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PubMed2002

Evaluation of internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA sequence analysis for molecular characterization of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis isolates from HIV-infected patients.

Molecular typing systems have been needed to study Candida colonization in HIV-infected patients, particularly for investigating virulence and fluconazole resistance. Three methods--electrophoretic karyotyping (EK), detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD)--have been most frequently used. In this study, comparative sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was evaluated for delineation of Candida isolates from 14 HIV-infected patients. EK, ITS sequence analysis, RFLP and RAPD resulted in 11, 10, 9 and 8 DNA genotypes, respectively, from 39 Candida albicans isolates. The 10 genotypes observed using ITS sequence analysis were defined by six variation sites in the sequence. Molecular typing of sequential oral isolates showed the persistence of the same genotype of C. albicans in nine patients, and genotype variation in one patient. EK and RAPD showed that another patient was co-infected by two distinct genotypes and ITS analysis identified one of the two genotypes as Candida dubliniensis. Comparative ITS sequence analysis is a quick and reproducible method that provides clear and objective results, and it also identifies C. dubliniensis. The discriminatory power of this new typing approach could be improved by concomitant analysis of other DNA polymorphic sequences.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Susceptibilities of Candida species to amphotericin B and fluconazole: the emergence of fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibilities of Candida species isolated from Taiwan to amphotericin B and fluconazole. DESIGN: Prospective surveillance study. METHODS: Each hospital was asked to submit up to 10 C. albicans and 40 non-albicans Candida species during the collection period, from April 15 to June 15, 1999. One isolate was accepted from each episode of infection. The broth microdilution method was used to determine susceptibilities to amphotericin B and fluconazole. RESULTS: Only 3 of 632 isolates, one each of C. famata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis, were resistant to amphotericin B. A total of 53 (8.4%) of 632 clinical yeast isolates, consisting of 4% C. albicans, 8% C. glabrata, 15% C. tropicalis, and 70% C. krusei, were resistant to fluconazole. In contrast, no C. parapsilosis isolate was resistant to fluconazole. Isolates from tertiary-care medical centers had higher rates of resistance to fluconazole than did those from regional and local hospitals (11.4% vs 6.6%). Isolates from different sources showed different levels of susceptibility to fluconazole. All of the isolates with the exception of C. tropicalis and C. krusei isolated from blood were susceptible to fluconazole. A pattern of co-resistance to both amphotericin B and fluconazole was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Non-albicans Candida species had higher rates of resistance to fluconazole than did C. albicans (44 of 395 [11.2%] vs 9 of 237 [3.8%]; P = .002). The increasing rate of fluconazole resistance in C. tropicalis (15%) is important because C. tropicalis is one of the most commonly isolated non-albicans Candida species.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2005

In vitro activity of 2-cyclohexylidenhydrazo-4-phenyl-thiazole compared with those of amphotericin B and fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida spp. and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of an isothiosemicarbazone cyclic analogue against isolates of Candida spp. including fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. METHODS: We investigated the activity of 2-cyclohexylidenhydrazo-4-phenyl-thiazole (EM-01D2) against 114 clinical isolates of Candida spp., representing five different species, by microdilution, according to the NCCLS method 27-A. The activity against C. albicans biofilms was also investigated. Toxicity in vitro was evaluated by MTT reduction assay. RESULTS: EM-01D2 demonstrated low toxicity, broad spectrum, fungicidal activity and was active against C. albicans and Candida krusei at concentrations lower than those shown by amphotericin B and fluconazole (P < 0.05). It maintained potent in vitro activity against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. Fungicidal activity occurred at concentrations 1-2 doubling dilutions greater than the corresponding MICs, and time-kill analysis indicated that a 99.9% loss of C. albicans viability occurred after 6 h of incubation in the presence of EM-01D2 at concentrations equal to four times the MIC. EM-01D2 was also active in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilms, even though such inhibition occurred at concentrations higher than the MICs determined under planktonic growth conditions. However, when C. albicans biofilms were pre-exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of EM-01D2, a reduction of MIC50 of amphotericin B was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, EM-01D2 could represent a template for the development of novel fungicidal agents.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1996

Specific detection of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis by fluorescent in situ hybridization with an 18S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe.

In situ hybridization of whole cells with rRNA-targeted, fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probes is a powerful method to specifically detect microorganisms in their natural habitat without cultivation and subsequent identification by phenotypic characterization. To examine the use of this method for the specific detection of pathogenic Candida species, we have designed an oligonucleotide probe which binds to the 18S rRNA of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, the two most important pathogenic Candida species, and differentiates them from other clinically relevant species. After establishing suitable hybridization conditions, we confirmed the specificity of our probe O20 in RNA dot blot hybridizations with a series of reference strains and clinical isolates of medically important Candida species. All C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains hybridized with the probe, whereas all strains of C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr and C. lusitaniae did not. When we used the fluorescently labelled probe O20 to specifically detect single cells of the two target species by in situ hybridization, both C. albicans and C. tropicalis reacted strongly with the probe and could be clearly differentiated from C. krusei and C. parapsilosis, although the latter organism contains only two nucleotide mismatches in the probe target region. This discrimination capacity was also seen when mixed suspensions of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were hybridized with the probe. After infection of a human endothelial cell line with C. albicans and C. krusei, C. albicans cells adhering to the endothelial cells were easily distinguishable from the C. krusei cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization with probe O20. In addition, germ tubes and hyphae of C. albicans were also efficiently labelled. The application of fluorescently labelled rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes therefore appears to be a valuable tool for the specific detection and identification of different members of the genus Candida, which does not require any cultivation.

Candida↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the hydrophobic properties of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis.

Although Candida dubliniensis is a close genetic relative of Candida albicans, it colonizes and infects fewer sites. Nearly all instances of candidiasis caused by C. dubliniensis are restricted to the oral cavity. As cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) influences virulence of C. albicans, CSH properties of C. dubliniensis were investigated and compared to C. albicans. Growth temperature is one factor which affects the CSH status of stationary-phase C. albicans. However, C. dubliniensis, similar to other pathogenic non-albicans species of Candida, was hydrophobic regardless of growth temperature. For all Candida species tested in this study (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis), CSH status correlated with coaggregation with the anaerobic oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum. Previous studies have shown that CSH status of C. albicans involves multiple surface proteins and surface protein N-glycans. The hydrophobic surface glycoprotein CAgp38 appears to be expressed by C. albicans constitutively regardless of growth temperature and medium. C. dubliniensis expresses a 38-kDa protein that cross-reacts with the anti-CAgp38 monoclonal antibody; however, expression of the protein was growth medium and growth temperature dependent. The anti-CAgp38 monoclonal antibody has been shown to inhibit adhesion of C. albicans to extracellular matrix proteins and to vascular endothelial cells. Since protein glycosylation influences the CSH status of C. albicans, we compared the cell wall mannoprotein content and composition between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. Similar bulk compositional levels of hexose, phosphate, and protein in their N-glycans were determined. However, a component of the C. albicans N-glycan, acid-labile phosphooligomannoside, is expressed much less or negligibly by C. dubliniensis, and when present, the oligomannosides are predominantly less than five mannose residues in length. In addition, the acid-labile phosphooligomannoside profiles varied among the three strains of C. dubliniensis we tested, indicating the N-glycan of C. dubliniensis differs from C. albicans. For C. albicans, the acid-labile phosphooligomannoside influences virulence and surface fibrillar conformation, which affects exposure of hydrophobic surface proteins. Given the combined role in C. albicans of expression of specific surface hydrophobic proteins in pathogenesis and of surface protein glycosylation on exposure of the proteins, the lack of these virulence-associated CSH entities in C. dubliniensis could contribute to its limited ability to cause disseminated infections.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1998

Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis by indirect immunofluorescence based on differential localization of antigens on C. dubliniensis blastospores and Candida albicans germ tubes.

There is a clear need for the development of a rapid and reliable test for the identification of Candida dubliniensis and for the discrimination of this species from Candida albicans. In the present study we have investigated the potential use of C. dubliniensis-specific antigens as a basis for its identification. We produced an anti-C. dubliniensis serum which, after adsorption with C. albicans blastospores, was found to differentially label C. dubliniensis isolates in an indirect immunofluorescence test. In this test, the antiserum reacted with blastospores and germ tubes of C. dubliniensis and with blastospores of Candida krusei and Rhodotorula rubra but did not react with blastospores of several other Candida species including C. albicans. The antiserum also reacted with C. albicans germ tubes. The anti-C. dubliniensis adsorbed serum reacted with specific components of 25, 28, 37, 40, 52, and 62 kDa in the C. dubliniensis extract and with a variety of antigens from other yeast species. The antigens from non-C. dubliniensis yeasts showing reactivity with the anti-C. dubliniensis adsorbed serum are mostly expressed within the cell walls of these yeast species, and this reactivity does not interfere with the use of the anti-C. dubliniensis adsorbed serum in an indirect immunofluorescence test for the rapid identification of C. dubliniensis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

Retrospective identification and characterization of Candida dubliniensis isolates among Candida albicans clinical laboratory isolates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals.

Fungal opportunistic infections, and in particular those caused by the various Candida species, have gained considerable significance as a cause of morbidity and, often, mortality. The newly described species Candida dubliniensis phenotypically resembles Candida albicans so closely that it is easily misidentified as such. The present study was designed to determine the frequency at which this new species is not recognized in the clinical laboratory, to determine the patient populations with which C. dubliniensis is associated, to determine colonization versus infection frequency, and to assess fluconazole resistance. Over a 2-year period, 1,251 isolates that were initially identified as C. albicans by a hospital clinical laboratory were reevaluated for C. dubliniensis by inability to grow at 45 degrees C, colony color on CHROMagar Candida medium, coaggregation assay with Fusobacterium nucleatum, and sugar assimilation profiles (API 20C AUX yeast identification system). A total of 15 (1.2%) isolates from 12 patients were identified as C. dubliniensis. Ten of the patients were found to be immunocompromised (these included patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and patients awaiting transplantation). Thirteen isolates were highly susceptible to fluconazole (MIC, <0.5 microgram/ml). Three isolates from one patient, genotypically confirmed as the same strain, showed variable susceptibility to fluconazole. The first isolate was susceptible, whereas the other two isolates were dose-dependent susceptible (MIC, 16.0 microgram/ml). These data confirm the close association of C. dubliniensis with immunocompromised states and that increased fluconazole MICs may develop in vivo. This study emphasizes the importance of screening germ-tube-positive yeasts for the inability to grow at 45 degrees C followed by confirmatory tests in order to properly identify this species.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2002

Rapid identification and differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by capillary-based amplification and fluorescent probe hybridization.

We developed a rapid genotypic assay to differentiate the germ tube-positive yeasts Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe binding and subsequent denaturation from the target site in the PCR amplicons produced characteristic peak melting temperatures (T(m)) that identified each species. Peak T(m)s of C. albicans (n = 69) and C. dubliniensis (n = 28) isolates produced in the presence of their respective probes were 61.04 +/- 0.64 degrees C and 60.52 +/- 1.01 degrees C (averages +/- standard deviations). No signal was generated when the C. albicans or C. dubliniensis probes were tested against DNA from their counterparts. Both probes reacted with Candida tropicalis DNA, but the T(m) was 51.85 +/- 0.05 degrees C with the C. albicans probe and 51.92 +/- 0.10 degrees C with the C. dubliniensis probe, differentiating C. tropicalis DNA from C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. A novel hybrid probe was designed to identify both species in a single reaction based on a 4 degrees C difference in peak T(m)s. Our assay is rapid (</=2 h) and allows reliable detection and differentiation of the two germ tube-positive Candida spp.

Candida↗
PubMed1995

Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis: characteristics of women with Candida albicans, C glabrata and no candida.

INTRODUCTION: Although as many as 5% of all women complain of chronic vulvovaginitis, little is known about these women. They may often be misdiagnosed and the role of vaginal yeast culture in diagnosing vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) among them has not been clearly defined. METHODS: To address these deficiencies, we tabulated initial diagnoses among new patients and conducted a medical record-based, unmatched case-control study among women reporting a history of chronic vulvovaginitis (four or more episodes in the past year) at a vulvovaginitis specialty clinic. Clinical presentation and medical history were compared for women who had a positive vaginal yeast culture for either Candida albicans or C glabrata, or who had a negative culture. RESULTS: One-third of the women had no apparent vulvovaginal disease at their initial visit. All women reported similar symptoms, except for an increased prevalence of painful sexual intercourse in women with C albicans (chi 2 p = 0.014 versus women with C glabrata and p < 0.001 versus women with no candida). Women with C glabrata were more likely to be non-white (chi 2 p = 0.071 compared with women with C albicans) and to report an underlying medical condition (chi 2 p < or = 0.001 versus both women with C albicans and women with no candida). Physical examination was normal only in women with no candida. C albicans cases were more likely to have positive potassium hydroxide microscopy (chi 2 p = 0.016) and a pH < or = 4.5 (chi 2 p = 0.011) than were C glabrata cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that reliance on symptoms and signs alone will result in significant misdiagnosis of chronic vulvovaginitis. Among women with VVC, subtle differences in clinical presentation do not reliably distinguish women with C albicans from those with C glabrata. Our study also indicates that vaginal yeast cultures, while not necessary for every patient, are valuable in confirming negative diagnoses, detecting microscopy false-negatives, and identifying non-C albicans isolates.

Candida↗
PubMed1981

[Phagocytosis and lysis of Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils of Hansen's disease patients].

The phagocytosis and lysis of Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis by human neutrophils were examined in 43 hanseniasis patients (19 quiescent virchowians, 12 reactional virchowians and 12 tuberculoid patients) and 15 healthy subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neutrophils from hanseniasis patients were altered in their enzyme systems myeloperoxidase-dependent (tested by lysin of Candida albicans) and myeloperoxidase-independent (tested by lysin of Candida pseudotropicalis). The results indicate that polymorphonuclear neutrophils of hanseniasis patients had a similar candidacidal activity that human normal neutrophils (p greater than 0.2) in their myeloperoxidase-dependent and myeloperoxidase-independent systems. The enzymatic system activity is also similar in all clinical forms of hanseniasis (p greater than 0.3).

Candida↗
PubMed2006

Presumptive identification of Candida species other than C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida.

BACKGROUND: CHROMagar Candida (CaC) is increasingly being reported as a medium used to differentiate Candida albicans from non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Rapid identification of NAC can assist the clinician in selecting appropriate antifungal therapy. CaC is a differential chromogenic medium designed to identify C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis based on colony color and morphology. Some reports have proposed that CaC can also reliably identify C. dubliniensis and C. glabrata. METHODS: We evaluated the usefulness of CaC in the identification of C. dubliniensis, C. famata, C. firmetaria, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. inconspicua, C. kefyr, C. lipolytica, C. lusitaniae, C. norvegensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. rugosa. RESULTS: Most NAC produced colonies that were shades of pink, lavender, or ivory. Several isolates of C. firmetaria and all C. inconspicua produced colonies difficult to differentiate from C. krusei. Most C. rugosa isolates produced unique colonies with morphology like C. krusei except in a light blue-green color. C. glabrata isolates produced small dark violet colonies that could be differentiated from the pink and lavender colors produced by other species. All seventeen isolates of C. dubliniensis produced green colonies similar to those produced by C. albicans. CONCLUSION: C. glabrata and C. rugosa appear distinguishable from other species using CaC. Some NAC, including C. firmetaria and C. inconspicua, could be confused with C. krusei using this medium.

Agar↗
PubMed1988

Studies on detection of Candida antigen in the sera of mice inoculated orally with Candida albicans.

The authors succeeded in establishing a murine model of systemic candidiasis being disseminated from the primary gastrointestinal lesions caused by oral inoculation of Candida albicans. Using this model, an attempt was made for detecting the Candida antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using avidin-biotin (AB-ELISA) from the serum of infected mice. Gastrointestinal candidiasis was formed in all of the 20 mice treated with the drugs (antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, hydrocortisone, etc.) and inoculated orally with C. albicans. Fourteen of these mice suffered from submucosal candidiasis, and C. albicans was cultured from the visceral organs in 12 of them. The assay by AB-ELISA was able to detect 1.0 ng/ml Candida mannan in the mouse serum. The Candida antigen was detected in the sera of 11 of the 14 mice with submucosal candidiasis. However, the antigen could not be detected in the sera of the 6 mice with intramucosal candidiasis. The assay by AB-ELISA is more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis than other serological assays.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological study of Candida infections in blood: susceptibilities of Candida spp. to antifungal agents, and clinical features associated with the candidemia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to antifungal agents of Candida spp. isolated from blood samples from patients in our hospital, located in Osaka, Japan. We also examined the clinical background of these patients. We analyzed fungi isolated from clinical blood samples obtained in our hospital over a period of 10 years (1993 to 2002). Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out for six agents, using the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M-27-A2 method. The clinical backgrounds were reviewed using the medical records of 125 patients who were diagnosed as having candidemia. The major fungi isolated were Candida parapsilosis (39.2%) and C. albicans (30.1%), and both were sensitive to fluconazole. One strain of C. glabrata and six strains of C. krusei were resistant to fluconazole, and they constituted 4.4% of all Candida spp. isolated. With the exception of C. parapsilosis, most fungi were susceptible to micafungin, although there is no universally agreed breakpoint for this drug. Analysis of the patients' clinical backgrounds revealed that the major underlying disease was cancer (46.4% excluding hematological malignancies). C. krusei was detected almost exclusively in patients with hematological malignancies. Indwelling venous catheters had been responsible for infection in 93.6% of the infected patients. The clinical outcomes of the 125 patients were favorable in 52% and poor in 48%, and subsequent removal of the indwelling catheters was effective in about half of the patients in whom this was done, with good prognosis. To prevent mycosis and its complications, indwelling catheters should be avoided as much as possible. Attention must be paid to the possibility that resistant isolates of Candida spp. can be selected as a result of the use of antifungal agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Systemic Candida infection in University hospital 1997-1999: the distribution of Candida biotypes and antifungal susceptibility patterns.

A total of 102 Candida species were isolated from blood cultures from January 1997 to October 1999. Using assimilation of carbohydrate test, 52 (51.0%) of the Candida sp. were identified as C. parapsilosis, 25.5% (26) were C. tropicalis. C. albicans made up 11.8% (12), 6.9% (7) were C. rugosa, 3.8% (4) C. glabrata and 1% (1) C. guilliermondii. No C. dubliniensis was found in the study. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed that all Candida species were sensitive to nystatin, amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Although all isolates remained sensitive to fluconazole, intermediate susceptibility was found in 3 C. rugosa isolates. Antifungal agents with high frequency of resistance were econazole, clotrimazole, miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Candida species found to have resistance to these antifungal agents were non-C. albicans.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

Investigation of Candida dubliniensis in Candida spp.-positive hemocultures.

Candida dubliniensis is one of the Candida species which was first recognized in 1995. The yeast was misidentified because of its phenotypic similarities with Candida albicans. In this study, blood samples of patients from various departments at Ankara University Medical Faculty between January 1996 and September 2000 were investigated for distribution of Candida spp. and presence of C. dubliniensis. Ninety-eight culture positive fungi were included in the study. Phenotypic tests for identification of C. dubliniensis and tests for differentiation of the yeast from C. albicans, such as colony morphology on Staib agar, growth at 42 degrees C and 45 degrees C, beta-glucosidase activity and carbohydrate assimilation, were carried out. Sixty-four of the isolates produced germ tubes and chlamydospores, and none of them had the phenotypic characteristics of C. dubliniensis. Further large-scale studies of specific patient groups are necessary to reveal the etiologic importance of this yeast.

Candida↗
PubMed2003

Identification of chlamydospore-negative Candida albicans using CHROMagar Candida medium.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of CHROMagar Candida medium for the identification of chlamydospore-negative Candida albicans. A total of 60 isolates including 45 chlamydospore-negative C. albicans, 10 chlamydospore-positive C. albicans (positive controls) and five non-C. albicans (negative controls) were investigated. On the basis of germ tube test, assimilation of trehalose (Tre), glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), secretory aspartyl production and serotyping, the 45 chlamydospore-negative C. albicans isolates were assigned to the reported three groups. Eighteen isolates showing positive germ tube test, negative for the assimilation of Tre, GlcN/GlcNAc, strong producers of proteinase (2+) and assigned to serotype B belonged to group I. Whereas, the isolates in group II and group III showed common characteristics including assimilation of Tre, GlcN/GlcNAc, moderate production of proteinase (1+) and were serotype A, except for the fact that group II isolates were germ tube positive and group III isolates were negative. Using CHROMagar Candida medium, all the 45 chlamydospore-negative and 10 positive control isolates were accurately identified on the basis of characteristic green color at 37 degrees C for 48 h of incubation. On the other hand at an optimum incubation temperature of 37 degrees C none of the non-C. albicans (negative controls) showed characteristic green color thus yielding a 100% sensitivity and specificity. Isolates in group-I showed a slow growth rate and no visible growth was observed at 24 h, whereas, groups II, III and the control isolates showed visible growth at 24 h. Besides differences in growth rates, these isolates also varied in their characteristic colony color which gradually changed over a period of time. The results of this study clearly suggest that CHROMagar Candida medium is not only a simple, reliable and cost effective method for the identification of chlamydospore-negative atypical C. albicans, but can also be used to differentiate various groups of chlamydospore-negative C. albicans.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Neonatal Candida glabrata sepsis: clinical and laboratory features compared with other Candida species.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a rise in Candida glabrata infections among immunocompromised adults. In published case series of neonatal candidemia, however, the species glabrata is uncommon. We conducted a retrospective chart review to examine the epidemiology, clinical presentation and outcome of neonatal infection with C. glabrata compared with other species of Candida. METHODS: Neonatal and microbiology databases of two affiliated hospitals were searched for all cases of candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit patients with suspected sepsis from 1991 through 1998. RESULTS: Of 58 cases of Candida sepsis, 9 (15%) were caused by C. glabrata (CG), 41 (71%) by C. albicans (CA) and 8 (14%) by C. parapsilosis (CP). There was no change in the proportion of candidemia caused by glabrata species in the years studied. Although there was a significantly higher proportion of CG cases at 1 hospital (29% vs. 6%, P = 0.01), there was no case clustering to suggest direct nosocomial spread. Compared with other Candida species, CG occurred in infants of higher gestational age (CG 29.7 weeks, CA 26.6 weeks, CP 27.3 weeks) and birth weight (CG 1442 g, CA 931 g, CP 965 g). Patients with CG sepsis were more likely to be receiving broad spectrum antibiotics at the time of diagnosis (CG 67%, CA 38%, CP 38%), were less likely to present with apnea and had less severe thrombocytopenia. Of 9 patients with CG sepsis, 1 had meningitis, 1 had necrotizing enterocolitis and 3 had candiduria. CONCLUSION: C. glabrata is a significant nosocomial pathogen in the neonate.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Candida sorbosivorans sp. nov., a new member of the genus Candida Berkhout.

A yeast, strain NCYC 2938T, was isolated from contaminated industrial material. This material was involved in a cascade continuous process for oxidizing sorbitol (D-glucitol) to L-sorbose. The isolate is similar, although not identical, to Candida geochares and Candida magnoliae in its physiological characteristics. Sequence analysis of the 26S rDNA D1/D2 variable domain showed that it was similar to those of both Candida species, but differed sufficiently to be considered as a separate species. Both the physiological characteristics and the unique 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequence of NCYC 2938T are described here, and the yeast has been named Candida sorbosivorans sp. nov. The type strain is NCYC 2938T (= CBS 8768T).

Candida↗