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PubMed1995

Age-related changes in the NMDA receptor/nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in the hippocampus and cerebellum of freely moving rats subjected to transcerebral microdialysis.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/nitric oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase pathway was studied during aging by monitoring extracellular cGMP in the rat hippocampus and cerebellum during in vivo microdialysis. In the hippocampus the basal cGMP efflux decreased by 50% from 3 to 12 months of age, whereas it remained constant with age in the cerebellum. Locally perfused NMDA (1 mM) evoked remarkable cGMP responses in 3-month-old rats; in the hippocampus the cGMP production was already dramatically reduced at 12 months, whereas in the cerebellum a similar impairment occurred much later (24 months). The nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-penicillamine (1 mM) elicited cGMP responses which slightly decreased from 3 to 12-24 months in the hippocampus, while no significant decrement with age could be seen in the cerebellum. Local perfusion of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 1 mM) produced large increases in hippocampal cGMP levels. The response decreased at 12 and 24 months, apparently in parallel with the fall in the basal level of cGMP. No significant differences across ages were observed following IBMX infusion in the cerebellum. The decreases in basal outflow and in the NMDA-evoked cGMP response seen in the aged hippocampus were not compensated for by supplying L-arginine. Infusion of D-serine (1 mM) enhanced (150-200%) extracellular cGMP in the cerebellum with no age-related differences. The activity in vitro of hippocampal nitric oxide synthase at 24 months was 33% lower than at 3 months, whereas the cerebellar enzyme did not show any age-related decay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the synthesis and degradation of DNA in developing and old chick cerebellum.

The levels of DNA, RNA, protein and acid and alkaline DNase were studied in developing and old chick cerebellum. The in vitro synthesis of DNA, by both chick cerebrum and cerebellum was also studied, by following the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. It was observed that the increase in DNA content of chick cerebellum continued well beyond adult stages of life span. Maximal DNA synthesis, as judged by the [3H]thymidine incorporation, was noticed during the early embryonic development but decreased with advancement of age. There was, however, another peak of activity, although smaller, at about 9 months of age. Both cerebrum and cerebellum showed similar patterns. The highest specific activity of acid DNase was also found during the early period of cerebellar development, that is at a time when rapid cellular proliferation was occurring. The activity steadily declined with the aging and in 2-year-old cerebellum very little activity could be detected. Alkaline DNase, on the other hand, not only exhibited high activity during the early development but also remained at a significant level even in old cerebellum. It is concluded that acid DNase shows a positive correlation to the early embryonic DNA synthesis but not to the cell increase occurring in old age.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Metabolic changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum during sustained bicuculline-induced seizures.

The objective of the present experiments was to study metabolic correlates to the localization of neuronal lesions during sustained seizures. To that end, status epilepticus was induced by i.v. administration of bicuculline in immobilized and artificially ventilated rats, since this model is known to cause neuronal cell damage in cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the cerebellum. After 20 or 120 min of continuous seizure activity, brain tissue was frozen in situ through the skull bone, and samples of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum were collected for analysis of glycolytic metabolites, phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, ADP, AMP, and cyclic nucleotides. After 20 min of seizure activity, the two "vulnerable" structures (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and the "resistant" one (cerebellum) showed similar changes in cerebral metabolic state, characterized by decreased tissue concentrations of PCr, ATP, and glycogen, and increased lactate concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratios. In all structures, though, the adenylate energy charge remained close to control. At the end of a 2-h period of status epilepticus, a clear deterioration of the energy state was observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. The reduction in adenylate energy charge in the cortex and hippocampus was associated with a seemingly paradoxical decrease in tissue lactate levels and with failure of glycogen resynthesis (cerebral cortex). Experiments with infusion of glucose during the second hour of a 2-h period of status epilepticus verified that the deterioration of tissue energy state was partly due to reduced substrate supply; however, even in animals with adequate tissue glucose concentrations, the energy charge of the two structures was significantly lowered. The cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) behaved differently. Thus, whereas cAMP concentrations were either close to control (hippocampus and cerebellum) or moderately increased (cerebral cortex), the cGMP concentrations remained markedly elevated throughout the seizure period, the largest change being observed in the cerebellum. It is concluded that although the localization of neuronal damage and perturbation of cerebral energy state seem to correlate, the results cannot be taken as evidence that cellular energy failure is the cause of the damage. Thus, it appears equally probable that the pathologically enhanced neuronal activity (and metabolic rate) underlies both the cell damage and the perturbed metabolic state. The observed changes in cyclic nucleotides do not appear to bear a causal relationship to the mechanisms of damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Impaired development of rat cerebellum induced by neonatal injection of the glycoprotein synthesis inhibitor, tunicamycin.

The effects of the protein glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin on the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum were examined in vivo. Tunicamycin (0.2 micrograms) was injected intracranially into 1-day-old rats. Inhibition of glycosylation of the macromolecules in the cerebellum by tunicamycin treatment was suggested by a reduced incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble fraction. The tunicamycin treatment did not affect gain in body weight significantly. However the cerebellar weight was significantly reduced by 30-40% compared with that of the controls. Development of GABAergic and cholinergic innervations in the hypoplastic cerebellum was examined by measuring the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The specific activity and the total activity of GAD were significantly reduced in the tunicamycin-treated cerebellum. In contrast the specific activity of ChAT was significantly increased, whereas the total activity of ChAT per cerebellum was identical with that of the controls. These results suggest that the intracranial injection of tunicamycin affects the postnatal development of rat cerebellum, such as GABAergic and cholinergic innervations.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Timing of expression of tau and its encoding mRNAs in the developing cerebral neocortex and cerebellum of the mouse.

The expression of tau mRNA and of the corresponding encoded protein variants was studied during postnatal development in two brain regions differing in their timing of differentiation: the cerebral neocortex and the cerebellum. (a) The expression of tau mRNA was different in the two regions. Maximal contents were found at early stages in the cerebral neocortex, with a 10-fold decrease at later stages. In the cerebellum, two peaks of tau mRNA were observed soon after birth and in adulthood, with minimal values at postnatal day 6. (b) The expression of total tau proteins was similar to that of their encoding mRNAs in the cerebral neocortex, i.e., high concentrations after birth and low contents at later stages. In contrast, two peaks of tau proteins were observed in the cerebellum: the first perinatally and the second with a maximum at postnatal day 15. (c) Both in the cerebral neocortex and especially in the cerebellum, increasing concentrations of mature tau variants were expressed at late developmental stages, i.e., when total tau protein contents were decreased. In conclusion, the fluctuations in expression of tau and of its encoding mRNA seen in the cerebellum seem to reflect differences in the timing of differentiation of the various cell types, i.e., the macroneurons and the interneurons, present in this brain region. The adult tau variants appear in both the neocortex and the cerebellum only at late developmental stages, i.e., when most of the circuitry has been established, although these two regions markedly differ in their timing of differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Increase in nitric oxide and cyclic GMP of rat cerebellum by radio frequency burst-type electromagnetic field radiation.

1. Using rat cerebellum supernatant, the effects of radio frequency (RF) burst-type electromagnetic (EM) field radiation on the production of cyclic GMP were examined under various conditions. The radiation was generated by a generator coil, and set at a 10 MHz radiation frequency, a 50% burst time, a 10 kHz burst rate and a 5 V peak-to-peak generator voltage. 2. When the cerebellum supernatant was incubated with both exogenous L-arginine (nitric oxide (NO) donor) and NADPH, and irradiated by an RF burst-type EM field, the production of cyclic GMP was increased significantly from a level of 21-22 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 to 25-26 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1. By contrast, such an effect was not found when the cerebellum supernatant was irradiated by an RF volley-type EM field. 3. When neither L-arginine nor NADPH were added to the cerebellum supernatant, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 6 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. When the cerebellum supernatant was chelated with EDTA, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 7 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. 4. Incubation with Methylene Blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, lowered the production of cyclic GMP to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1, and the radiation effect did not occur. On incubation with a NO synthase inhibitor, either NG-methyl-L-arginine or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 or 5-9 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 respectively, and the radiation effect was not observed. 5. Using electrochemical NO probes, the production of NO in the cerebellum supernatant was detected. The concentration of NO increased gradually after the onset of the EM field radiation. The radiation effect persisted, and reached a maximum after the cessation of the radiation. 6. In an in vivo study, the arterioles of the frog web were dilated by the radiation, and this radiation effect was almost completely abolished by the addition of a NO synthase inhibitor. This indicates that radiation activates NO synthase and ultimately induces vasodilatation.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2002

Coherent electrical activity between vibrissa sensory areas of cerebellum and neocortex is enhanced during free whisking.

We tested if coherent signaling between the sensory vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex in rats was enhanced as they whisked in air. Whisking was accompanied by 5- to 15-Hz oscillations in the mystatial electromyogram, a measure of vibrissa position, and by 5- to 20-Hz oscillations in the differentially recorded local field potential (nablaLFP) within the vibrissa area of cerebellum and within the nablaLFP of primary sensory cortex. We observed that only 10% of the activity in either cerebellum or sensory neocortex was significantly phase-locked to rhythmic motion of the vibrissae; the extent of this modulation is in agreement with the results from previous single-unit measurements in sensory neocortex. In addition, we found that 40% of the activity in the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex was significantly coherent during periods of whisking. The relatively high level of coherence between these two brain areas, in comparison with their relatively low coherence with whisking per se, implies that the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex communicate in a manner that is incommensurate with whisking. To the extent that the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex communicate over the same frequency band as that used by whisking, these areas must multiplex electrical activity that is internal to the brain with activity that is that phase-locked to vibrissa sensory input.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

The role of the cerebellum in motor control and perception.

The cerebellum has an important role in control and coordination of movements, but in some species, notably weakly electric fish of the family Mormyridae, anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural evidence indicates that parts of cerebellar cortex are concerned with tracking movements of objects around the animal, rather than with controlling movements of the animal itself. The existence of such anomalies suggests that the cerebellum may not be exclusively, or even primarily, a structure for motor control. Evidence reviewed in this paper shows that the cerebellum is associated with sensory systems used for tracking movements of targets in the environment, as well as movements made by the animal itself, in all vertebrates, not just in a few isolated cases. The evidence indicates that the standard theory that the function of the cerebellum is control and coordination of movements only partially characterises cerebellar function. The cerebellum may be better characterised as a tracking system, with an important role in control and coordination of movements which arises because of an animal's need to track moving objects, to track its own movements, and to analyse the sensory consequences of movements in order to control movements. This theory not only predicts the known motor consequences of cerebellar dysfunction, it also predicts a specific kind of perceptual deficit caused by cerebellar dysfunction, namely an inability to accurately follow and predict trajectories of objects moving in the environment. A variety of behavioural and perceptual tasks in addition to motor control and movement tracking may require dynamical state estimation, and therefore may involve the cerebellum.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

The role of the cerebellum in subsecond time perception: evidence from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

In three experiments, we investigated the role of the cerebellum in sub- and suprasecond time perception by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). In Experiment 1, subjects underwent four 8-min 1-Hz rTMS sessions in a within-subject design. rTMS sites were the medial cerebellum (real and sham rTMS), left lateral cerebellum, and right lateral cerebellum. Following each rTMS session, subjects completed a subsecond temporal bisection task (stimuli in the range 400-800 msec). Compared with sham rTMS, rTMS applied over the right lateral or medial cerebellum induced a leftward shift of the psychophysical function (perceived lengthening of time). In Experiment 2, a separate sample of subjects underwent the identical rTMS procedure and completed a suprasecond bisection task (stimuli in the 1000-2000 msec range). In this experiment, rTMS to the cerebellar sites did not produce any significant changes compared with sham rTMS. Experiment 3 employed a within-subject design to replicate findings from Experiments 1 and 2. Subjects underwent four rTMS conditions (sub- and suprabisection tasks following medial cerebellar and sham rTMS). rTMS induced a significant leftward shift of psychophysical function in the subsecond bisection, but not in the suprasecond bisection. In this study, we have demonstrated that transient cerebellar stimulation can differently affect the ability to estimate time intervals below and above a duration of 1 sec. The results of this study provide direct evidence for the role of the cerebellum in processing subsecond time intervals. This study further suggests that the perception of sub- and suprasecond intervals is likely to depend upon distinct neural systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Spatial pattern of sonic hedgehog signaling through Gli genes during cerebellum development.

The cerebellum consists of a highly organized set of folia that are largely generated postnatally during expansion of the granule cell precursor (GCP) pool. Since the secreted factor sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in Purkinje cells and functions as a GCP mitogen in vitro, it is possible that Shh influences foliation during cerebellum development by regulating the position and/or size of lobes. We studied how Shh and its transcriptional mediators, the Gli proteins, regulate GCP proliferation in vivo, and tested whether they influence foliation. We demonstrate that Shh expression correlates spatially and temporally with foliation. Expression of the Shh target gene Gli1 is also highest in the anterior medial cerebellum, but is restricted to proliferating GCPs and Bergmann glia. By contrast, Gli2 is expressed uniformly in all cells in the developing cerebellum except Purkinje cells and Gli3 is broadly expressed along the anteroposterior axis. Whereas Gli mutants have a normal cerebellum, Gli2 mutants have greatly reduced foliation at birth and a decrease in GCPs. In a complementary study using transgenic mice, we show that overexpressing Shh in the normal domain does not grossly alter the basic foliation pattern, but does lead to prolonged proliferation of GCPs and an increase in the overall size of the cerebellum. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that positive Shh signaling through Gli2 is required to generate a sufficient number of GCPs for proper lobe growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The embryonic cerebellum contains topographic cues that guide developing inferior olivary axons.

The formation of the olivocerebellar projection is supposed to be regulated by positional information shared between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. However, experimental evidence to support this hypothesis is missing. In the chick, caudal neurons in the inferior olive project to the anterior cerebellum and rostral ones to the posterior cerebellum. We here report in vitro experiments that strongly support the existence of anteroposterior polarity cues in the embryonic cerebellum. We developed an in vitro system that was easily accessible to experimental manipulations. Large hindbrain explants of E7.5-E8 chick embryos, containing the cerebellum and its attached brainstem, were plated and studied using axonal tracing methods. In these cultures, we have shown that the normal anteroposterior topography of the olivocerebellar projection was acquired, even when the cerebellar lamella was detached from the brainstem and placed again in its original position. We also found that, following various experimental rotations of the anteroposterior axis of the cerebellum, the rostromedian olivary neurons still project to the posterior vermis and the caudolateral neurons to the anterior vermis, that now have inverted locations. Thus, the rotation of the target region results in the rotation of the projection. In addition, we have shown that the formation of the projection map could be due to the inability of rostromedian inferior olivary axons to grow in the anterior cerebellum. All these experiments strongly indicate that olivocerebellar fibers recognize within their target region polarity cues that organize their anteroposterior topography, and we suggest that Purkinje cells might carry these cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Tellurium-induced dose-dependent impairment of antioxidant status: differential effects in cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem of mice.

The effect of various doses of sodium tellurite (0.4, 0.8, and 2.0 mg/kg body weight, orally) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase) and content of glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem of male albino mice was studied after 15 d of treatment. All of the doses of tellurium (0.4, 0.8, and 2.0 mg/kg body weight, orally) have depleted the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of glutathione dose dependently in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem and it was significant with the dose of 2.0 mg/kg. On the other hand, the 2.0-mg/kg dose of tellurium has significantly elevated the content of TBARSs in the cerebrum and cerebellum. The 0.8-mg/kg dose of tellurium has significantly depleted the activities of glutathione peroxidase in the cerebrum and brainstem, glutathione-Stransferase in the cerebrum and cerebellum, catalase in the brainstem, and the content of glutathione in the cerebrum and cerebellum. In contrast, this dose has significantly elevated the content of TBARSs in the cerebrum and cerebellum. However, the depletion in the activity of glutathione reductase with various doses of sodium tellurite was not significant in any brain part of mice. The result suggests that sodium tellurite differentially affects the antioxidant status within various parts of the mice brain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The elusive nature of cerebellar somatostatin receptors: studies in rat, monkey and human cerebellum.

The pharmacological profile and localization of somatostatin (SRIF) receptors were determined in rat, monkey and human cerebellum. In rat cerebellar cortex, low sst1/sst4, intermediate sst2 and very high sst3 receptor mRNA levels were found. sst1 mRNA was also expressed in the deep cerebellar nuclei. [125I]Tyr3-octreotide binding sites in cerebellar membranes correlated with recombinant sst2, but not with sst5 or sst3 receptors and were found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. [125I]CGP 23996 (in Na(+)-buffer) binding in rat cerebellum correlated with sst1 or sst4, but not with sst2, sst3 or sst5 receptor binding. Similar data were obtained in rhesus monkey cerebellum. mRNAs for all five receptors were found in the granule cell layer of the human cerebellum and/or in the dentate nucleus. [125I]Tyr3-octreotide binding was strong in the molecular layer and correlated with that of recombinant sst2 receptors, but not with sst3 or sst5 receptors. [125I]CGP 23996 (in Mg(++)-buffer) binding was heterogeneous (about 75%, to sst2 and 25% to sst1 and/or sst4 receptors). The molecular and granular layers were equally and the dentate nucleus strongly labeled. Thus, SRIF receptors of the sst2, sst1 and/or sst4 subtype are presnt in the rat, monkey and human cerebellum. In the latter two species, the sst2 type appears to be predominant. Surprisingly, the high expression of sst3 receptor mRNA is not supported by radioligand binding data in any of the species studied. The reason for this discrepancy remains to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of propylthiouracil induced hypothyroidism in developing rat cerebellum: comparison of cerebellar parameters in five day old normal and treated rat pups.

The effect of pre and postnatal hypothyroid environment on the development of cerebellum in the rat pups was determined. Four groups of rat dams, namely control, Group I, II and III were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) in water for different length of time during pregnancy and nursing periods. The pups born from these dam groups were subsequently named after the corresponding dam group, namely control, Group I, II and III. General quantitative results showed that pups from the treated dams had significantly lower (p < 0.05) body weights compared to control pups. Cerebella from five day old pups were taken and structural changes estimated using unbiased "design based" stereological methods, which have made it possible to investigate specific qualities in the organ. The total volumes of cerebellum and intracerebellar nuclei were estimated using Cavalieri Principle. The mean total volume of cerebellum and the mean total volume of intracerebellar nuclei were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in all the pup groups (I, II, III) from the treated dams compared to control pups from the control dams. The cerebellar volume decreased in relation to the duration of treatment. The mean ratio of the total volume of intracerebellar nuclei to volume of cerebellum was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in Group III pups compared to control and Group I pups. The mean numerical density of neurones in the intracerebellar nuclei was nearly equal in all the pup groups except in Group III pups whereby it was increased. The mean total number of neurones in Groups I and II pups was reduced, but did not reach statistical significance. The mean numerical density of neuroglia in the intracerebellar nuclei was nearly the same in all the pup groups, the mean total number of glial cells was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in Groups I and II pups compared to control and the mean neuron/glial ratio was increased in Group III pups compared to control and other treated groups. Thus, the neuroglia appear to be more sensitive to hypothyroidism than neurons. The above results show that PTU-induced hypothyroidism causes reduction in structural parameters in developing cerebellum and confirm that growth and maturation of the foetal cerebellum is dependent on the maintenance of normal T4 and T3 levels in the pregnant dam and developing pups during pre and postnatal stages of development.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genetic control of the mouse cerebellum: identification of quantitative trait loci modulating size and architecture.

To discover genes influencing cerebellum development, we conducted a complex trait analysis of variation in the size of the adult mouse cerebellum. We analyzed two sets of recombinant inbred BXD strains and an F2 intercross of the common inbred strains, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. We measured cerebellar size as the weight or volume of fixed or histologically processed tissue. Among BXD recombinant inbred strains, the cerebellum averages 52 mg (12.4% of the brain) and ranges 18 mg in size. In F2 mice, the cerebellum averages 62 mg (12.9% of the brain) and ranges approximately 20 mg in size. Five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that significantly control variation in cerebellar size were mapped to chromosomes 1 (Cbs1a), 8 (Cbs8a), 14 (Cbs14a), and 19 (Cbs19a, Cbs19b). In combination, these QTLs can shift cerebellar size an appreciable 35% of the observed range. To assess regional genetic control of the cerebellum, we also measured the volume of the cell-rich, internal granule layer (IGL) in a set of BXD strains. The IGL ranges from 34 to 43% of total cerebellar volume. The QTL Cbs8a is significantly linked to variation in IGL volume and is suggestively linked to variation in the number of cerebellar folia. The QTLs we have discovered are among the first loci shown to modulate the size and architecture of the adult mouse cerebellum.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative morphology of the cerebellum of the seal (Pinnipedia, Mammalia)].

The work describes the anatomical structure of the cerebellum of the caspian seal (Pusa caspica Gmelin) and Greenland seal (Pagophoca groenlandica Erxleben). The shape of the cerebellum, the disposition of the main lobes and convolutions are characterized. The schemes of three projections of the cerebellum of both species are presented. The figures of the cerebellum size, its absolute and relative weight and the surface of the cerebellum and its portions in seals have been obtained. The well-developmed flocculo-nodular portions and paraflocculuses and relatively poorly developed lobulus paramedianus are pointed to be one of the characteristic features of the structure of the seal cerebellum. An attempt is made to explain great dimensions of the flocculo-nodullar portion and paraflocculuses by specific features of the seal locomotion in water.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of changes in the level of GABA in various sections of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs during postnatal ontogenesis].

The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different sections of dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum suffers considerable changes in the postnatal ontogenesis. In the optic area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex GABA content significantly increases from the birthday till six-month age and then it decreases and remains in puberal animals (the 365th day) at the level of three-month ones. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex and cerebellum the content of GABA increases intensively during the first fortnight of the postnatal development, decreases sharply during the third week of the development, remains at the reached level till the 90th day and then it increases till the six-month age, reaching maximum levels which are 1.6, 1.8 and 2.3 times as high as the GABA content in these areas, respectively. In puberal (the 365th day) animals GABA content in these sections of the cortex and cerebellum considerably decreases in comparison with 6-month animals. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex it reaches approximately the level of that in newborn ones and in the optic area of the cortex and cerebellum it is 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, as high as this level. In all the studied sections of the brain cortex and in the cerebellum the content of GABA changes most intensively (2.7 muM per 100 g of fresh tissue a day) during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Some of the investigated sections of the brain cortex and cerebellum differ in GABA content mainly at the early stages of the postnatal ontogenesis (till the 21st day after birth).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Is the cerebellum relevant in the circuitry of neuropsychiatric disorders?

Contemporary mechanistic models of several psychiatric disorders propose abnormalities in the structure and function of distinct neural networks. The cerebellum has both anatomic and functional connections to the prefrontal cortex, the subcortical limbic structures and monoamine-producing brainstem nuclei. Conspicuously, however, the cerebellum has been underemphasized in neuropsychiatric research. A growing confluence of scientific data indicate that the cerebellum may not be irrelevant, which suggests that an integrated model of neuropsychiatric disorders should include a role for the cerebellum and its relevant neural connections. This review summarizes the published data describing and characterizing the putative role of the cerebellum in normal and abnormal mood regulation, with specific attention to states of psychosis, depression and mania. The available evidence suggests that a functional role for the cerebellum should be considered in future neuropsychiatric studies.

Bipolar Disorder↗