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PubMed1993

A rickettsia-like organism from Ixodes uriae ticks collected on the Kerguelen Islands (French Subantarctic Territories).

A rickettsia-like microorganism was isolated in suckling mice from Ixodes uriae ticks collected from penguins breeding on Mayes Island, Kerguelen Archipelago, French Subantarctic Territories. At isolation, this agent mimicked a tick-borne arbovirus. Finally, electron microscopy studies of infected suckling mouse livers showed the presence of inclusions filled with pleomorphic microorganism in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes, sometimes dividing by binary fission and thus of obviously non-viral nature. No firm serological relationship was demonstrated with Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetti, Cowdria ruminentium, Ehrlichia canis, E. phagocytophila, E. risticii or the WSU/1044 agent. The exact taxonomic position of the "Mayes" agent remains to be clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. II. Examination of sacroiliac and knee joint biopsies of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides.

OBJECTIVE: Bacteria play a crucial pathogenetic role in reactive arthritis (ReA) and other forms of spondyloarthropathy (SpA) and in Lyme arthritis. Although there is evidence of local persistence of bacterial antigens no definitive method revealing microbes in peripheral joints has been established. We detected DNA of individual bacteria in synovial material by PCR. Applying molecular technology we screened simultaneously for 8 bacterial genomes in arthritis and sacroiliitis. METHODS: Sacroiliac (SI) biopsy specimens taken from the SI joint of 8 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS, n = 5) and undifferentiated SpA (uSpA, n = 3) by computed tomography guided biopsy were investigated for presence of bacterial DNA. Similarly, synovial membrane samples obtained by office arthroscopy from 15 patients with ReA (n = 5), uSpA (n = 3), undifferentiated oligoarthritis (uOligo, n = 3), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 4) were screened. Nested PCR was performed for DNA of the following bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Borrelia burgdorferi. RESULTS: No bacterial DNA was found in the SI biopsies of patients with uSpA and AS. DNA of B. burgdorferi (n = 2) and C. trachomatis (n = 1) was detected in 3 patients with uOligo, but not in patients with ReA or RA. DNA of other microbes including K. pneumoniae was not found. Patients' mean disease duration was 5.3 years (2 mo-8.4 yrs). CONCLUSION: We found bacterial DNA in peripheral joints of patients with uOligo, while in patients with ReA, AS, and uSpA no bacterial DNA was detected in peripheral or SI joints. The failure to detect bacterial DNA in patients with SpA suggests autoimmune mechanisms operate in later stages of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cloning and sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein genes of two Chlamydia psittaci strains.

We cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of two Chlamydia psittaci strains, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain 1, and meningopneumonitis (Mn) strain Cal-10. Intraspecies alignment of the two C. psittaci MOMP genes revealed 80.6% similarity, and interspecies comparison of C. trachomatis and C. psittaci MOMP genes yielded about 68% similarity. As found previously for C. trachomatis MOMP sequences, stretches of predominantly conserved sequences of GPIC and Mn MOMPs were interrupted by four variable domains whose locations were identical to those of C. trachomatis MOMPs. Seven of eight cysteine residues were found at precisely the same positions in GPIC, Mn, and C. trachomatis MOMPs, emphasizing their importance in structure and function of the protein. Collectively, these results indicate that C. psittaci and C. trachomatis MOMP genes diverged from a common ancestor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Replication of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in the human monocytic cell line U-937.

To elucidate whether Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infections occur to a significant extent in monocytes-macrophages, the human monocytic cell line, U-937, was infected with C. trachomatis L2 or C. pneumoniae TW-183. Chlamydial DNA and genus-specific antigens of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in epitopes of the chlamydial cell wall were detected from C. trachomatis L2-inoculated monocytes over a period of 150 days after inoculation and from the C. pneumoniae TW-183-inoculated cells during a period of 14 days. C. trachomatis-infected U-937 cells expressed significantly lower levels of CD4+, CD45RA+, CD11b+ and CD33+ cells, determined by flow cytometry, than control uninoculated cells on the seventh day after inoculation and they expressed a slightly increased level of CD4+ cells and lower levels of CD45RA+ and CD11b+ cells on the 14th day after inoculation. C. pneumoniae-infected U-937 cells expressed significantly lower levels of CD4+, CD45RA+, CD11b+ and CD33+ cells than controls on the seventh day after inoculation and an increased level of CD4+ and a lower level of CD45RA+ cells on the 14th day after inoculation. Unlike infection with C. trachomatis L2 strain, chronic persistent infection with C. pneumoniae appears not to occur in monocytes-macrophages.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed at variable domain I of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis C-complex serovars.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb), C10, that neutralized in vitro the infectivity of serovars C, I, J, and L3 (members of the C and C-related complexes) of Chlamydia trachomatis was identified. Of the 15 major serovars and the mouse pneumonitis strain of C. trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, which were used as nontreated and heat-treated (56 degrees C, 30 min) antigens in a dot blot assay, only serovars C, I, J, and L3 were recognized with both the native and treated antigens. Western blot (immunoblot) results showed that MAb C10 recognized the major outer membrane protein of these four serovars. Overlapping hexameric peptides corresponding to variable domains (VDs) I, II, III, and IV of the major outer membrane protein of C. trachomatis serovar C were synthesized, and peptide screening showed that MAb C10 mapped to the VD I amino acid sequence VAGLQNDPT. Results of an in vitro neutralization assay correlated with those of the indirect immunofluorescence assay, Western blot, and dot blot assay in that only serovars C, I, J, and L3 were neutralized by MAb C10. In vitro competitive neutralization experiments, using a peptide representing VD I of serovar C to compete with C. trachomatis serovar C for MAb C10 binding, revealed that both serological and neutralizing activities of MAb C10 were inhibited by the VD I peptide. In an in vivo toxicity/infectivity assay using serovar L3 pretreated with MAb C10, there was 100% survival of mice infected with a lethal dose at 48 h. In contrast, the control group, consisting of mice injected with the same dose of L3 pretreated with a MAb that does not recognize L3, had no survivors during a 48-h observation period. In summary, since the surface-exposed contiguous epitope recognized by MAb C10 binds neutralizing antibodies that are subspecies specific for the C and C-related complexes, it should be considered for inclusion in the development of a chlamydial vaccine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Purification and partial characterization of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Elementary bodies (EB) of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes C, E, and L2 were extrinsically radioiodinated, and whole-cell lysates of these serotypes were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Autoradiography of the polypeptide profiles identified a major surface protein with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 39,500 that was common to each C. trachomatis serotype. The abilities of nonionic (Triton X-100), dipolar ionic (Zwittergent TM-314), mild (sodium deoxycholate and sodium N-lauroyl sarcosine), and strongly anionic (SDS) detergents to extract this protein from intact EB of the L2 serotype were investigated by SDS-PAGE analysis of the soluble and insoluble fractions obtained after each detergent treatment. Only SDS readily extracted this protein from intact EB. Sarkosyl treatment selectively solubilized the majority of other EB proteins, leaving the 39,500-dalton protein associated with the Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction. Ultrastructural studies of the Sarkosyl-insoluble EB pellet showed it to consist of empty EB particles possessing an apparently intact outer membrane. No structural evidence for a peptidoglycan-like cell wall was found. Morphologically these chlamydial outer membrane complexes (COMC) resembled intact chlamydial EB outer membranes. The 39,500-dalton outer membrane protein was quantitatively extracted from COMC by treating them with 2% SDS at 60 degrees C. This protein accounted for 61% of the total COMC-associated protein, and its extraction resulted in a concomitant loss of the COMC membrane structure and morphology. The soluble extract obtained from SDS-treated COMC was adsorbed to a hydroxylapatite column and eluted with a linear sodium phosphate gradient. The 39,500-dalton protein was eluted from the column as a single peak at a phosphate concentration of approximately 0.3 M. The eluted protein was nearly homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and appeared free of contaminating carbohydrate, glycolipid, and nucleic acid. Hyperimmune mouse antiserum prepared against the 39,500-dalton protein from serotype L2 reacted with C. trachomatis serotypes Ba, E, D, K, L1, L2, and L3 by indirect immunofluorescence with EB but failed to react with serotypes A, B, C, F, G, H, I, and J, with the C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis strain, or with the C. psittaci feline pneumonitis, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, or 6BC strains. Thus, the 39,500-dalton major outer membrane protein is a serogroup antigen of C. trachomatis organisms.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of a new commercial EIA kit and the microimmunofluorescence technique for the determination of IgG and IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is often diagnosed by analyzing specific antibodies to C. pneumoniae in sera. The method which has been used as the reference method, or "gold standard", the microimmunofluorescence test (MIF), demands a high level of experience for proper interpretation. A number of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests have been introduced to the market in the past few years. These provide objective reading of titers, but are genus specific and not species specific. The latest EIA introduced, LabSystems EIA for C. pneumoniae, was investigated using several groups of clinically relevant patient sera in a comparison with MIF. It was found that the LabSystems EIA did not discriminate between antibodies to C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae when tested with sera containing high titers of C. trachomatis antibodies. The correlation between C. pneumoniae EIA and MIF IgG and IgA titers was, however, good in the patient groups not having a high background of C. trachomatis antibodies: hypertensives, n= 199 and patients with chronic C. pneumoniae infections and ischaemic heart disease, n=33. In conclusion, the LabSystems EIA is a method which can be useful for screening populations with low prevalences of C. trachomatis/C. psittaci infection for antibodies to C. pneumoniae. It cannot replace the MIF test due to the lack of discrimination between different chlamydial antibody types.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of serum antibody response to chlamydiae in patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis.

Sera from patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA) with antibodies reacting with C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae (group 1; n = 20) and also with C. psittaci (group 2; n = 19) were analyzed for antibody specificity. Sera from group 2 reacted significantly more often with C. trachomatis serotype E, H and K and had higher antibody titers to serotype E, as tested by microimmunofluorescence tests. Cross-reactivities occurring in microimmunofluorescence tests were related to the presence of antichlamydial lipopolysaccharide antibodies, adsorption of which by recombinant lipopolysaccharide removed microimmunofluorescence reactivity with C. psittaci antigen. In group 2, significantly more sera had antibodies to C. pneumoniae, remaining after lipopolysaccharide adsorption, as proved by adsorption with viable C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae organisms. None of the sera had antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, Sh. sonnei and Salmonella spp. It was observed that the frequency and titer of cross-reacting antibodies to chlamydial serotypes and species were related to the time period between the diagnosis of genital chlamydial infection and of SARA. Cross-reactivities were also related to the presence of lipopolysaccharide, but not heat shock protein 60- or neutralizing antibodies to chlamydiae. Antibody reactivity induced by antichlamydial lipopolysaccharide antibodies can be removed by lipopolysaccharide adsorption.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Poliovirus hybrids expressing neutralization epitopes from variable domains I and IV of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis elicit broadly cross-reactive C. trachomatis-neutralizing antibodies.

Trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are major health problems worldwide. Epitopes from the variable domains of the major outer membrane protein are candidates for vaccine development. We have constructed hybrid polioviruses expressing sequences from major outer membrane protein variable domains I and IV. Antisera to the hybrids could, in combination, strongly neutralize 8 of the 12 C. trachomatis serovars most commonly associated with oculogenital infections and weakly neutralize the others.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Cytokine and chemokine mRNA produced in synovial tissue chronically infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae.

OBJECTIVE: We used a highly quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay system to define the steady-state levels of mRNA encoding a large panel of soluble mediators of inflammation in synovial tissues from patients with chronic arthritis infected with Chlamydia trachomatis versus C. pneumoniae. METHODS: RNA/cDNA was prepared from synovial biopsies of 4 patients with chronic arthritis and joint infection with C. trachomatis, 6 with C. pneumoniae at that site, 3 uninfected healthy controls, and 3 patients with undifferentiated oligoarthritis (UO) who were PCR negative for all organisms assayed. Real-time RT-PCR was used to assess relative mRNA levels from 12 cytokine and 2 chemokine genes (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-15, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, RANTES). Input loading was normalized to 18S rRNA. Data were obtained for each mRNA from each sample in triplicate in comparison to the same mRNA level in the controls. RESULTS: In most C. trachomatis infected synovial tissue samples, high levels of IL-10 mRNA were present, with less mRNA for IL-8, IL-15, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Synovial tissues from chronic arthritis patients with synovial C. pneumoniae showed significant levels of mRNA solely for IL-8 and IL-1beta. All other cytokine messengers assessed in each sample from each patient group were at or near control level. One patient with C. pneumoniae showed a high transcript level for RANTES, and one patient with C. trachomatis showed a high transcript level for MCP-1. No patient with UO showed elevated messenger level for any cytokines assayed, but RANTES mRNA was elevated in each. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that while both C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae have been associated with inflammatory joint disease, each elicits a somewhat different steady-state profile of mRNA encoding relevant cytokines and chemokines during chronic infection of synovial tissue. Precisely how these differing profiles relate to clinical aspects of synovial inflammation will require further study, but the observations confirm and extend data indicating potentially important differences in the pathobiology of these 2 bacterial species.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Similarity of Chlamydia pneumoniae strains in the variable domain IV region of the major outer membrane protein gene.

DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia pneumoniae in order to examine the relatedness of strains isolated from diverse geographical regions. Primers for this reaction were chosen to span a 207-bp region comparable to that of the fourth variable segment of the MOMP gene of Chlamydia trachomatis. Among C. trachomatis, sequence heterogeneity is characteristic within variable sequence domain IV (VDIV) and correlates with serovar type. In contrast, sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products from 13 C. pneumoniae isolates indicated that all tested strains were identical in this segment of the MOMP gene. The predicted amino acid sequences from the C. pneumoniae VDIV gene products shared only 13.3 to 30% homology with published VDIV regions from serovars of C. trachomatis. Homology of these VDIV amino acid sequences with sequences from strains of C. psittaci ranged from 45.7 to 60%. The sequence conservation of the VDIV region of the MOMP gene indicates that C. pneumoniae strains may be more genetically homogeneous than C. trachomatis or Chlamydia psittaci strains. Future investigations of antigenic diversity among C. pneumoniae strains should be aimed at the evaluation of variation in other regions of the C. pneumoniae genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and the newborn.

Bacteria in the genus Chlamydia comprise three species, C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae. C. trachomatis infection is common, varying in prevalence in women from 0% to 37%. In the United States, the prevalence rate is estimated currently to be about 5%. Pregnancy may predispose to an increased chance of infection with C. trachomatis, through physiological immunosuppression and/or cervical ectopy. Maternal antibodies to C. trachomatis provide limited, if any, protection for the newborn. C. trachomatis causes pelvic inflammatory disease--which can result in tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy and postabortal or late postpartum endometritis. It may also cause chorioamnionitis and premature delivery of the fetus. The incidence of vertical transmission of chlamydiae from mother to baby varies; if the mother is untreated, 20-50% of the newborns will develop conjunctivitis and 10-20% will develop pneumonia. C. psittaci infection in pregnancy is rare, but can cause spontaneous abortion. Whether C. pneumoniae infection in pregnancy has any influence on the outcome has not been ascertained. C. trachomatis can be detected by one or more of several methods; enzyme immunoassays are the least sensitive, but the most widely used. Screening for C. trachomatis in pregnancy may be of benefit in areas of high prevalence, and is generally regarded as being cost-effective if the prevalence rate is more than 5%. Pregnant women are best treated with erythromycin, 250 mg four times daily for 7 days. This will prevent infection of the newborn in more than 90% of cases. The infected neonate should be treated with erythromycin, given systemically and also with topical tetracycline if conjunctivitis is present.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1997

Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by micro-immunofluorescence and ELISA.

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was determined in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) by prospective serial serology. Chlamydia-specific IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were detected with a recombinant DNA lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ELISA as well as with a micro-immunofluorescence (MIF) assay with C. pneumoniae elementary bodies. From 271 consecutive COPD patients who visited the outpatient clinic of the department of pulmonary diseases (211 males, 60 females, age range 34-88 years, mean age 66 SD 10 years), blood samples (n = 1058) were taken every 2-7 months; the observation period ranged from 3 to 19 months (mean 15 SD 4). The prevalence of chlamydial IgG was 72% with the MIF and 53% with the rDNA LPS ELISA. More than 90% of the COPD patients had no significant changes in their chlamydia-specific IgG, IgA and IgM titres in either test during the observation period. Seven (3%) patients had MIF results indicating acute C. pneumoniae infection during their surveillance period, of whom five were confirmed by rDNA LPS ELISA. Eleven (4%) additional patients were infected during observation, as determined by rDNA LPS ELISA only. These patients had significantly elevated C. pneumoniae-specific IgG and IgA MIF titres, as compared with the patients without infection. All 18 patients with serological evidence of acute infection during their surveillance period were re-tested in a commercial MIF test that can distinguish between C. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci LPS-specific antibodies, but no evidence of C. trachomatis or C. psittaci infection was found. The incidence of chlamydial infection was 2.2 and 5.3/100 person-years, when diagnosed by MIF and rDNA LPS ELISA, respectively. It is concluded that the rDNA LPS chlamydia assay may currently be the most sensitive serological tool for diagnosing recent respiratory chlamydia infections and that C. pneumoniae infection occurs frequently in COPD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The ultrastructure of a new species of Chlamydia--Chlamydia pneumoniae].

The dynamic study of a new Chlamydia species, C. pneumoniae (strain TWAR, isolate TW-480), inoculated into the monolayer culture of cells L-929 was made 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation. When compared with C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae were found to stand between these two species with respect to the morphology of their intracytoplasmic microcolonies (inclusions): they were round, almost bubble-like, but more densely packed with chlamydiae, surrounded by an undulate membrane, preserving its integrity until the late stages of their development cycle. In cells L-929 C. pneumoniae had a typical development cycle accompanied by the formation of vegetative and spore-like cells, reticular and elementary bodies, as well as intermediate cells, though this process was slower than in C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. Besides normal elementary bodies, many altered ones were formed in the process of the development of C. pneumoniae in cells L-929. Most of these alterations were similar to the process of bacterial L-transformation and could be regarded as the manifestation of chlamydial pathology related to the adaptation to new host cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chlamydial antibodies in patients with previous acute anterior uveitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, and C. pneumoniae heat shock protein (Cpn Hsp60) in patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and in sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects. METHODS: Altogether 64 patients with previous AAU were examined at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital from September through December 1999. Serum specimens from the patients and sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were tested for antibodies to C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis by a specific microimmunofluorescence test and for antibodies to Cpn Hsp60 by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: The prevalence of antibodies to C. pneumoniae (69% vs. 72%) and C. trachomatis (11% vs. 6%) did not differ significantly between the patients and control subjects, nor did the level of IgG antibodies to Cpn Hsp60 (median EIA unit, 65 vs. 48). The levels of IgA antibodies to Cpn Hsp60 were significantly higher in the patients with AAU than in the control subjects (median EIA unit, 18 vs. 10; two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of IgA antibodies to Cpn Hsp60 in patients with past AAU indicates that such patients may have persisting or recurrent infections due to C. pneumoniae. This finding suggests that C. pneumoniae may play a role in the pathogenesis of AAU.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Properties of monoclonal antibodies to the genus-specific antigen of Chlamydia and their use for antigen detection by reverse passive haemagglutination.

The chlamydial genus-specific antigen was extracted with phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether (PCP) from preparations of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci, and quantities measured using an assay for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS from C. trachomatis contained 2.2% (w/w) of ketodeoxyoctanoic acid. Five IgG monoclonal antibodies reacted in an ELISA with LPS from both species, the antigen being periodate-sensitive and heat-resistant, confirming that all antibodies were against the genus-specific antigen. All the antibodies bound to the PCP extract of C. trachomatis on an immunoblot, at a position corresponding to the periodate-Schiff-stained bands of both C. trachomatis extract and Salmonella Re-LPS. When linked to trypsin-treated sheep erthrocytes and used in reverse passive haemagglutination tests, all antibodies gave indicator cells capable of detecting chlamydial LPS or crude preparations of chlamydiae grown in McCoy cells, the sensitivity varying with the antibody used. The antibodies varied in IgG subclass (either IgG2a or IgG3), and in ability to precipitate in immunodiffusion tests. Two antibodies cross-reacted with one strain of Acinetobacter in ELISA and with Salmonella Re-LPS in both ELISA and immunodiffusion tests. The other three did not react in ELISA with Acinetobacter strains or Salmonella Re-LPS, and none of the five reacted with LPS of E. coli or Pseudomonas morsprunorum.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

Amino acid requirements of strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci growing in McCoy cells: relationship with clinical syndrome and host origin.

The effects of omission of individual amino acids from growth medium on the multiplication of a range of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci strains in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells have been assessed. Differences in requirements were revealed which for C. trachomatis strains correlated with clinical syndrome and for C. psittaci with host origin. All 11 strains of C. trachomatis examined showed a requirement for addition of histidine to the medium; this was not shown by any of four C. psittaci strains. Among the strains of C. trachomatis, three from cases of trachoma, representing serotypes A, B and C, showed a distinctive requirement for the addition of tryptophan to the medium, whilst six strains of oculogenital origin, representing serotypes D-I, exhibited no requirement for tryptophan or methionine; a lymphogranuloma venereum and a 'fast variant' strain both showed a requirement for methionine. Of the four C. psittaci strains from different hosts, three showed distinct patterns of amino acid requirements. All chlamydiae required the addition of valine to medium and the majority required leucine, phenylalanine and also glutamine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

[Infection with Chlamydophila pneumoniae as a cause of female infertility of tubal origin?].

OBJECTIVE: A contribution to the role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in women from the IVF program. DESIGN: A serological study proving the antibodies against the antigens of Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) and Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in women from the IVF program suffering from different factor of infertility. SETTING: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno. METHODS: The complement fixation test with chlamydial antigen and ELISA tests proving IgA and IgG antibodies against genus-specific antigen (cLPS) and species-specific chlamydial major outer membrane protein (cMOMP) of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in the blood serum of 32 females being in the fertilization program due the tubal factor infertility have been estimated and the results compared with those obtained in 26 females being in the fertilization program due the ovarian factor and in 42 female with andrological factor, respectively. RESULTS: The frequency of positive complement fixation test proved in the group of women with tubal factor infertility was significantly higher than in the groups with ovarial and andrological factor, respectively. The number of the strongly positive reactions (with high titres) in the group with tubal factor infertility was higher than in two remaining groups. The occurrence of species-specific IgG antibodies (anti-C. trachomatis) and chlamydia genus-specific IgA antibodies proved by means of ELISA in the group with tubal factor was statistically more frequent. The difference of the species-specific anti-C. pneumoniae antibodies in all three groups examined was not significant. The simultaneous occurrence of species-specific antibodies against anti-C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis in the group with tubal factor was higher than in other groups (in comparing with the group with andrological factor statistically significant). CONCLUSION: The opinion of the authors being in agreement with the view of most specialists is that the most important agent in the pathogenesis of tubal factor fertility is C. trachomatis. C. pneumoniae is above all a respiratory pathogen with a high prevalence and its impact for fertility disorders may be in the synergismus with C. trachomatis. The serological examination of both chlamydial infections should be a standard part of diagnostic algorithm.

Adolescent↗