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[Corynebacterium amycolatum: sepsis in hematologic patients].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate clinical and microbiological characteristics of sepsis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum, because few cases have been reported in human infections by this bacteria. METHODS: We report two cases of sepsis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum, the patients were diagnosed as having leukaemia. The identification procedures are discussed. RESULTS: We describe 2 patients with sepsis in neutropenic phase. Antibiotic treatment was successful in both cases. Clinical isolates were classified as Corynebacterium xerosis by the Api Coryne system Version 1.0. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolates were determined by thin-layer chromatographic analysis. Isolates did not contain mycolic acids, they were identified as Corynebacterium amycolatum. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum is a rare disorder. A test for mycolic acid could be sufficient to make a distinction between Corynebacterium amycolatum and other diphteroid bacteria. Such a test involves thin-layer chromatography.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Artificial transmission of Bolo disease in woolled sheep and attempted characterisation of the causative unclassified Corynebacterium sp.

Bacterial isolates (n = 38) previously cultured from sheep with Bolo disease were compared bacteriologically with known Corynebacterium spp. and Actinomyces spp. The isolates did not conform to any previously described species but closely resembled C. pseudodiptheriticum and C. urealyticum. More comprehensive tests are needed to classify this Corynebacterium sp. Bacterial cultures of this unclassified Corynebacterium sp. were used artificially to induce Bolo disease in Dohne Merino sheep (n = 20). Ten sheep were kept at Middelburg in the Cape Midlands (Northern Cape) under arid conditions and another 10 at Queenstown in the Eastern Cape in a more humid climate. Two suspensions containing 2.8 x 10(5) Corynebacterium sp. (inoculum A) and 2.8 x 10(9) Corynebacterium sp. (inoculum B) respectively were used to infect each sheep on 9 different sites on the skin. One sheep died during the course of the experiment. Corynebacterium sp. established itself on 81 out of 171 inoculation sites of the remaining sheep and caused typical lesions of Bolo disease, clinically and pathologically. Bolo disease lesions developed slowly over 175 days at Middelburg and 287 days at Queenstown. Weather conditions were unfavourable to the development of fleece-rot and mycotic dermatitis. No difference was seen in lesion development between rams and ewes or between sheep with 5 months' wool growth and those which were shorn before inoculation. More lesions developed with the higher concentration of inoculum B (49 sites positive) as compared to inoculum A (32 sites positive).

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1997

Corynebacterium mastitidis sp. nov., isolated from milk of sheep with subclinical mastitis.

Fourteen strains of a hitherto unknown catalase-positive, aerobic, gram-positive coryneformlike organism were isolated from the milk of sheep with subclinical mastitis from different regions of Spain. The strains phenotypically closely resembled one another and biochemically were similar to Corynebacterium urealyticum and Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. lipophilum. The results of chemotaxonomic investigations were consistent with membership in the genus Corynebacterium, and comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that the unknown bacterium from sheep was indeed a member of the genus Corynebacterium. Within the genus Corynebacterium the new bacterium formed a distinct subline that exhibited > 4% sequence divergence with other species. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic findings, a new species, Corynebacterium mastitidis, is proposed for the organisms from mastitic sheep. The type strain of C. mastitidis is CECT 4843 (= S-8).

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Corynebacterium camporealensis sp. nov., associated with subclinical mastitis in sheep.

Four strains of a hitherto-unknown catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic Corynebacterium species were isolated from the milk of sheep affected by subclinical mastitis. The most characteristic phenotypic reactions of the four strains were their weak fermentative acid production from glucose, their failure to produce acid from mannitol, xylose, sucrose and maltose, and a strong CAMP reaction with Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of a cell wall based on meso-diaminopimelic acid and short-chain mycolic acids, which is consistent with the genus Corynebacterium. A comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis confirmed that the organisms from sheep were members of the genus Corynebacterium, where they formed a distinct subline, exhibiting > 4% sequence divergence with other known Corynebacterium species. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic findings, a new species, Corynebacterium camporealensis, is proposed. The type strain of Corynebacterium camporealensis is CECT 4897 (= CRS-51T).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Corynebacterium efficiens sp. nov., a glutamic-acid-producing species from soil and vegetables.

Three glutamic-acid-producing coryneform strains were isolated from soil and vegetable samples. Chemotaxonomic investigations indicated that these strains belonged to the genus Corynebacterium. Phylogenetic studies, based on 16S rDNA analysis, demonstrated that the three strains formed a distinct cluster within the genus Corynebacterium and that their nearest relatives were Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium callunae, also known as glutamic-acid-producing species. The data from 16S rDNA sequence and DNA-DNA relatedness studies clearly indicated that the three isolates represented a new species within the genus Corynebacterium. All of the isolates could grow at 45 degrees C and produced acid from dextrin; these were the most significant characteristics differentiating the three isolates from their neighbours. On the basis of the data presented here, it is proposed that the three glutamic-acid-producing isolates together be classified as Corynebacterium efficiens sp. nov., the type strain of which is YS-314T (= AJ 12310T = JCM 11189T = DSM 44549T).

Corynebacterium↗
PubMed2004

Corynebacterium ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the trachea of black storks (Ciconia nigra).

Eight unidentified Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms were recovered from the tracheas of apparently healthy black storks (Ciconia nigra) and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Based on cellular morphology and biochemical criteria the isolates were tentatively assigned to the genus Corynebacterium, although three of the organisms did not appear to correspond to any recognized species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that all of the isolates were phylogenetically members of the genus Corynebacterium. Five strains were genotypically identified as representing Corynebacterium falsenii, whereas the remaining three strains represented a hitherto unknown subline, associated with a small subcluster of species that includes Corynebacterium mastitidis and its close relatives. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown isolates from black storks represent a novel species within the genus Corynebacterium, for which the Corynebacterium ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CECT 5779(T) (=BS13(T)=CCUG 47525(T)).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacterium species and other non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli to 18 antimicrobial agents.

The susceptibilities of 265 strains of Corynebacterium species and other non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli to 18 antimicrobial agents were tested. Most strains were susceptible to vancomycin, doxycycline, and fusidic acid. Corynebacterium jeikeium and Corynebacterium urealyticum were the most resistant organisms tested. Resistance to beta-lactams, clindamycin, erythromycin, azythromycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was common among strains of Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium minutissimum. Ampicillin resistance among Listeria monocytogenes was more prevalent than previously reported. Optochin, fosfomycin, and nitrofurantoin showed very little activity against most organisms tested, but the use of nitrofurantoin as a selective agent in culture medium may prevent the recovery of some isolates. Except for the unvarying activity of vancomycin against Corynebacterium species, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the latter to other antibiotics are usually unpredictable, such that susceptibility tests are necessary for selecting the best antimicrobial treatment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Microbiological characterization and clinical significance of Corynebacterium amycolatum strains.

The laboratory records of patients with bacillus isolates identified as Corynebacterium xerosis were reviewed in an attempt to establish the clinical significance of the isolates, and the isolated strains were reidentified. Of the 22 strains available for reidentification, four were identified as Corynebacterium striatum and 18 as Corynebacterium amycolatum. Forty-one patients were considered to have Corynebacterium amycolatum isolates, and in 13 (31.7%) of these patients a genuine clinical infection occurred, comprising catheter-related infection in seven cases, surgical wound infection in five cases, and pilonidal cyst infection in one case. Most patients were treated with antimicrobial agents (vancomycin in seven cases and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in four cases). All patients were cured. Corynebacterium amycolatum can cause genuine infection, usually hospital-acquired, and the clinical significance of isolates must be determined to ensure proper management of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Corynebacterium appendicis sp. nov.

A lipophilic, coryneform bacterium isolated from a human clinical specimen was characterized by phenotypic and molecular-taxonomic methods. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and short-chain mycolic acids consistent with the genus Corynebacterium. The isolate could be distinguished from other members of the genus Corynebacterium by positive urease and catalase tests as well as its failure to produce acid from carbohydrates. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that this isolate constitutes a distinct subline within the genus Corynebacterium, displaying >3.0% sequence divergence from other known Corynebacterium species. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that this isolate be classified as a novel species, Corynebacterium appendicis sp. nov., represented by strain IMMIB R-3491T (= DSM 44531T = NRRL B-24151T).

Appendicitis↗
PubMed1982

Reclassification of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes comb.nov.

Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) differs to such an extent from the type species of Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Lehmann and Neumann), that it cannot be retained in this genus. Numerical phenetic and chemical data indicate a close relationship between Corynebacterium pyogenes and the species Actinomyces bovis (Harz). It is proposed that Corynebacterium pyogenes be reclassified in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes (Glage) comb.nov.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1994

Genomic diversity among Corynebacterium jeikeium strains and comparison with biochemical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities.

Levels of DNA relatedness were determined by performing DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (S1 nuclease procedure) with 13 human isolates exhibiting various antimicrobial susceptibility patterns which had been identified as Corynebacterium jeikeium by classical tests and the API Coryne system and with reference strains of C. jeikeium and related taxa. Twelve of 13 isolates which formed three genomic groups showed between 22 and 75% relatedness with the type strain of C. jeikeium. One of these genomic groups included all the strains resistant to penicillin and gentamicin and is genomically related to the C. jeikeium type strain at the species level. In addition, the reference strain of "Corynebacterium genitalium" biotype II was found to belong to this genospecies and therefore can be considered as a synonym of C. jeikeium. In contrast, one isolate and the reference strains of "Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium" biotypes C-3 and C-4 which were assigned to C. jeikeium by the API Coryne system were less than 10% related to the C. jeikeium type strain. These nongenomically related strains can be differentiated from the jeikeium-related strains on the basis of positive acidification from fructose and growth under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, these strains exhibited full susceptibility to penicillin whereas the strains related to the C. jeikeium type strain are resistant to or only moderately susceptible to penicillin. No genomic relationship was found between C. jeikeium-related strains and other lipophilic coryneforms, identified as Corynebacterium accolens or Corynebacterium group G or F. Our study demonstrates the necessity to perform the fructose fermentation test or respiratory-type test for the correct identification of lipophilic coryneforms as C. jeikeium. Although these strains show genomic diversity at the species level, in a practical aspect, biochemical properties as well as antimicrobial susceptibility may allow the classification of such isolates in this single taxon.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Identification of corynebacterium bovis and other coryneforms isolated from bovine mammary glands.

Bovine mastitis remains the most economically important disease in dairy cows. Corynebacterium bovis, a lipid-requiring Corynebacterium spp., is frequently isolated from the milk of infected mammary glands of dairy cows and is associated with reduced milk production. A total of 212 coryneform bacteria isolated from the milk of dairy cows were obtained from mastitis reference laboratories in the United States and Canada. All isolates had been presumptively identified as Corynebacterium bovis based on colony morphology and growth in the presence of butterfat. Preliminary identification of the isolates was based on Gram stain, oxidase, catalase, and growth on unsupplemented trypticase soy agar (TSA), TSA supplemented with 5% sheep blood, and TSA supplemented with 1% Tween 80. Of the 212 isolates tested, 183 were identified as Corynebacterium spp. based on preliminary characteristics. Of the strains misidentified, one was identified as a yeast, two as Bacillus spp., 11 as Enterobacteriaceae, 18 as staphylococci, one as a Streptococcus spp., and one as an Enterococcus spp. Eighty-seven coryneforms were selected for identification to the species level by direct sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the Biolog system and the API Coryne system. Fifty strains were identified as C. bovis by 16S rRNA gene similarity studies: the Biolog and API Coryne systems correctly identified 54.0 and 88.0% of these strains, respectively. The other coryneforms were identified as other Corynebacterium spp., Rhodococcus spp., or Microbacterium spp. These data indicate that the coryneform bacteria isolated from bovine mammary glands are a heterogeneous group of organisms. Routine identification of C. bovis should include Gram-stain, cell morphology, catalase production, nitrate reduction, stimulated growth on 1% Tween 80 supplemented media, and beta-galactosidase production as the minimum requirements.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis adenitis in a shepherd].

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes suppurative lymphadenitis in sheep and other domestic animals. Human infection has been reported in few instances. We report on a case of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenitis in a human being. A 34-years old previously healthy shepherd was attended for presenting a painful lymph node in right groin with one year of evolution. Cultures of an aspirate and ganglionar tissue yielded growth of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in pure culture. Histological examination of the excised lymph node showed a suppurative granulomatous lymphadenitis with areas of necrosis in which there were clusters of bacillary organisms. After surgical excision and administration of erythromycin clinical signs disappeared without complications. We have carried out a review of the literature and we have found no case reported in Spain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenitis in human beings is a rare entity that principally affects persons in contact with animals, principally sheep. Most cases have been reported in Australia. In accordance with the reviewed literature this is the first time this disease is reported in Spain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of localized granulomatous lymphadenitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The genome stability in Corynebacterium species due to lack of the recombinational repair system.

Corynebacterium species are members of gram-positive bacteria closely related to Mycobacterium species, both of which are classified into the same taxonomic order Actinomycetales. Recently, three corynebacteria, Corynebacterium efficiens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been sequenced independently. We found that the order of orthologous genes in these species has been highly conserved though it has been disrupted in Mycobacterium species. This synteny suggests that corynebacteria have rarely undergone extensive genome rearrangements and have maintained ancestral genome structures even after the divergence of corynebacteria and mycobacteria. This is the first report that the genome structures have been conserved in free-living bacteria such as C. efficiens and C. glutamicum, although it has been reported that obligate parasites such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia have the stable genomes. The comparison of recombinational repair systems among the three corynebacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggested that the absence of recBCD genes in corynebacteria be responsible for the suppression of genome shuffling in the species. The genome stability in Corynebacterium species will give us hints of the speciation mechanism with the non-shuffled genome, particularly the importance of horizontal gene transfer and nucleotide substitution in the genome.

Corynebacterium↗
PubMed1992

Classification of coryneform bacteria associated with human urinary tract infection (group D2) as Corynebacterium urealyticum sp. nov.

Urealytic strains of coryneform bacteria that are designated Corynebacterium group D2 and are isolated from human urine are a cause of urinary tract infections. Cell wall and lipid analyses confirmed that these organisms are members of the genus Corynebacterium but can be separated from other species in the genus on the basis of DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization values. Biochemically, strains in this taxon can be distinguished from other Corynebacterium spp. by their failure to produce acid from carbohydrates, by their failure to reduce nitrates, and by their ability to hydrolyze urea. We regard these bacteria as a new species of the genus Corynebacterium and propose the name Corynebacterium urealyticum. The type strain is strain NCTC 12011 (= ATCC 43042).

Base Composition↗
PubMed1995

Phylogeny of the genus Corynebacterium deduced from analyses of small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

We determined almost complete small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 50 reference strains belonging to the genera Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, and Gordona and compared these sequences with previously published sequences. Three phylogenetic methods (the neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood, and maximum-parsimony methods), as well as a bootstrap analysis, were used to assess the robustness of each topology which we obtained. The results of comparative phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the genera Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Gordona, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Tsukamurella, and Turicella form a monophyletic taxon within the phylum containing the high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria. The genus Corynebacterium appeared to be a monophyletic unit whose members could be divided into four major clusters. The validity of the genus Turicella is doubtful since members of this genus clearly belong to the genus Corynebacterium. The variability of chemotaxonomic characteristics within the genus Corynebacterium suggests that small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequence analysis is probably the most straightforward method for confirming that a bacterium belongs to this genus.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

A survey of the structures of mycolic acids in Corynebacterium and related taxa.

Acid methanolysates of 104 strains of coryneform and related bacteria were examined for mycolic acids by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mycolic acids of Corynebacterium sensu stricto strains were not uniform in size and structure, and considerable variation existed within the approximate limiting range of C22 to C36. Two species, Corynebacterium bovis and 'Corynebacterium mycetoides', were particularly distinctive; the former had exceptionally low molecular weight mycolic acids (C22 to C32), whereas the latter contained major amounts of mycolates with a side-chain possessing an odd number of carbon atoms. Caseobacter polymorphus contained mycolic acids of a similar size (C30 to C36) to those of true corynebacteria. The mycolates of organisms assigned to the genus Rhodococcus were generally larger (C30 to C56), although a clear distinction between two corynebacteria and rhodococci cannot presently be made by analysis of mycolic acids alone. Strains labelled 'Arthrobacter roseoparaffinus', Corynebacterium equi and Corynebacterium hoagii contained mycolic esters with molecular weights 'intermediate' in size between those of true corynebacteria and rhodococci. The mycolic acid data correlate well with other major trends in coryneform taxonomy and support earlier suggestions that they are of value in the classification of the group.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacterium species by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods.

Corynebacterium species are increasingly being implicated in foreign-body infections and in immunocompromised-host infections. However, there are no specific recommendations on the method or the criteria to use in order to determine the in vitro activities of the antibiotics commonly used to treat Corynebacterium infections. The first aim of our study was to compare the susceptibilities of various species of Corynebacterium to vancomycin, erythromycin, and penicillin by using a broth microdilution method and a disk diffusion method. Second, the activity of penicillin against our isolates was assessed by using the interpretative criteria recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for the determination of the susceptibility of streptococci and Listeria monocytogenes to penicillin. Overall, 100% of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, while considerable variations in the activities of erythromycin and penicillin were noted for the different species tested, including the non-Corynebacterium jeikeium species. A good correlation in the susceptibilities of vancomycin and erythromycin between the disk diffusion and the microdilution methods was observed. However, a 5% rate of major or very major errors was detected with the Listeria criteria, while a high rate of minor errors (18%) was noted when the streptococcus criteria were used. Our findings indicate considerable variations in the activities of erythromycin and penicillin against the various species of Corynebacterium. Because of the absence of definite recommendations, important discrepancies were observed between the methods and the interpretations of the penicillin activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗