Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CADAVER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) are promising reference methods for quantifying whole body and regional skeletal muscle mass. Earlier MRI and CT validation studies used data-acquisition techniques and data-analysis procedures now outdated, evaluated anatomic rather than adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle (ATFSM), studied only the relatively large thigh, or found unduly large estimation errors. The aim of the present study was to compare arm and leg ATFSM cross-sectional area estimates (cm2) by using standard MRI and CT acquisition and image-analysis methods with corresponding cadaver estimates. A second objective was to validate MRI and CT measurements of adipose tissue embedded within muscle (interstitial adipose tissue) and surrounding muscle (subcutaneous adipose tissue). ATFSM area (n = 119) by MRI [38.9 +/- 22.3 (SD) cm2], CT (39.7 +/- 22.8 cm2), and cadaver (39.5 +/- 23.0 cm2) were not different (P > 0.001), and both MRI and CT estimates of ATFSM were highly correlated with corresponding cadaver values [MRI: r = 0.99, SE of estimate (SEE) 3.9 cm2, P < 0.001; and CT: r = 0.99, SEE = 3.8 cm2, P < 0.001]. Similarly good results were observed between MRI- and CT-measured vs. cadaver-measured interstitial and subcutaneous adipose tissue. For MRI-ATFSM the intraobserver correlation for duplicate measurements in vivo was 0. 99 [SEE = 8.7 cm2 (2.9%), P < 0.001]. These findings strongly support the use of MRI and CT as reference methods for appendicular skeletal muscle, interstitial and subcutaneous adipose tissue measurement in vivo.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Cadaver middle ears as models for living ears: comparisons of middle ear input immittance.

In vitro measurements of the middle ear input immittance in temporal bones extracted from human cadavers were directly compared with similar in vivo measurements from clinically normal subjects. The results of this comparison indicate that most otoscopically normal unfixed cadaver ears have middle ear input immittances that are indistinguishable from those of live subjects in the 0.1- to 2-kHz range--as long as they have been kept from drying and the static pressures on either side of the tympanic membrane are equal. The effects of the middle ear muscles on the measured input immittance are generally small and the cadaver ears can be maintained in the frozen state for several months with little change. Tympanometry appears to be a reliable indicator of normal middle ear immittance. Cadaver middle ears are useful models of human middle ear function.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed2001

The compartments of the foot revisited. Rethinking the validity of cadaver infusion experiments.

Previous dye-infusion experiments on cadavers have suggested that the hindfoot should be divided into four muscle compartments including a newly described 'calcaneal' element containing quadratus plantae. Since there are no clinical data to support this proposed division, we re-examined the validity of the infusion experiment. We made infusions of dilute Omnipaque at a constant rate into flexor digitorum brevis of four cadaver feet. We monitored the spread of the infusate by real-time CT imaging and measured the pressures at the infusion site by side-ported needles. In all feet, the barrier between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae became incompetent at pressures of less than 10 mmHg. Pressure gradients in this range cannot be expected to affect tissue perfusion significantly and independently generate compartment syndromes. These results do not confirm those of previous studies carried out by uncontrolled and unmonitored injections made by hand. Injection studies in cadaver limbs can give dramatically different results depending upon the assumptions made when designing the experiment. The technique cannot adequately act as a model of the physiology of the compartment syndrome. As the existence of a physiologically significant compartmental boundary between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae is based solely on a cadaver infusion experiment the presence of a 'calcaneal' compartment has not been confirmed.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2001

Image-guided thoracic pedicle screw placement: a technical study in cadavers and preliminary clinical experience.

OBJECT: Thoracic pedicle screw fixation is effective and reliable in providing short-segment stabilization. Although the procedure is becoming more widely used, accurate insertion of the screws is difficult due to the small dimensions of thoracic pedicles, and the associated risk is high due to the proximity of the spinal cord. In previous studies authors have shown the accuracy of image-guided lumbar pedicle screw placement, but there have been no reported investigations into the accuracy of image-guided thoracic pedicle screw placement. The authors report their experience with such an investigation. METHODS: To evaluate the accuracy of image-guided thoracic pedicle screw placement in vitro and in vivo, thoracic pedicle screws were placed with an image-guidance system in five human cadavers and 10 patients. In cadavers, the accuracy of screw placement was assessed by postoperative computerized tomography and visual inspection and in patients by postoperative imaging studies. Of the 120 pedicle screws placed in five cadavers pedicle violation occurred in 23 cases (19.2%); there was one pedicle violation (4.2%) in each of the last two cadavers. Of the 45 pedicle screws placed in 10 patients, pedicle violations occurred in three (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with historical controls, the accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement is improved with the use of an image-guidance system. It allows the surgeon to visualize the thoracic pedicle and the surrounding structures that are normally out of the surgical field of view. The surgeon, however, must be aware of the limitations of an image-guidance system and have a sound basic knowledge of spinal anatomy to avoid causing serious complications.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Detection of hepatitis C virus infection among cadaver organ donors: evidence for low transmission of disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA among cadaver organ donors and to correlate these results with donor liver histologic abnormalities and evidence for transmission of disease through organ transplantation. DESIGN: Retrospective testing of stored serum samples from cadaver organ donors for anti-HCV and HCV RNA. SETTING: Transplantation service of the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center and other cooperative medical centers furnishing follow-up data. SUBJECTS: Of 1096 cadaver organ donors harvested between 1 January 1979 and 28 February 1991, 484 had stored serum samples available for analysis. Recipients of organs from recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA)-positive donors for whom adequate follow-up was available were also included in the analysis. MEASUREMENTS: Samples were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Confirmatory testing was done using a second-generation RIBA. Hepatitis C viral RNA was detected in serum using the polymerase chain reaction. Liver biopsies were obtained from the organ donor and interpreted blindly by a pathologist unaware of the clinical data. Liver chemistry profiles and serum sample analysis for HCV RNA were done for transplant recipients. RESULTS: From the 484 cadaver organ donors, 89 samples (18%; 95% Cl, 15% to 21%) were reactive by ELISA. Of these, 33 (6.8%; Cl, 4.6% to 9%) were RIBA seropositive. Hepatitis C viral RNA sequences were detected in 50% of the RIBA-positive serum samples tested. Liver tissue was available from 24 of the 33 RIBA-positive donors and showed chronic active hepatitis in 16, chronic persistent hepatitis in 2, and no abnormality in 6. Among the 46 recipients of a kidney from a RIBA-positive donor, 13 (28%; Cl, 15% to 41%) developed post-transplant liver disease, of which only 4 cases were highly suggestive of viral transmission from the donor. Little morbidity and no mortality could be attributed to liver disease in this cohort of recipients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that HCV transmission by organ transplantation is low and that the consequences of infection are small. If the medical condition of the potential recipient is so serious that other options no longer exist, the use of an organ from an anti-HCV-seropositive donor should be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Detection of methamphetamine in a severely burned cadaver--a case report].

We report an autopsy case of a severely burned cadaver in which methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (A) were detected. A severely burned cadaver was found in a burned-out car on the seashore. At the autopsy, the drug screening test in the urine using Triage system gave positive result for MA and/or A. Qualitative analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmed the presence of MA and A. The concentrations of MA and A (mumol/100 g) were 1.66 in the thermo-coagulated blood, 16.3 in the urine, 4.60 in the cerebrum, 4.11 in the lung, 7.84 in the liver, 0.94 in the skeletal muscle and 0.54 in the bone marrow. From these results, we concluded that the man had been under the moderate MA and A intoxication. The cause of death was diagnosed as the death of fire on the basis of autopsy findings, and the cadaver was identified as the owner of the car by the DNA typing. This case indicated the importance of drug screening tests in autopsy cases. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of MA and A should be successfully performed by GC/MS even in the case of severely burned cadaver.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A biomechanical study in cadavers of cast boots used in the early postoperative period after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of 3 common models of walking boots (Walkabout, Samson Walker and Equalizer Premium Walker) to that of a fibreglass cast in protecting an arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint in the early postoperative period, we carried out a biomechanical study in cadavers in the bioengineering laboratory at Memorial University of Newfoundland. METHODS: Two cadaver models of a first MTP joint arthrodesis were prepared by placing a strain gauge at the joint. This provided a measure of the bending moment across the fusion site. Walking was simulated by applying a force to the sole of the cadaver foot at multiple positions from heel to toe, representing the stages of gait from heel strike to toe off. RESULTS: For both cadaver specimens, the Walkabout boot had the lowest mean moment. The Walkabout and Sampson Walker boots were better than the Equalizer Premium Walker boot and the fibreglass cast (p < 0.05), but the Walkabout boot was the best (p < 0.05). Also, for both specimens, the Walkabout boot had the smallest absolute maximum moment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: On a first MTP joint arthrodesis site, removable cast boots provide the same, if not more, reduction of force as a traditional cast.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed1992

[Appropriate concentrations of antimicrobial agents in used cadaver pools].

Samples for microbiologic culture were taken from 17 cadaver and 4 cadaver pools in the Department of Anatomy of Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GMMA), Military Faculty of Medicine. Samples were inoculated on bacteriologic and mycologic media and were incubated in aerobic and 10% CO2 atmosphere conditions. From 3 of 4 pools containing different concentration of phenol and formalin, pathogenic bacteria that might be present in normal flora and saprophytic fungi were isolated. In the guidance of these results, in order to keep the cadavers for a long time and laboratory safety, use of formalin and phenol not less than 5% and 4% concentrations of the cadavers respectively and the pools should be taken into consideration.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Formaldehyde concentration in the air and in cadavers at the gross anatomy laboratory in Hiroshima University.

The formaldehyde concentration in the air and in various tissues of 35 human cadavers were measured during a gross anatomy course held at the Faculty of Medicine of Hiroshima University in the 2003 educational year. Atmospheric formaldehyde levels were 0.25-0.55 ppm and thus less than the upper limit of the guideline for formaldehyde exposure (0.5 ppm) set by the Japan Society for Occupational Health (1988) except for one out of 10 measurements. The formaldehyde concentrations in tissues were as follows: the lung, 0.12 +/- 0.09% (n=29); the liver, 0.12 +/- 0.09% (n=29); and the brachioradialis muscle, 0.11 +/- 0.09% (n=30). Considerable variation was found among the cadavers and these values were lower than those of Tsurumi University which provided the only other data (average formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.27 to 0.32%). At Hiroshima University, blood is allowed to drain during embalming, whereas it is not at Tsurumi University. Differences in the embalming procedure are thus responsible for low and fluctuating formaldehyde concentrations in cadavers at Hiroshima University, and it is conceivable that relatively low formaldehyde levels in the air result from low formaldehyde concentrations in cadavers and good room ventilation (10 room-air changes per hour). However, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare recommended lower formaldehyde exposure levels (0.08 or 0.25 ppm) in 2002. Thus, it may be necessary to further reduce formaldehyde levels in the gross anatomy laboratory by means of such measures as neutralizing formaldehyde with ammonium carbonate; using a locally ventilated dissection work-table, etc.

Air↗
PubMed2005

On the non-equivalence of documented cadaver lengths to living stature estimates based on Fully's method on bones in the Raymond A. Dart Collection.

Regression equations for stature estimation have been derived from documented cadaver lengths available as part of the demographic information in the catalogue of skeletonised remains in different collections around the world. The Raymond A. Dart Collection is one such collection, but the reliability of documented cadaver lengths in it has been previously questioned. The aim of this study was to compare these lengths with estimated living stature using Fully's anatomical method. Living stature was estimated with this method from a total of 156 complete skeletons obtained from the Collection. These heights were then compared with the documented cadaver lengths. It was observed that the documented cadaver lengths were significantly higher than the estimated living stature using Fully's method.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cadaver as a model for laparoscopic training.

BACKGROUND: Though minimally invasive techniques now are routine world over, there is need to develop facilities for training surgeons. Laparoscopy performed on anesthetized animals is an established model but is costly and is not easily available. We report on human cadaver as a training modality for surgeons participating in a laparoscopic training course. METHODS: Unembalmed cadavers were used for training surgeons to appreciate anatomy, practice laparoscopic techniques, and deploy equipment and instruments during a laparoscopic training course. Trainees carried out procedures such as cholecystectomy, appendicectomy, splenectomy, intestinal explorations, mesenteric lymph node biopsy, and varicocele-vein occlusion. We analyzed the trainees' perspective regarding cadaver as a model using the 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Thirty-two trainees from five consecutive training courses held at our institution expressed general satisfaction over cadaver as a training model, and 96.9% (31/32) rated the training model as highly satisfactory. The trainees ranked as highly satisfactory their understanding of surgical anatomy (29/32; 90.6%), understanding of laparoscopic technique (29/32; 90.6%) and use of instruments (32/32; 100%). The trainees thought such an approach improved spatial perception of anatomy and they perceived it as a valuable educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Human cadaveric laparoscopy may offer an ideal surgical environment for laparoscopy training courses, allowing dissection and performance of complicated procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of rugae in burn victims and cadavers to simulate rugae identification in cases of incineration and decomposition.

The most challenging situations in Forensic Odonto-Stomatology are mass disasters, where the forensic dentist is usually confronted with charred human remains or heavily decomposed or fragmented bodies. This article determines the extent of preservation of palatal rugae for use as an alternative identification tool in such situations, using a study group comprising burn victims and cadavers simulating forensic cases of incineration and decomposition. The thermal effects and the decomposition changes on the palatal rugae of burn victims with panfacial third degree burns and human cadavers in storage were respectively assessed and graded on a new scale. Ninety three percent of burn victims and 77% of human cadavers had Grade 0 changes (normal). When changes were noted, they were less pronounced than the generalized body involvement of burns in burn victims and the generalized body decomposition of human cadavers.

Autolysis↗
PubMed2006

The single medial approach to triple arthrodesis: a cadaver study.

BACKGROUND: Triple arthrodesis is traditionally done through a two-incision approach. In certain high-risk patients, it may be desirable to do the procedure through a single medial incision to avoid lateral wound healing problems. METHOD: A cadaver study was undertaken to determine the percentage of surface area of each hindfoot joint that could be prepared through a single medial incision. Five cadaver legs were assigned to the single-incision group, and one cadaver leg was used as the "standard" two-incision specimen. RESULTS: Through the single-incision approach, 91% of the talonavicular joint, 91% of the subtalar joint, and 90% of the calcaneocuboid joint could be prepared. These results were comparable to the two-incision cadaver specimen results. CONCLUSIONS: A single-incision medial approach for triple arthrodesis is a safe and effective technique in the management of hindfoot deformity and arthritis in certain high-risk patients.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed1985

Bone marrow from cadaver donors for transplantation.

To determine the feasibility of obtaining bone marrow cells from cadaver donors for transplantation, marrow cells were prepared from 17 cadaver donors. After surgical removal of the iliac crest, as many as 2 X 10(9) cells were isolated. Cadaver marrow had a lower percentage of T cells (mean of 10%) than did marrow from living donors. The T cells were lysed by a monoclonal antibody and human complement to a point at which no sheep red blood cell-rosetting cells were detected. Low levels of T colonies, however, grew out from the monoclonal antibody-treated cells. Although cell loss inevitably occurs from purification, antibody treatment, freezing, and thawing, sufficient numbers can be recovered for transplantation. The yield of stem cells was 84% for CFU-C, 39% for CFU-E, 81% for BFU-E, and 48% for CFU-GEMM. We suggest that T cell-depleted marrow cells from cadaver donors could be used for transplantation. Improved immunosuppressive therapy may be required, however, to prevent graft rejection of allogeneic marrow that may have minor histocompatibility differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Effect of blood transfusions on survival of cadaver and living related renal transplants.

The effect of blood transfusion was analyzed in 194 first cadaver renal transplants and 86 living related renal transplants. The association of blood transfusion with HLA genotyping and poor risk recipients was analyzed. Exclusion of poor risk recipients improved graft survival among the transfused group of patients but not in the small subgroup of nontransfused recipients. No effect of blood transfusion was observed in the living related group. Improved graft survival was observed in both the haplotype-matched and nonhaplotype-matched transfused cadaver recipients. The haplotype-transfused recipients had grafts survival rates of 69 and 66% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The greatest beneficial effect was seen in the double haplotype-transfused cadaver recipients with graft survival rates of 80 and 71% for the same period. The lack of beneficial effect of transfusion in the living related patients is felt to be a result of the fact that the maximum effect had already been achieved by a far superior donor-recipient histocompatibility than is able to be achieved in a large group of cadaver recipients.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1995

Persistent median artery: an anatomical study in neonatal and adult cadavers.

To examine the association of the median artery with the median nerve, 110 forearms from 20 neonatal and 35 adult cadavers of Turkish populations were dissected and compared with those of adult cadavers. In neonatal cadavers, the persistent median artery was found unilaterally in 5 (12.5%) forearms, in 4 of which the artery arose from the ulnar artery and in one from the common interosseous artery. In adult cadavers, however, no persistent median artery was observed. From these results, it could be suggested that this artery undergoes regression even after birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Donor lungs from ventilated cadavers: impart of a free radical scavenger.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of donors for lung transplantation may be alleviated with the use of lungs retrieved from cadavers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a free radical scavenger, dimethylthiourea, would improve the function of lungs retrieved from ventilated cadavers. METHODS: Left lung transplantation was performed in 21 dogs. Donors were sacrificed then ventilated with 100% oxygen. After 2 hours, donor lungs were flushed in a blinded fashion with 2 L of modified Euro-Collins solution, with either dimethylthiourea (n = 10) or saline solution (n = 11) added, then harvested. A donor right lung lobe was perfused with trypan blue vital dye to assess cell viability at harvest and after the transplantation. Percentage of nonviability was similar in the dimethylthiourea and control groups (13 versus 20 at retrieval and 38 versus 41 at graft reperfusion). After transplantation, the right pulmonary artery and bronchus were occluded, rendering the recipient on the pulmonary graft. The recipient's lungs were ventilated for 8 hours, with the inspired oxygen fraction maintained at 0.4. RESULTS: Seven of ten dogs in the dimethylthiourea group survived the 8-hour period, compared with 4 of 11 dogs in the control group. Compared with the control survivors (n = 4) at 8 hours after the operation, the dimethylthiourea survivors (n = 7) had a higher mean arterial oxygen pressure (144 +/- 21 versus 98+/- 12 mm Hg) and cardiac output (2.2 +/- 0.2 versus 1.6 +/- 0.2 L/min) and a lower mean pulmonary vascular resistance (946 +/- 96 versus 1414 +/- 128 dynes.sec-1.cm5, p < 0.05) and extravascular lung water (10.6 +/- 1.2 versus 12.3 +/- 3.2 ml/kg). Differences between groups during the 8-hour period were usually insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: This model imposes a rigorous challenge to the single transplanted lung, and yet cadaver lungs still supported life in half of the recipients. Dimethylthiourea may confer a benefit to recipients of cadaver lungs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Availability of livers from cadaver donors in Hungary].

The availability of cadaver livers for transplantation have been studied based on data recorded prospectively by authors. Between January 1, 1995 and August 31, 1995, 98 cadaver kidney donors were accepted in Hungary. Using well established selection criteria 52 of them could have been suitable for liver donation. Steatosis or cirrhosis of the donor livers have been considered most frequent causes of unsuitability for transplantation. Based on these data 70-75 cadaver livers could be transplanted yearly in Hungary that's enough to start a transplant program. The treatment of acute hepatic failure with transplantation seems to be uncertain because of unequal time and blood group distribution of donors. There are just few available cadaver livers for children therefore transplantation of reduced sized liver is needed.

Blood Group Incompatibility↗