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PubMed1981

Proliferating larval cestode in a man in Paraguay. A case report and review.

Large tumors removed from the lower abdomen and pleural cavity of a 24-year-old male Amerindian in Paraguay consisted mainly of multitudes of minute, proliferating, acephalic cestode larvae embedded in fibrous tissue. The parasite resembled Sparganum proliferum Stiles 1908 but was markedly less differentiated. From a review of the literature and examination of available reference material, it is concluded that in addition to the present one there are eight well documented cases of proliferating acephalic larval cestode infection in man: five in Japan and one in Florida (USA) that were S. proliferum, one in Pennsylvania (USA) that was an undifferentiated cysticercus or cysticercoid, and one in Taiwan that probably was an undifferentiated tetrathyridium. In four other cases the parasites are reclassified as being of doubtful nature in three and a racemose cysticercus in one. Review of the known species of proliferating cestode larvae naturally occurring in animals failed to identify possible sources of the acephalic forms observed in man.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Serological survey of human cysticercosis in Irianese refugee camps in Papua New Guinea.

In 1984, over 10,000 refugees left the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, and thus possibly imported Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis into Papua New Guinea, which was believed to be free of T. solium until 1966. In a serological survey carried out in 1986, 50 refugees originating from areas endemic for T. solium and 171 patients from other areas with symptoms suggesting the possibility of cysticercosis were examined. As a sensitive prescreening technique an ELISA was used with a crude antigen extract obtained from T. solium metacestodes of pig origin. Of 221 persons investigated, 79 (36%) were positive in ELISA. For excluding frequently occurring cross-reactions in ELISA, Western-blotting (or EITB, enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot) was employed. In this test the demonstration of antibody activity to the 26 or the 8 kilodalton band has been proved to be species-specific for T. solium cysticercosis. One from 79 patients positive in ELISA was simultaneously positive (26 and 8 kDa) in Western blot, corresponding to the first case found in Papua New Guinea with a highly probable T. solium cysticercosis. This patient, originating from an endemic area in Irian Jaya, had immigrated into Papua New Guinea in 1980. The present work emphasizes the need for using highly specific immunodiagnostic techniques in seroepidemiology of larval cestode infections. T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis remains a risk for Papua New Guinea, and refugees originating from endemic areas should be regarded as potential carriers of T. solium.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Entamoeba histolytica: inhibition in vitro by bithionol of respiratory activity and growth.

Endogenous and 2-propanol-supported respiration of intact trophozoites of of Entamoeba histolytica (stain HM-1:IMSS) were inhibited by bithionol, an effective chemotherapeutic agent for some trematode and cestode infections in humans. Dichlorophene and hexachlorophene also inhibited 2-propanol-supported respiration of the parasite. In contrast, ethanol formation by E. histolytica extract in the presence of N2 was scarcely inhibited by bithionol. The compound also inhibited in vitro growth of axenic (HM-1 strain) and polyxenic (strain HJ-1:KEIO) amoebae in culture. It took less than 24 hr to kill and disrupt virtually all amoebae of either strain with 0.28 mM bithionol. Omission of bovine serum from BI-S-33 medium resulted in considerably less disruption of HM-1 strain amoebae by the compound. However, organisms that looked undisrupted were strained with trypan blue. Moreover, the number of amoebae incubated for 10 min in the serum-free BI-S-33 medium containing 0.14 mM bithionol did not increase, even after incubation for 24 hr following replacement of the experimental culture fluid with fresh complete BI-S-33 medium free of the compound. These findings suggest that, although serum appears to diminish the antiamoebic action, some halogenated bisphenols (in particular bithionol) may be useful for treatment of amoebiasis.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1983

Albendazole: placebo-controlled study in 870 patients with intestinal helminthiasis.

A total of 870 patients, both males and females, from 3 to 79 years old, received either albendazole or a placebo for the treatment of nematode and cestode infections. Each patient was interviewed and underwent a complete physical examination on the initial visit. In addition, complete blood count, clinical blood chemistry values and routine urinalysis were performed before and at least 24 hours after the last treatment. Stool examinations were performed before, 7 and 21 days after treatment. Direct examination, an egg count using the Kato technique and faecal concentration were carried out for each patient. In ancylostomiasis and strongyloidiasis, faeces were cultured by the Harada-Mori technique. Albendazole, as a single 400 mg oral dose, was highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura; efficacy against Strongyloides stercoralis was observed after three consecutive days of treatment at the same daily dose level. Efficacy against Hymenolepis nana was fair. Based on both clinical signs and biological values, albendazole did not produce any significant side effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Hydatidosis: changing concepts in epidemiology and speciation.

Hydatidosis, caused by dog tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, is one of the most important cestode infections of man. It is widely distributed and recent information points to a spread of the disease into areas previously free of it. This article reviews recent advances in understanding the biology of Echinococcus, relating these developments to the epidemiology of hydatid disease and its control.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Praziquantel: The enigmatic antiparasitic.

Praziquantel (PZQ), a pyrazinoisoquinoline, was introduced as a novel anthelmintic in 1975. PZQ is currently the drug of choice for the treatment of a wide range of both veterinary and human trematode and cestode infections, including human schistosomiasis. Current estimates suggest that 150 million humans are infected with schistosomes, and it is expected that PZQ will play the lead role in chemotherapeutic control of those infections. Despite the time that has passed since its introduction and its obvious importance in global health care, it is not yet understood why PZQ is so selective and effective. The target molecules for PZQ have not been defined, nor are the sites of its effects within the parasites known. Here, Tim Day, James Bennett and Ralph Pax summarize some of the progress that has been made toward reaching these objectives in recent years.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Genetic variation in Taenia solium.

Neurocysticercosis is a major zoonotic larval cestode infection that has a worldwide distribution and is of significant public health importance. Knowledge of the genetic structure of Taenia solium can be applied to the epidemiology and transmission of this disease, since genetic variants may differ in infectivity and pathogenicity. Molecular epidemiological approaches can also enable detailed studies of transmission. On a global scale, mitochondrial markers have differentiated between T. solium isolates from Asia and isolates from Africa/Latin America. Intraspecific variation in T. solium has been detected to some extent, using RAPD markers to differentiate between T. solium populations from different regions within Mexico. Markers currently available for T. solium have not been used to analyse genetic variation at the community or local level. The development of highly polymorphic markers such as microsatellites in T. solium can provide the means to examine genetic heterogeneity of tapeworm infection at the household, community and regional level. Preliminary studies suggest it is possible to analyse population genetic variation in communities using a range of polymorphic markers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Control of cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis: 1863-2002.

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human hydatid disease occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against hydatidosis have been implemented in several endemic countries, states, provinces, districts or regions to reduce or eliminate cystic echinococcosis (CE) as a public health problem. This review assesses the impact of 13 of the hydatid control programmes implemented, since the first was introduced in Iceland in 1863. Five island-based control programmes (Iceland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falklands and Cyprus) resulted, over various intervention periods (from <15 to >50 years), in successful control of transmission as evidenced by major reduction in incidence rates of human CE, and prevalence levels in sheep and dogs. By 2002, two countries, Iceland and New Zealand, and one island-state, Tasmania, had already declared that hydatid disease had been eliminated from their territories. Other hydatid programmes implemented in South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay), in Europe (mid-Wales, Sardinia) and in East Africa (northwest Kenya), showed varying degrees of success, but some were considered as having failed. Reasons for the eventual success of certain hydatid control programmes and the problems encountered in others are analysed and discussed, and recommendations for likely optimal approaches considered. The application of new control tools, including use of a hydatid vaccine, are also considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunity to tapeworms: intraspecific cross-protective interactions between Hymenolepis citelli, H. diminuta and H. microstoma in mice.

Interactions between tapeworm species in a single host offer intriguing opportunities for immunological studies that attempt to identify the mechanism(s) underlying protection against cestode infections. Mice that are immunized against Hymenolepis citelli infections were shown to be refractory to subsequent H. diminuta challenge infections. The reciprocity of the response was also demonstrated, although the protection recorded for H. diminuta when mice are sensitized with H. citelli is weaker than that observed when mice are primed with H. diminuta against H. citelli challenge. H. citelli was also shown to be expelled simultaneously during the rejection phase of H. diminuta in concurrent infections, indicating the susceptibility of the former tapeworm to the rejection mechanism initiated by the latter. H. microstoma-immunized mice were shown to be strongly protected against heterologous H. citelli challenge. However, mice primed against H. citelli were not as strongly protected against H. microstoma challenge infections: a statistically significant protection was obtained only after a 12-cysticercoid H. citelli primary infection, although a 6-cyst infection did stunt the growth of H. microstoma challenge worms. It is presently suggested that the cross-protective responses observed in the study between H. citelli, H. diminuta and H. microstoma may have emanated from a specific immunological cross-reactivity due to the sharing of similar immunogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The relation between the number of parasites/host and host age: population dynamic causes and maximum likelihood estimation.

We examined dynamical factors that shape the distribution of the number of parasites/host in constant or temporally varying environments, and with or without host-age dependent variation in host susceptibility and parasite mortality. We predict properties of the parasite distribution in the absence of density-dependent factors such as density-dependent mortality of recruitment and parasite-induced host mortality. These properties provide a criterion for the detection of density dependence in temporally variable systems with host-age dependent interactions. We have then introduced methods to estimate and statistically evaluate the effects of host age or size on the distribution of parasites/host. The methods are based on a maximum likelihood protocol for linear and non-linear regression when data are negatively binomially distributed. We have illustrated the use of the theoretical results and statistical methods by re-analysing the data of Halvorsen & Andersen (1984) on cestode infections in Norwegian arctic charr and by analysing new data on nematode infections in Caribbean Anolis lizards.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Human Taenia eggs develop into cysticerci in scid mice.

The intermediate hosts for Taenia saginata and T. solium are cattle and pigs (and humans for the latter), respectively. In vitro-hatched (but not activated) oncospheres of both Asian Taenia (T. saginata asiatica, a new subspecies of T. saginata or T. asiatica, a new species) and T. solium injected subcutaneously into the backs of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) developed into fully matured cysticerci. Five-month-old metacestodes of Asian Taenia had no hooklets and were bigger in size than those previously reported and similar to those of T. saginata. Their morphology suggested that the cysticerci were more advanced than those in the intermediate host animals. It is suggested that scid mice are valuable experimental animal models for studying human taeniid cestode infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis: response to albendazole: case reports and review of literature.

In India cestode infection 'neurocysticercosis' is the commonest parasitic disease of the central nervous system; it may involve the brain parenchyma, the meninges or ventricles and, infrequently it involves the spinal cord. Involvement of spinal cord has variably been reported to be 1-5%. We report two cases of intramedullary spinal neurocysticercosis, which is a rare disease.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2005

Primary hydatid disease of the spine: an unusual case.

Hydatid disease or hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is the most widespread, serious human cestode infection in the world. Bone involvement is reported in 0.5-4% with spinal involvement reported in 50% of these cases. We report a case of this rare entity of an isolated primary hydatid cyst of the spine in a 15-year-old boy, who presented with progressive back pain for 8 months, lower extremity weakness and urinary incontinence for 3 months. Neurological examination was suggestive of upper motor neuron type of paraperesis grade 1/5 with complete sensory loss below T4 level. MRI of the spine showed multiple cystic extradural lesions at the T4-5 level with involvement of the paraspinal muscles. The patient underwent a T4-5 laminectomy, and a total excision of the multiple epidural and paraspinal cysts. The diagnosis of hydatid disease was confirmed on histopathology. Albendazole was started postoperatively. At 6 months follow-up the boy had no neurological deficit, was playful, active and walking. Postoperative MRI at 6 months showed no recurrence of the lesion. Analysis of the other reported cases is discussed with relevance to our case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Isolated retrovesical cyst hydatid in a child: an unusual presentation of echinococcosis.

Echinococcosis is the most widespread, serious human cestode infection in the world. Isolated retrovesical cyst hydatid is extremely rare in children and mostly causes symptoms because of its pressure on adjacent organs. We report on the case of an 8-year-old girl with an isolated retrovesical cyst hydatid. Final diagnosis was established after histological examination, whereas imaging techniques failed to establish the diagnosis.

Abdominal Pain↗