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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[The analysis of HLA-A, B and DRB1 allelic polymorphism in Han race population in Lanzhou region of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the HLA-A, B and DRB1 allele polymorphism of the Han race population in Lanzhou area. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer was used to detect HLA-A, B and DRB1 alleles in 200 unrelated healthy Han individuals from Lanzhou region, Northwest China, and the results were compared with those of Han populations in North, South and Northwest China, and Hui, Uigur and Tibetan population in China. RESULTS: Fourteen of alleles were detected and identified for HLA-A; 32 for HLA-B; and 13 for HLA-DRB1. HLA- A*01, A*02,A*11,A*24, A*30, A*31, A*33; HLA- B*13, B*15, B*40, B*44, B*46, B*51, B*58, B*60; HLA- DRB1*04,. DRB1*07, DRB1*08, DRB1*09, DRB1*11, DRB1*12, DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 were the most common alleles. The frequencies of HLA-A, B and DRB1 genes of Lanzhou Han race were close to that of North China Hans and Hui population in Northwest China, and a little different to that of South China Hans. The HLA-DRB1 alleles were significantly different to those of Uigur and Tibetan race population of China. CONCLUSION: The allelic polymorphism of HLA-A,B and DRB1 loci of Han race population in Lanzhou area was between North and South Han race of China, close to Northwest China Hui, and markedly different to Northwest China Uigur and Tibetan race populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

South China Sea.

The South China Sea is poorly understood in terms of its marine biota, ecology and the human impacts upon it. What is known is most often contained in reports and workshop and conference documents that are not available to the wider scientific community. The South China Sea has an area of some 3.3 million km2 and depths range from the shallowest coastal fringe to 5377 m in the Manila Trench. It is also studded with numerous islets, atolls and reefs many of which are just awash at low tide. It is largely confined within the Tropic of Cancer and, therefore, experiences a monsoonal climate being influenced by the Southwest Monsoon in summer and the Northeast Monsoon in winter. The South China Sea is a marginal sea and, therefore, largely surrounded by land. Countries that have a major influence on and claims to the sea include China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, although Thailand, Indonesia and Taiwan have some too. The coastal fringes of the South China Sea are home to about 270 million people that have had some of the fastest developing and most vibrant economies on the globe. Consequently, anthropogenic impacts, such as over-exploitation of resources and pollution, are anticipated to be huge although, in reality, relatively little is known about them. The Indo-West Pacific biogeographic province, at the centre of which the South China Sea lies, is probably the world's most diverse shallow-water marine area. Of three major nearshore habitat types, i.e., coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses, 45 mangrove species out of a global total of 51, most of the currently recognised 70 coral genera and 20 of 50 known seagrass species have been recorded from the South China Sea. The island groups of the South China Sea are all disputed and sovereignty is claimed over them by a number of countries. Conflicts have in recent decades arisen over them because of perceived national rights. It is perhaps because of this that so little research has been undertaken on the South China Sea. What data are available, however, and if Hong Kong is used, as it is herein, as an indicator of what the perturbations of other regional cities upon the South China Sea are like, then it is impacted grossly and an ecological disaster has probably already, but unknowingly, happened.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

HIV claims 22 lives in China and 10,000 may be infected.

As many as 10,000 Chinese may be infected with HIV, and 22 have died of the disease since China discovered its first case in 1985, an official report said. By the end of July 1994, 1453 people in China had tested positive for HIV. Of those, 1174 were Chinese citizens, 31 were overseas Chinese and 230 were foreigners. But Wang Youfa, of the China Xiehe Medical College, wrote in the Guangming Daily that HIV tests in China have so far been administered only among high-risk groups. "The actual infection rate is far higher. Chinese experts estimate that the (Chinese) mainland currently has 5000 to 10,000 HIV carriers," Wang said. He urged better control of disease, but proposed no specific measures. Most Chinese still have little knowledge of the disease and how it is spread. Some believe that they can catch it through dirty bed sheets or from underwear laundered by hotels or laundromats. The Chinese government long has characterized AIDS as a disease that strikes only foreigners or fringe groups such as drug users and homosexuals. Prevention measures were directed at foreigners coming to China and at Chinese with frequent contacts with foreigners. Chinese health officials were shocked in 1990 when they discovered 146 HIV-positive drug users in southwest China's Yunnan province. Since then, the figure has ballooned to 1133 cases, or 79% of the national total, Wang said. The province borders Burma, which produces much of the world's heroin, and has China's most serious drug problem. The report said the infection rate among Yunnan's intravenous drug users was as high as 78%. Drug users account for 66% of the HIV carriers. The virus has spread to 22 of China's 39 provinces, Wang said. Of the 40 Chinese citizens who have developed advanced AIDS, 22 have already died, he said. Non-Chinese citizens with HIV are deported from China.

Asia↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of current status of eye bank construction in Western China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current status of eye bank construction in Western China. METHODS: The numbers of eye banks, equipments of eye banks, methods of donor cornea preservation, fund for managing eye banks, technicians of eye banks, and difficulties in the construction of eye bank were surveyed by questionnaires from ophthalmology associations and eye banks in the following provinces and city: Sichuan province, Yunnan province, Guizhou province, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Tibet autonomous region, Shanxi province, Gansu province, Ningxia Hui autonomous region, Qinghai province, Xinjiang Weiwuer autonomous region, Neimonggu autonomous region, and city of Chongqing before March 2003, and the numbers of eye banks and donor corneas obtained from January 1999 to March 2003 were also included in the study. RESULTS: The current situation of eye bank construction in Western China showed: (1) There were total 8 eye banks in 6 provinces among the 12 provinces and city of Western China. The mean coverage rate of eye bank in Western China was 50%. There were two eye banks in Chongqing and Shanxi separately, one eye bank in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Xinjiang respectively. (2) The fundamental equipment of each eye bank included super-clean worktable, slit-lamp microscope, refrigerator, and liquid nitrogen jar. There were 5 specular microscopes and 6 computers in the 8 eye banks of Western China. The moist chamber and medium-term corneal preserving medium were used as short term and medium-term storage methods to keep the endothelial cell survival of donor cornea. As a long term preservation of corneal donor, glycerine dehydration and deep low temperature were still used regularly. (3) financial support of eye bank was from hospital, government assigned fund, international Orbis organization and etc. (4) There were only one or two technicians in majority of the eye banks investigated in the study. (5) From January 1999 to March 2003, community education regarding to donation of eye was carried out forty-two times. During the same period, the donated cornea was added up to 156, and 126 of them were used in clinical transplantation. The difficulties in the construction of eye banks in Western China included: the amount of donated cornea was not enough; the technical exchange and cooperation between the eye banks were little; the patients could not afford the cost of transplantation surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The current situation of eye bank construction in Western China was behind that of rest areas in China, and the development of eye banks in Western China was not equal.

China↗
PubMed1994

[Epidemiological characteristics of stroke in 16 provinces of China].

Epidemiological survey was conducted, according to diagnostic standard from WHO-MONICA project, on stroke events in 16 provinces of China. There were significant differences in geographical distribution of morbidity and mortality of stroke events. The morbidity and mortality were higher in northern China than in southern China (P < 0.001). The differences of morbidity varied from 11 to 14 times. The morbidity and mortality were higher in man than in woman (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and were higher in rural areas than in cities. The geographical differences in the morbidity and mortality for stroke may be related to many factors, and may be in parallel with the hypertension prevalence rate, which was higher in northern China than in Southern China. The age of patients with stroke was younger in northern China than in southern China (P < 0.01). The frequency of cerebral hemorrhage was higher in southern China than in northern China.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lead in the southern East China Sea.

At present, in most oceans the lead (Pb) biogeochemical cycling has been disturbed by anthropogenic Pb through atmospheric input. The Pb concentrations in the upper water positively correlate with atmospheric input fluxes of Pb. The North Pacific is affected greatly by atmospheric substances via long-range transport from eastern Asia, especially from Mainland China. Mainland China may export considerable amounts of pollutants into the seas via rivers and the atmosphere owing to its recent fast growth in industry and economy. The East China Sea lies in an important geographical position--a transit between Mainland China and the western North Pacific. However, no data are available for seawater concentrations of Pb, a representative element with anthropogenic origin. In this work seawater samples from both 5 and 30-50 m water layers of 15 stations occupied over a cyclonic eddy in the southern East China Sea were analyzed for particulate Pb (PPb) and dissolved Pb (DPb). The Mean concentration of DPb (approximately 128 ng/l) in the southern East China Sea upper waters (< or = 50 m) is approximately several times higher than those in the Pacific; the high DPb concentrations in the southern East China Sea waters correspond to much higher atmospheric supplies of Pb to the East China Sea. Thus, this study partly fills the 'data gap' of the marginal seas. Also, it indicates that the East China Sea may be considerably contaminated by deposited polluted aerosols. Spatial distributions of DPb in the surface water show a tendency of increasing concentrations with distance offshore, that depends on the magnitudes of atmospheric Pb inputs and on particle scavenging processes. In contrast to DPb, spatial distributions of PPb basically display an 'omega'-like picture and a tendency of decreasing concentrations with distance offshore. These are related to riverine and scavenging sources and to the drive by the eddy. Additionally, the residence times of DPb in the surface water were estimated to be about 2 years, agreeing well with the reported data.

Lead↗
PubMed2003

The impact of tobacco on lung health in China.

China has the largest production and consumption of tobacco worldwide. It has witnessed a dramatic increase in tobacco consumption over the past two decades, with more than 34.8 million cartons of cigarettes being produced and 34.7 million sold annually. Approximately 67% of males and 4% of females aged over 15 years in China are smokers, and the total of over 320 million Chinese smokers represents about one-third of all smokers worldwide. The continuous, rapid increase in the number of Chinese smokers is largely due to teenagers taking up smoking. Among teenagers aged 15-19 years, 18% of men and 0.28% of women (making a total of 9 million teenagers) are smokers. The prevalence of passive smoking is very high at 53.5%, about 0.3 billion people aged above 15 years were affected. The average daily consumption of tobacco per person in China rose from one cigarette in 1952 to 10 cigarettes in 1990, a rate similar to that of the USA 40 years earlier. It seems inevitable that China will witness a substantial increase in mortality following this increase in smoking. Based on current smoking rates, the predicted deaths attributed to smoking in China will rise to 3 million in 2050. If the current smoking pattern in China remains unchanged, 100 million men now under 30 years will die from smoking-related diseases. The respiratory system is harmed most by tobacco smoke. Over two-thirds of all deaths related to smoking in China are attributed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis. The morbidity of COPD alone in China is estimated at over 3%, or 25 million people, of whom 72% were smokers. The Chinese government consistently supports smoking control and advocates smoking abstinence via laws to restrain the sale and advertising of tobacco. These actions have been successful in some aspects, and in particular, more people are aware that 'cigarette smoking is harmful to health'. In future, the emphasis of smoking control should be directed at restraining teenagers and adolescents from smoking. Cigarette smoking has already caused significant ill-health to the Chinese population with over 1 million people dying each year of various disorders caused by smoking. However, the peak of smoking-induced diseases is still to come and therefore, it is very important to strengthen anti-smoking measures so as to have a far-reaching effect on the future health of the Chinese population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Opiate addiction in China: current situation and treatments.

BACKGROUND: Historically, China has had extraordinarily high rates of opiate dependence. These rates declined drastically following the 1949 revolution; however, opiate abuse has re-emerged in the late 1980's and has spread quickly since then. AIMS: To describe the current situation of opiate addiction and treatments in China and make some suggestions. DESIGN: A descriptive study based on literature searched from Medline and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (1996 to 2004) and hand-picked references. FINDINGS: The number of registered addicts in 2004 was 1.14 million (more than 75% of them heroin addicts), but the actual number is probably far higher. Opiate abuse contributes substantially to the spread of HIV/AIDS in China, with intravenous drug use the most prevalent route of transmission (51.2%). Currently, the main treatments for opiate dependence in China include short-term detoxification with opiate agonists or non-opiate agents, such as clonidine or lofexidine; Chinese herbal medicine and traditional non-medication treatments are also used. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has not been officially approved by the Chinese government for widespread implementation, but some pilot studies are currently underway. CONCLUSION: China faces substantial drug abuse problems that appear to be worsening with time. Opiate dependence is a major threat to the public health and social security of China because of its devastating medical effects, its impact on risk for HIV/AIDS and criminal behaviors, low rates of recovery and high rates of relapse. There is an urgent need to implement MMT and other modern treatments for opiate dependence more widely in China.

Buprenorphine↗
PubMed2001

Glaucoma in China: how big is the problem?

AIMS: To derive preliminary estimates for the number of adults in China suffering from glaucoma, and project the burden of visual morbidity attributable to primary and secondary glaucoma. METHODS: Age and sex specific data from two population surveys were applied to US Census Bureau population estimates for urban and rural China. It was assumed that data from Singapore were representative of urban China, and those from Mongolia were representative of rural China. RESULTS: It was estimated that 9.4 million people aged 40 years and older in China have glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Of this number, 5.2 million (55%) are blind in at least one eye and 1.7 million (18.1%) are blind in both eyes. Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is responsible for the vast majority (91%) of bilateral glaucoma blindness in China. The number of people with the anatomical trait predisposing to PACG (an "occludable" drainage angle) is in the region of 28.2 million, and of these 9.1 million have significant angle closure, indicated by peripheral anterior synechiae or raised intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: This extrapolation of data from two east Asian countries gives an approximate number of people in China suffering from glaucoma. It is unlikely that this crude statistical model is entirely accurate. However, the authors believe the visual morbidity from glaucoma in China is considerable. PACG is probably the leading cause of glaucoma blindness in both eyes, and warrants detailed investigation of strategies for prevention.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cochlear implants in China.

China has approximately 6 million totally deaf people according to an official survey conducted in 1990, although the actual number is probably higher. A primary cause of deafness is the use of ototoxic drugs. There does not appear to be any emergent deaf culture in China at present. As the only available medical device that can restore partial hearing to a totally deaf person, the cochlear implant has been in development in China since 1979. This paper provides an overview of cochlear implants in China and is based on a review of published materials, visits to research institutes and hospitals, and personal communication with Chinese colleagues. As of 1993, about 1,000 deaf people, including 50 children below age 12 years, have received four types of single-electrode cochlear implants that were developed and fabricated by institutions in China. These single-electrode devices have provided an aid to lip reading, but are no longer in use due to their inability to produce open-set speech recognition. Present implant research in China focuses on development of multi-electrode devices. Basic research in electrical stimulation is relatively lacking and standardized audiological evaluation for cochlear implant effectiveness needs to be developed. The present economic growth and legal system reform in China, combined with advances in implant technology, may make it possible to produce an affordable yet effective cochlear implant system. This paper discusses cochlear implants only in China, but the social and economic factors are similar in many developing countries in Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, and Africa, where a low-cost, high-performance cochlear implant system is also needed.

Child↗
PubMed2002

[Mapping sensitivity of surface waters to acidification in China].

Acidification of surface waters can be decided by some environmental factors, such as soil's buffering capacity, neutralization capacity of bedrock to acid deposition and types of land use, among which the most important factor is the soil's resistance to acidification. Therefore, information about soils, geology and land use can be used to predict the regional occurrence of acidification surface waters under different flows. In this paper, information and data about Chinese soils, geology and land use types were collected to determine and to map the sensitivity of surface waters to acidification. Results showed that in China, most surface waters were not sensitive to acidification. The few most sensitive surface waters were located in the north part of Northeastern China, accounting for 2.67% of all the country land. It was the combined results of strongly acidified ortho podzolic soil, acidified bedrock and coniferous forest. Surface waters which were not very sensitive to acidification were distributed both in the region of dark brown forest soil in Northeastern China and in the ferralsol and yellow-brown earth area in Southern China, occupying 15.2% of all the country land. The other surface waters which distributed on 82.11% of all the country land were not sensitive to acidification at all. Most in the Northern China because of the high resistance of soils to acidification and the others were in the Southern China where calcareous soils and agricultural lands were widely distributed. Since soils were quite resistant to acid, acidification of surface waters of large area will not likely occur in the southern region of China suffering from heavy acid deposition in the near future. Nevertheless, the acid deposition in Northern China should be controlled as soon as possible in case that acidified surface waters will be found there.

Acid Rain↗
PubMed2001

[Analysis of Leishmania species and strains from China by RAPD technique].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze genetic relationship of Leishmania species and strains from China by RAPD technique. METHODS: DNAs from Leishmania strains, including L. donovani (L. d.) isolates from patients, dogs and sandflies of three different foci in China and international reference strains, were amplified by seven random primers. The DNA polymorphic bands detected were analyzed by clustering analysis with SPSS software. RESULTS: 1. L. d. isolates from hill and plain foci in China were divided into two groups. The genetic distance of L. d. isolates is distant between them. 2. L. d. XJ771, L. d. XJ901, L. d. XJ801 from desert, vicinity of desert, and plain regions in Xinjiang were in the same group. It indicated that the genetic distance among L. d. isolates from the three regions is close. 3. L. d. isolated from VL patients and dogs in hill foci could not be discriminated distintly, showing high homology between them. 4. L. d. DD8 from India, the reference strain of plain type, was clustered with L. d. isolates from plain foci in China. It provided scientific basis for the viewpoint "Kala Azar from east area of China is similar to that from India". 5. L. infantum and L. d. isolates from hill foci in China were clustered into different groups. 6. The genetic distance is close between L. d. isolates from plain foci in China and L. d. Jed; 7. L. infantum and L. tropica showed the closest genetic distance. CONCLUSION: Differences at genetic level exist in Leishmania isolates from different foci in China.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Surveillance and analysis of the pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis in new smear positive cases from 1992 to 2004 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of surveillance for new smear positive pediatric tuberculosis (TB) cases at the age of 0 to 14 years in China, to understand the trend of prevalence and finding of the new smear positive pediatric cases with TB, to illuminate the significance of surveillance for pediatric TB in TB epidemiology and to explore how to prevent and control pediatric TB with the modern TB control strategy (directly observed treatment, short-course, DOTS). METHODS: According to the register of new smear positive pediatric TB cases at the age of 0 to 14 years in the National Annual Surveillance Reporting from 1992 - 2004, the proportion of new smear positive pediatric TB cases among all the new smear positive TB cases in China, the notification rate of new smear positive pediatric TB, the case detection rate of new smear positive TB in the eastern, central and west parts of China, in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai municipalities and 13 provinces where the modern TB control strategies have been implemented in 1992 and 15 provinces where the strategies have not been implemented except Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai municipalities, were analyzed. RESULTS: From 1992 to 2004, 31,358 new smear positive pediatric cases with TB at the age of 0 to 14 years were registered, among whom 14,727 were males (47%) and 16,631 were females (53%). The proportion of new smear positive pediatric TB cases among all the new smear positive TB cases was 1.26%, while the proportion among males was 0.89% and among females was 2.03%. The proportion among females was higher than that among males (P < 0.01). The notification rate of new smear positive pediatric cases with TB was between 0.42/100,000 and 1.08/100,000. Among the new smear positive pediatric TB cases, 44.9% were from western parts of China, followed by central and eastern parts of China and only 0.9% were from Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai municipalities. Excluding Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai municipalities, 13 provinces where DOTS was implemented since 1992 were compared with the other 15 provinces. The notification rate of new smear positive TB was respectively 75% and 25%. Western region of China was listed on the top in the proportion of new smear positive pediatric TB cases among all the new smear positive TB cases in every year. CONCLUSION: Among the registered new smear positive pediatric cases with TB, the number of females was higher than that among females and the proportion among males was also higher than that among males. The number of new smear positive pediatric TB cases in western parts of China was higher than that in central and eastern parts of China and the number in DOTS area was higher than that in non-DOTS area, which meant that the case detection of pediatric TB was associated with TB epidemic and DOTS strategy. Thus, in the implementation of DOTS, strengthening the prevention and control of pediatric TB, tracing the infection source of pediatric TB has certain impact on the TB epidemiological status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Teenage smoking in China.

China's production and consumption of cigarettes have ranked first in the world. One of every three cigarettes manufactured in the world is consumed in China. Three of every five Chinese smokers begin smoking at the age of 15-20 years. Teenage smoking is increasingly becoming a problem in modern China. At least 50 million of the children now living in China will be killed by smoking. Therefore China's top priority in control of smoking is to educate the youth against smoking so as to prevent them from starting and reduce the overall number of new smokers. Adults smoke; children follow. Thus a major feature of China's smoking control efforts has been the mobilization of primary school children to advise their parents to stop smoking. The goal of the Chinese Association on Smoking and Health is to achieve a male (age 15+) smoking rate below 58% and a female (age 15+) smoking rate below 5% by the year 2000. Although the number of smoke-free schools is on the increase and many more teenagers are quitting, China still has a long way to go.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Demography of aging in China and the United States and the economic well-being of their older populations.

Today China has the world's largest older population, defined as aged 65 and over. The size of the older population in the United States is also large, ranking third in the world in 2000. The combined older populations of China and the United States represented 29 percent of the world's population 65 and older in 2000. The large older populations in these two countries are projected to more than double in size over the next three decades. Although currently China is younger than the United States and many other countries, its aging process will accelerate in the next few decades, with a speed surpassing the experience of many Western European countries and the United States. This paper examines the current and future situation of the older population in China and compares China's aging with that of the United States, using 2000 and earlier censuses from both countries as well as the population projections data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Growth of the older population, changes in the age distribution in China with comparisons to the United States, and the projections of the older population's future growth are analyzed and presented. The paper also discusses sources of financial support and living arrangements in China and the United States. Finally, the paper assesses trends in the older population support ratio and the implications for the economic well-being of an aging population.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Changing health in China: re-evaluating the epidemiological transition model.

This paper reviews the changing health situation in China, which has shown remarkable improvement in the 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. At first sight this improving health situation follows the classical epidemiological transition model. Just three decades ago health in China was characterised by high rates of infectious disease and early mortality (diseases of poverty) in a mainly peasant society. More recently infectious disease rates have decreased, with corresponding and extended morbidity and mortality associated with an aging population in a rapidly urbanising society. This process has given rise to new health problems, including chronic and degenerative diseases (diseases of affluence). Nonetheless, while there is some validity in the application of the epidemiological transition concept, further analysis demonstrates that China faces a new epidemiological phase, characterised by increasing life expectancy and diseases of affluence coupled with the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. We demonstrate that China's state policy plays a major role in defining the parameters of health in a Chinese context. We conclude that, today, China is faced with a new set of health issues, including the impact of smoking, hypertension, the health effects of environmental pollution and the rise of HIV/AIDS; however, state policy remains vital to the health of China's vast population. The challenge for policy is to maintain health reform whilst tackling the problems associated with rapid urbanisation, widening social and spatial inequalities and the emergence of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2006

Industrial sustainability in China: practice and prospects for eco-industrial development.

China is a large densely populated country undergoing rapid industrialization and is becoming one of the world's biggest consumers of natural resources. This circumstance provides a sharp contrast with other countries. As China is so significant in the global economy, studies of its eco-industrial development are very important. In this study we examined the state of eco-industrial development in China and have drawn conclusions from this analysis about some of the future prospects for sustainable development. In the analysis, we investigated the application of industrial ecology concepts by reference to several case studies. We have therefore described the current environmental situation in China, and have provided an overview of eco-industrial development and its implementation. Constraints to industrial sustainability in China have also been examined. We consider that eco-industrial development in China is in its infancy, and that closed loops involving chains and industrial symbiotic webs are the technological key and core of successful initiatives in the application of industrial ecology. In the case studies, we found that each system has different characteristics and management concerns. Our major conclusion is that even though China's Agenda 21 highlights the principles and sets the directions for eco-industrial development, these have not yet become essential ingredients in the country's industrial policy and practice for implementing Agenda 21.

China↗
PubMed2001

Application of a LRT model to acid rain control in China.

For further control of acid rain and SO2 pollution in China, acid rain control zones and sulfur dioxide pollution control zones were designated where acid rain or serious SO2 pollution occurs or may occur. In this study, sulfur deposition in east China was computed through a policy-oriented, two-dimensional Eulerian model for long-range transport and deposition of SO2 and SO4(2-). The model predictions were in accordance with the wet deposition monitored. Results show that concentrations of SO2 and SO4(2-) are higher in north China than those in the south, and high deposition of sulfur occurs in most areas of North China, in the lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and around Chongqing and Guiyang in southwest China. Total emission of SO2 from the modeling region (from 19 degrees N to 42 degrees N, and from 104 degrees E to 124 degrees E) was about 20 million tons in 1995. The model predicts that 48% of this deposits within the region as dry deposition, 38% deposits as wet deposition, and only about 14% was transported out of the region. The modeling results of sulfur deposition were directly applied in designating acid rain control zones in China, and the emission-deposition relationship derived was also used to formulate middle- and long-range planning programs for regional acid rain control in China.

Acid Rain↗