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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Traffic signal color recognition is a problem for both protan and deutan color-vision deficients.

We investigated the effect of color-vision deficiency on reaction times and accuracy of identification of traffic light signals. Participants were 20 color-normal and 49 color-deficient males, the latter divided into subgroups of different severity and type. Participants performed a tracking task. At random intervals, stimuli simulating standard traffic light signals were presented against a white background at 5 degrees to right or left. Participants identified stimulus color (red/yellow/green) by pressing an appropriate response button. Mean response times for color normals were 525, 410, and 450 ms for red, yellow, and green lights, respectively. For color deficients, response times to red lights increased with increase in severity of color deficiency, with deutans performing worse than protans of similar severity: response times of deuteranopes and protanopes were 53% and 35% longer than those of color normals. A similar pattern occurred for yellow lights, with deuteranopes and protanopes having increased response times of 85% and 53%, respectively. For green lights, response times of all groups were similar. Error rates showed patterns similar to those of response times. Contrary to previous studies, deutans performed much worse than protans of similar severity. Actual or potential applications of this research include traffic signal design and driver licensing.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Lonophore-based lithium ion film optode realizing multiple color variations utilizing digital color analysis.

Digital color analysis (DCA), utilizing colors themselves or digital information of colors, can not only be applied to various quantitative analysis using chromaticity coordinates but can also be used to develop suitable sensors for visual colorimetry based on the characteristics of human visual perception by virtual simulations based on digital color information. To achieve a clear visual color variation for lithium ion determination, we designed and prepared a color-changeable film sensor (film optode) by the use of two kinds of lipophilic dyes, KD-C4 and KD-M11, whose colors and pKa values are different. This film sensor is a plasticized PVC membrane containing the mixture of two kinds of dyes with the lithium ionophore TTD14C4 and the lipophilic anionic additive tetrakis-[3,5-bis(trisfluoromethyl)phenyl]borate sodium salt dihydrate. The simulation of the color variation using the mixed dyes was evaluated by plotting the values on a uniform chromaticity scale diagram in a*b* coordinates, after converting the tristimulus values of each dye into its L*a*b* values. When the lithium ion concentration was actually determined by the PVC film optode containing the mixed dyes whose molecular ratio of KD-C4/KD-Ml 1 was 3:1, the hues of red --> orange --> yellow --> green --> blue could be realized in the range of 10(-6)-1 M. This observed color variation was similar to the result of the virtual simulation based on DCA.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

The contribution of color to motion in normal and color-deficient observers.

By opposing drifting luminance and color gratings, we have measured the "equivalent luminance contrast" of color, the contribution that color makes to motion. We found that this equivalent contrast was highest (greater than 10%) for low spatial and temporal frequencies and was higher for red/green than for blue/yellow stimuli. Equivalent luminance contrast was about 4% for a green/purple stimulus that fell along the tritan confusion line, indicating a modest input to the motion pathway from the short wavelength-sensitive cones (B-cones). Contrast thresholds for the discrimination of the direction of motion showed that the contribution of color to motion was about the same (within a factor of 2) as that for luminance in terms of multiples of threshold contrast. These responses to moving, chromatic gratings could be mediated by any of several factors that can create a residual response in a luminance pathway: temporal phase lag between the responses to the colors of the stimuli, second harmonic distortion in the response and variability in equiluminance points across units. Each of these factors was evaluated experimentally and their combined effect could account for only a small portion of the contribution of color to motion. As a result, we attribute the perception of the motion of equiluminous stimuli to an opponent-color input to directionally selective cortical units. Chromatic stimuli had little or no equivalent contrast for color-deficient observers, whether the stimulus was red/green, which they discriminate less well than normals, or blue/yellow, which they discriminate almost as well as normals. The equivalent contrast measure provided an excellent basis for classifying normal, protan and deutan observers.

Color↗
PubMed2003

Color appearance in the entire visual field: color zone map based on the unique hue component.

To provide the fundamental data for a color zone map, the color appearances of nearly unique hue stimuli presented over the entire visual field were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by hue and saturation judgments, blackness evaluation, and categorical color naming. The hue of red and green stimuli shifts toward a unique yellow, while that of yellow and blue does not change with an increase in eccentricity. The saturation of all the stimuli falls with an increase in the eccentricity in all directions. On the basis of the unique hue component, color zone maps for red, dark yellow, yellow, green, and blue stimuli are drawn. All the color zone maps extend over a wider region in the temporal and lower directions than in the nasal and upper directions of the visual field. The results are compared with the color zones of previous studies. The relationship between the color zones and the color categorization, as well as the underlying mechanisms of reduced saturation and hue shift, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Isoluminant stimuli may not expose the full contribution of color to visual functioning: spatial contrast sensitivity measurements indicate interaction between color and luminance processing.

Visual performance is greatly impaired when tested with heterochromatic isoluminant stimuli. It is thus concluded that the chromatic system contribution to many visual tasks is limited. We suggest that unless color and luminance are shown to be processed independently, such experiments do not demonstrate shortcomings of the chromatic system but rather the inadequacy of using isoluminant stimuli for isolating that system. We hypothesize that color vision has evolved not only to encode color per se but also to enhance luminance-based visual processing, so that for color information to be fully effective, luminance as well as chromatic variations should be present in the stimulus. The hypothesis was tested by studying the contribution of color to spatial vision. The human contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was studied using luminance, isoluminance (color) and combined luminance/color sinusoidal gratings. It is found that luminance contrast sensitivity is enhanced when luminance contrast is accompanied by color contrast and vice versa. The nature of the interaction is best described by an additive single analyzer model. Color opponent cells which respond to both chromatic and achromatic stimuli may be identified as the analyzer.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1988

Internal representations and the conceptual operation of color in pure alexia with color naming defects.

This research examined the structure of internal representation and the conceptual operation of color in two pure alexic cases (Case I and Case II) with color naming defects. Experiment I investigated the structure of the internal representation of different kinds of colors using a similarity judgment task. Experiment II examined categorical judgments of perceived colors using a two-alternative-forced choice task. Experiment III tested the classification of perceived colors using a color sorting task. The performance of Case I essentially fell within the normal range while the results of Case II showed some impairment in the conceptual operation of color. Analysis of the responses obtained from these experiments indicated that the color naming defects in Case I can be explained in terms of visual-verbal disconnection. However, the naming defects in Case II reflect disfunction in some other higher cortical processes coupled with visual-verbal disconnection.

Color Perception↗