work, the removal of sulfide arising from indigo dyeing was investigated. Sulfide removal was accomplished by chemical oxidation and catalyzed air oxidation and removal efficiencies up to ninety percent were found. Chemical oxidation using sodium hypochlorite resulted in color removal too; however, dosages of hypochlorite have to be carefully monitored in order to avoid toxic effects of excess chlorine in water.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1999

Comparative personal exposures to organic dusts and endotoxin.

The aims of the study were to provide valid comparative data for personal exposures to dust and endotoxins for different occupations and to calculate comparative data for the contamination of organic dusts with endotoxin. Nine different occupational settings were studied, drawn from the textile, agricultural and animal handling industries. Samples were collected by personal sampling techniques, using the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampling head, glass fibre filters and rechargeable sampling pumps. The dust exposures were calculated by gravimetric analysis and using the calculated volume of air sampled were expressed as mg/m3. Endotoxin exposures were measured using a simple water extraction from the collected dusts, followed by a quantitative turbidimetric assay. Results were expressed as ng/m3, using the calculated volume of air sampled. In addition, the levels of the contamination of dusts with endotoxin for individual industries were expressed as ng/mg of collected dust. Two hundred and fifty-nine samples, collected from 9 different industries and across 36 different sites were analysed. This represented a sampling rate of 25% for the total work force. The average sampling time was 4.62 h. For all the dusts collected, a significant correlation between the collected dust and endotoxin was seen (r = 0.7 and p < 0.001). The highest dust exposures occurred during cleaning activities (grain handling: 72.5 mg/m3). The individuals exposed to the highest median level of dust and endotoxin were the animal handlers (poultry handlers, dust: 11.53 mg/m3, endotoxin: 71,995 ng/m3). Weaving and mushroom cultivation had the lowest exposures for dust and endotoxins. The mostly highly contaminated dusts (median values expressed as ng of endotoxin per mg of collected dust) were found in the animal handling (poultry: 1,030 ng/mg, swine: 152 ng/mg) and cotton spinning (522 ng/mg) industries. Processing of cotton and wool fibres was found to reduce the levels of contamination of dusts with endotoxin. In the study, valid comparative data for personal exposures to organic dusts and endotoxins have been presented. The highest exposures were found amongst animal handlers and during cleaning activities. The results highlight that dust exposures are greater in a number of industries than the set exposure standards. In addition, endotoxin exposures are found to be greater than levels at which harmful effects have been demonstrated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Cotton dust and gram-negative bacterial endotoxin correlations in two cotton textile mills.

Exposure to cotton dust is known to cause both acute and chronic respiratory illness. A specific pattern of symptoms called byssinosis is well described to occur among workers in the cotton processing (e.g., yarn preparation) industry. Recent studies have implicated Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin as one of the agents responsible for acute, and possibly chronic, respiratory illness. Laboratory experiments using a model cardroom have found poor correlations between airborne dust and associated endotoxin. This study reports the results of vertical elutriated dust and endotoxin levels in 11 work areas of 2 cotton textile mills in 1986 in Shanghai, China. The overall correlation between dust and endotoxin was strong, rs = 0.66 and 0.79 (p < 0.0001) for mills 1 and 2, respectively. The dust-endotoxin correlation was relatively poor in early yarn preparation in the workshops and improved in the later preparation areas. Our findings suggest that in these mill settings, dust and endotoxin levels may be well correlated in most work areas. Therefore, dust may be a useful index for monitoring populations employed in the cotton textile industry throughout the world. Additional field studies need to be performed which consider the various determinants of dust and endotoxin levels.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1996

The medical and epidemiologic effects on workers of the levels of airborne Thermoactinomyces Spp. spores present in Australian raw sugar mills.

The objectives of the study were to determine whether there was a significant risk of members of the work force of raw sugar mills developing bagassosis. Airborne Thermoactinomyces sacchari spores were measured to determine whether they were sufficient to cause acute bagassosis, and whether there was any evidence of previous exposure to sufficient airborne T. sacchari spores to cause the development of chronic bagassosis in any of the work force. Monitoring of total airborne bacteria spore concentrations was undertaken in and around two cane sugar mills before, during, and after the 1992 cane processing season. Viable airborne bacteria counts were also obtained to confirm the presence of Thermoactinomyces sacchari. Area or zone samples at various sites around the mills and personal breathing zone samples from selected workers were obtained. The results showed that the total airborne bacteria spore count was lower than similar counts reported in other industries, such as cotton milling and wood chip handling, during normal operations. It was also found that the airborne counts during specific activities that generated higher than usual airborne spore levels were lower than expected from literature reports of handling similar material. Complementary medical examination of the entire full-time work forces of the two mills was carried out on a number of occasions during 1992. The medical data showed that no cases of acute bagassosis were detected, and that there was no evidence of the development of chronic bagassosis in any members of the work forces of either mill. Therefore, there is no significant risk of workers in the Australian sugar industry developing bagassosis.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of myelotoxicity in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) exposed to environmental contaminants. II. Myelotoxicity associated with petroleum industrial wastes.

Various chemical mixtures exist in soil contaminated with petrochemical wastes, yet no comprehensive assessment of their impact on terrestrial ecosystems has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hematotoxicity risks to wild populations of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) residing in habitats previously contaminated by petroleum industrial wastes. Resident cotton rats were monitored on nine contaminated sites and nine ecologically matched reference sites in Oklahoma. The possible toxicological interactions of petrochemical wastes on bone marrow was investigated by using the assay of colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. There was a consistent significant 21 to 39% decrease in the number of colony-forming units of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) in cotton rats from petrochemical-contaminated sites compared to matched reference sites, with no marked changes in hematological or histopathological parameters. These results suggest that bone-marrow progenitor cell culture is a sensitive indicator for the assessment of ecotoxicity risks associated with petrochemical wastes that are generated by the oil refining industry. Long-term exposure to hazardous wastes associated with the petroleum industry may represent a subtle risk to the hematopoietic system in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Morphological changes in the nasal mucosa of workers in occupations exposed to dust].

Cotton and flux industrial dust causes chronic catarrhal inflammation in the nose mucous membrane which manifests itself clinically as vasomotor rhinitis. Quartz-containing dust entails chronic sclerosing inflammation of the same locality as sub- and atrophic rhinitis. The results of pathohistologic investigations are objectively demonstrated through a chart of morphological traits, thus facilitating the identification of the diagnostical morphological traits caused by different industrial dusts. The research results contribute to further objective data on the occupational genesis of the upper respiratory tract diseases.

Dust↗
PubMed1996

[The effect of ecological factors on the immunological indices of the oral cavity in children].

Effects of ecological factors on the immunological parameters of the oral cavity The immunological status of the oral cavity was assessed in children aged 9 to 12 years living in different (cotton-growing and industrial) regions of Uzbekistan with different degrees of environment pollution. A reliable reduction of the parameters examined was observed in ecologically unfavorable regions. Health measures are proposed.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Effects of exposure to cotton dust on energy expenditure in the textile industry.

An assessment of energy expenditure has been made in 50 male textile workers and 30 male office cleaners. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.001) in energy expenditure between textile workers and office cleaners amounting to 12 to 16%. While 33.3% of the textile group complained of chest disorders, none of the cleaners had such a complaint. FEV1 and FVC values of the textile workers were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) compared to those of the controls. There were no differences in body weight, lean body mass and socio-economic conditions of the two groups, however, the textile workers were younger and taller than the unexposed group. Exposure to cotton dust and respiratory and ventilatory impairments are suspected of causing a reduction in the energy expenditure of the textile workers.

Adolescent↗