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PubMed2005

Malonaldehyde content in some breads and its change during storage.

Malonaldehyde (MA) content in plain bread, French bread, and croissants was analyzed. MA was detected in all the analyzed samples. The MA and lipid contents in croissants were higher than those in other breads. Changes in MA content in plain bread, French bread, and croissants stored at 4 degrees C were examined after 0, 2, and 4 days of storage. The MA content in all the bread samples increased during the storage period. The highest increase of MA content was observed in French bread.

Bread↗
PubMed2004

Determination of the glycaemic index of selected foods (white bread and cereal bars) in healthy persons.

UNLABELLED: The glycaemic index (GI) is a measure of the food power to raise blood glucose (B-glucose) concentration after a meal. For healthy eating, foods with low GI are recommended. However, for many foods in the European Union the GI has not been defined yet. The aims of this prospective open-label study were: (1) to determine the GI of white bread and juicy cereal bars FIT (Usovsko, Czech Republic) by means of the glucometer Optium (Abbott/Medisense); (2) to compare the GI of tested foods determined in the morning and in the evening hours; (3) to compare the GI of tested foods in men and women and (4) to assess the variability of the GI. METHODS: To determine the GI, measured portions of food containing 50 g of carbohydrates were eaten by 11 healthy volunteers. B-glucose curves were constructed from B-glucose values at time 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 60, 120 min after the meal. The GI was calculated by dividing the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for the tested food by that for the standard food (IAUCS). In each volunteer each food was tested 5 times so that 5 GI's was obtained and the average was calculated. The GI for each tested food was calculated as the mean from the respective average GI's of the 11 volunteers. MS Excel and the statistical program SPSS v. 10.1 were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: (1) The mean values of the GI for white bread was 70.3 % and for juicy cereal bars was 101.0 %, as determined in a total of 139 tests in the whole group of 11 volunteers. There was a difference when comparing white bread vs. glucose (p = 0.012) and white bread vs. cereal bars (p = 0.026) but no difference between glucose and cereal bars. (2) There was no significant difference between the GI determined in the morning and in the evening hours either for the total of 139 tests or for the individual tested foods. (3) No significant difference could be seen between the GI in men and women when comparing glucose, cereal bars and white bread. (4) There was a wide variability of GI in all tested foods: the standard deviation of GI for white bread was 30.7 %, for juicy cereal bars 38.0 %. CONCLUSIONS: The GI's for white bread and juicy cereal bars were determined. There was no difference either between the GI values determined in the morning vs. the evening hours or between the values in men vs. women. The results show wide variability. An accurate standard method for the determination of GI needs to be defined, carefully used and re-evaluated to enable a comparison of the results with various methods of other working groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficacy of enriching wheat bread with lysine and its effect on gastric secretory activity].

A high biological effectiveness of bread enriched with microbiologically synthesized lysine has been proved in experiments on rats which were fed with this bread. Optimum lysine concentration for bread enrichment has been determined. The biological value of bread proteins with respect to all growth parameters increased proportionally, within the range of lysine concentration from 0.2 to 0.7%. Further concentration increase induced amino acid imbalance. Certain characteristics of the effect of lysine-enriched bread on the digestive organs were revealed in experiments on dogs. Intensified secretion of gastric juice, pepsin and hydrochloric acid was recorded under the effect of lysine-enriched bread. The data obtained have evidenced the possibility and effectiveness of bread enrichment with lysine.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Sensory evaluation of bread with potato flour].

A sensory evaluation test was conducted in breads containing 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% potato flour. The samples were sliced into equally sized pieces and served as coded randomized duplicates. All-wheat bread was used as a standard. The comparative preferences were rated on a 7-point hedonic scale (7 = very good, 1 = very bad) for appearance, flavor, texture and overall quality. The scores were statistically analyzed by the analysis of variance and the Chi square test. No significant differences were found in regard to flavor between the standard bread and bread containing from 2-10% potato flour. In the test of organoleptic quality, the bread containing 8% potato flour was rated as "good", as compared to "very good" for the all-wheat bread. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The values obtained in this study show that the incorporation of 6-8% potato flour in bread is perfectly feasible. This was obtained from a local food industry that in manufacturing the flour, used the Spartan variety potato produced in the southern region of Chile.

Bread↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In vitro susceptibility of the proteins of wheat-protein and bran-protein bread to attack by gastric and pancreatic proteolytic enzymes].

The hydrolysis of proteins contained in the dietetic protein-rich bread with crystalline pepsin, trypsin and chemotrypsin was studied for the first time by using an apparatus devised by A. A. Pokrovsky and I. D. Ertanov and by following procedures as proposed by them (1968). By the end of every hour of the experiment 4.31 and 4.04, 7.88 and 4.90, 9.20 and 6.00, 12.96 and 11.72,19.00 and 12.55, 21.14 and 14.00 per cent of the initial quantity of the proteins contained in these two types of bread were hydrolysed respectively. The susceptibility to the action of enzymes on the part of the study products proved much lower than the theoretical proteinic values of the wheat, rye bread (M. S. Marshak, 1971) and below the results obtained by the analogous tests with the proteolysis of the ordinary bread proteins. Inasmuch as the protein-rich bread is baked according to the 1936 formulation an inference is drawn on the expediency of enriching such bread with dairy protein, rye gluten and belip, which will rresult in a more acceptable ratio of tryptophan/lysine and should, apparently, contribute to a greater intensity of the proteins hydrolysis in case of such a bread when it reaches the stomach and the proximal segment of the small intestine.

Bread↗
PubMed1977

[Why is bread consumption decreasing?].

In France bread plays a very special and ambivalent role among our foodstuffs because of the considerable drop in its consumption, its alleged harmful effects on our health and the respect in which it is traditionally held. More than half the 1 089 adults interviewed in this study say they have decreased their consumption of bread in the last 10 years. The reasons given vary according to age, body weight and urbanization level. The main reasons given for this restriction are the desire to prevent or reduce obesity, the decrease in physical activity, the general reduction in food consumption and the possibility of diversifying foods even further. Moreover, the decreasing appeal of bread in relation to other foods, as well as a modification in the structure of meals, in which bread becomes less useful to accompany other food, accentuate this loss of attraction. However, the respect for bread as part of the staple diet remains very acute as 95 p. 100 of those interviewed express a reluctance to throw bread away, more for cultural than economic reasons. Mechanization and urbanization having brought about a decrease in energy needs, the most common alimentary adaptation is general caloric restriction by which glucids, and especially bread, are curtailed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG (LGG) on intestinal transit time and bowel function, and to test whether they have an interaction in cases of self-reported constipation. DESIGN: The study was carried out as a two-by-two factorial design. SETTING: Free-living subjects. SUBJECTS: A total of 59 healthy women with self-reported constipation, recruited by advertisement. INTERVENTIONS: After a baseline period, the subjects were randomized into four diet groups: (1) rye bread+LGG yoghurt, (2) rye bread, (3) LGG yoghurt, and (4) control. The 3-week dietary intervention was followed by a 3-week follow-up period. During each period, total intestinal transit time was measured and the subjects recorded faecal frequency and consistency, difficulty in defecation and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: The rye bread shortened total intestinal transit time (mean difference, -0.7; CI(95), -1.1 to -0.2; P=0.007), increased faecal frequency (0.3; CI(95), 0.1 to 0.5; P=0.001), softened faeces (-0.3; CI(95), -0.4 to -0.2; P<0.001) and made defecation easier (-0.4; CI(95), -0.5 to -0.2; P<0.001), but also increased gastrointestinal symptoms (1.6; CI(95), 0.7 to 2.4; P<0.001) compared to the low-fibre toast consumed in the LGG and control groups. There were fewer symptoms in the rye bread+LGG group compared to the rye bread group (-1.3; CI(95), -2.4 to -0.2; P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Fibre-rich rye bread can be recommended in the treatment of constipation, and the simultaneous consumption of LGG yoghurt relieves the adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with increased intake of fibre. SPONSORSHIP: Valio Ltd, R&D, and Fazer Bakeries Ltd.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2000

Enrichment of Egyptian 'Balady' bread. Part 1. Baking studies, physical and sensory evaluation of enrichment with decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (Vicia faba L.).

Physical, rheological and baking properties of decorticated cracked broadbeans-wheat composite flours were studied and the acceptability of the Egyptian 'Balady' bread was evaluated by sensory tests. Decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (DCBF) was used to replace 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the wheat flour (WF) in bread. Farinographic studies showed that water absorption, arrival time and dough development time increased as the amount of DCBF increased, while dough stability time increased at 5% and 10% of DCBF substitution and decreased at 15% and 20% substitution. Also, the extensographic energy of the dough decreased as DCBF substitution increased, while the ratio between resistence and extensibility increased. There was a decrease in peak viscosity with increased amounts of DCBF. A reduction of the diameter and weight of bread loaf was observed as the amount of DCBF increased. The sensory properties of 'Balady' bread showed that at the two levels of 5% and 10% DCBF-substitution, the 'Balady' loaves did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the replacement of bread flour (WF) with up to 10% decorticated cracked broadbeans flour produced acceptable Egyptian 'Balady' bread.

Bread↗
PubMed1983

Aroma retention in modern bread production.

In highly industrialized countries bread consumption rate decreases in favour of flavour-intensive foods like meat, sweets, cocoa products or alcoholic beverages. This trend which is unfavourable from the nutritional point of view may be forced by flavour losses in modern bread technology itself. Sensory profile studies indicate 4 points which may change the traditional bread flavour, i.e. reduction of flour extraction rate, changes within bread formula, shortening of the dough procedures or of baking time. Possible ways for improving bread flavour in modern technology are discussed. The use of precursor systems as well as of biotechnical procedures deliver chances for future bread production with improved flavour quality.

Bread↗
PubMed1993

High fibre bread containing brewer's spent grains and its effect on lipid metabolism in rats.

Bread samples containing milled brewer's spent grain (BSG) at levels of 10-25% were prepared. The protein content of the bread was found to be 15.4, 16.3 and 18.8%, when BSG was added at levels of 10, 20 and 25%, respectively. Fibre content however was 4.9, 6.4 and 7.5%, respectively. Amino acid pattern of the bread samples revealed that most of the essential amino acids were found in considerable amounts compared to the FAO provisional pattern with exception to lysine, threonine and tryptophan which showed deficiencies. The bread samples were fed to rats for 28 days, after which total lipids and cholesterol were measured. The results indicated impaired growth weight (7.1-10.0%) compared with the control. Total lipids as well as total cholesterol were also reduced by 5.7-8.0% and 6.0-8.3%, respectively. Sensory evaluations of prepared bread showed high score acceptance for fino bread, rolls and baton salie amounted to 70.0, 63.0 and 62.7%, respectively.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Technological and chemical characters of bread prepared from irradiated wheat flour.

The present work is a part of research programme aimed to use gamma irradiation to decrease the growth of fungi and the concentration of mycotoxines which present naturally in collected samples of wheat flour from Egyptian markets (first part). To follow the technological, rheological and chemical characters of bread "Balady" common type in Egypt, same samples of wheat flour were irradiated with 2, 4 and 8 kGy for these purposes. The Egyptian bread type (Balady) had been prepared from irradiated and non-irraidated samples. The chemical analysis proved a significant induction in reducing sugars (RS) which increased gradually with increasing doses as 16.75%, 30.30%, 43.24% after using 2, 4 and 8 kGy respectively. Same trend was observed with total sugars (TS), less changes were observed in non-reducing sugars (NRS) and starch content. Results obtained showed that an actual reduction in dough development time, stability, weaking of dough and height of bread especially for irradiated samples at 4 and 8 kGy but 2 kGy was less effective. The reduction of Alkaline Water Retention Capacity (AWRC) was clear at high doses whereas 2.0 kGy improved the freshness of aged "balady" bread. Concerning, the evaluation of organoleptic characters of bread as judged by the panelists, all the samples were accepted either irradiated or not. But, the lowest values of acceptance resulted from irradiated samples with 4 and 8 kGy. Therefore, using 2 kGy can be recommended for keeping quality of wheat flour to avoid the infestation or pathogenic infection. Whereas high doses (4-8 kGy) can be use for eliminating the mycotoxins with some changes of quality which can be overcome by using some additional matters to get more acceptable bread and less changes in technological characters.

Bread↗
PubMed1997

Effect of gamma-irradiation on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat, flour and bread.

A survey was carried out to obtain data on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxin in wheat and flour samples collected from local markets in Egypt and to study the influence of gamma-irradiation on controlling the occurrence of these mycotoxins in wheat, flour and bread. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected in five samples of wheat at levels ranging from 103 to 287 micrograms/kg and one sample each of flour and bread at concentrations 188 and 179 micrograms/kg. Zearalenone (ZEN) was detected in ten samples of wheat at levels from 28 to 42 micrograms/kg and four samples each of flour and bread at concentrations of 95 and 34 micrograms/kg, respectively. T-2 toxin was detected only in one sample each of wheat, flour and bread at concentrations of 2.9, 2.2 and 2.3 micrograms/kg, respectively. Gamma-irradiation at dose level of 6 kGy completely eliminated fungal flora in flour and wheat. DON, ZEN and T-2 toxin concentrations are reduced to 85, 20 and 2.0 micrograms/kg for wheat and to 125, 45 and 1.0 micrograms/kg for flour after 4 kGy exposure and a sharp drop in Fusarium toxin levels occurred at 6 kGy and as eliminated at 8 kGy. Bread prepared from 6 kGy was contaminated with Fusarium toxin at levels below 5 microgram/kg. It was noticed that gamma-irradiation reduce greatly the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in bread.

Bread↗
PubMed2005

Bread crust melanoidins as potential prebiotic ingredients.

Melanoidins are the final products of the Maillard reaction. They are a heterogeneous mixture of compounds characterized by brown color and high molecular weight. The physiological properties of melanoidins have been widely investigated and there is a general consensus on their poor digestibility and bioavailability. In vitro studies on food melanoidins are in many cases limited by their poor water solubility. This problem was recently overcome for bread melanoidins using an enzymatic digestion procedure. Bread melanoidins are constituted by low-molecular-weight, colored compounds linked to the gluten polymer. In this work, melanoidins from different bread types were investigated for their potential prebiotic activity by a static batch culture. Results showed that anaerobic bacteria, particularly Bifidobacteria strains, are able to use bread melanoidins as carbon source. The bacterial growth is different for the various types of melanoidins samples indicating that starting materials and processing conditions have a strong influence on the prebiotic potential of bread melanoidins. In all cases the bacterial growth obtained using bread melanoidins is lower than that previously observed using melanoidins from other sources, such as coffee silverskin.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1991

Improvement in the nutritional quality of bread.

To assess whether the dipeptide N-epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine (glutamyl-lysine) can serve as a nutritional source of lysine, we compared the growth of mice fed (a) an amino acid diet in which lysine was replaced by six dietary levels of glutamyl-lysine; (b) wheat gluten diets fortified with lysine; (c) a wheat bread-based diet (10% protein) supplemented before feeding with lysine or glutamyl-lysine (0, 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, and 3% lysine HCl-equivalent in the final diet), not co-baked and (d) bread diets co-baked with these levels of lysine or glutamyl-lysine. With the amino acid diet, the relative growth response to glutamyl-lysine was about half that of lysine. The effect of added lysine on the nutritional improvement of wheat gluten depended on both lysine and gluten concentrations in the diet. With 10 and 15% gluten, 0.37% lysine HCl produced a marked increase in weight gain. Further increase in lysine HCl to 0.75% proved detrimental to weight gain. Lysine HCl addition improved growth at 20 and 25% gluten in the diet and did not prove detrimental at 0.75%. For whole bread, glutamyl-lysine served nearly as well as lysine to improve weight gain. The nutritive value of bread crust fortified or not was markedly less than that of crumb or whole bread. Other data showed that lysine or glutamyl-lysine at the highest level of fortification, 0.3%, improved the protein quality (PER) of crumb over that of either crust or whole bread, indicating a possible greater availability of the second-limiting amino acid, threonine, in crumb. These data and additional metabolic studies with U-14-C glutamyl-lysine suggest that glutamyl-lysine, co-baked or not, is digested in the kidneys and utilized in vivo as a source of lysine; it and related peptides merit further study as a sources of lysine in low-lysine foods.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Selected nutritional, physical and sensory characteristics of pan and flat breads prepared from composite flours containing fababean.

Composite flour blends containing wheat (W), fababean (F), cottonseed and sesame flours were formulated to provide the FAO/WHO/UNU protein requirements for the 2-5 year old child, and evaluated in pan and flat bread applications. Water absorption of composite flour doughs was up to 35% greater than the control but gluten strength and slurry viscosities were markedly reduced. Loaf volume and specific volume of pan breads prepared from composite flours were 25-60% less than that of the control bread but flat breads tolerated the protein supplements extremely well. The W/F flat bread, containing 27% of fababean flour, received acceptable taste, texture and colour scores and was only slightly inferior to the control in puffing and layer separation. Additions of cottonseed or sesame flours to the W/F blend failed to improve sensory properties of the flat breads.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. VI. Formation of sterigmatocystin in bread by Aspergillus versicolor.

Sterigmatocystin was formed on different kinds of bread (whole wheat bread, whole rye bread, whole rye bread with shredded wheat, whole wheat bread with wheat germs and whole wheat bread with linseed) by two strains of Aspergillus versicolor. The highest yields were in the range of 0.1-0,4 mug/g. The growth of the moulds and the toxin production were influenced by the total acid content ("Säuregrad"; must be less than approximately 9) and by the temperature (optimal growth temperature: 20-30 degrees C, optimal temperature for toxin synthesis: 20 degrees C). After 10 days of incubation most of the toxin was already formed.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2004

A decrease in iron status in young healthy women after long-term daily consumption of the recommended intake of fibre-rich wheat bread.

BACKGROUND: Fibrerich bread and cereals are included in the recommendations of a healthy diet. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of long-term consumption of the recommended intake of fibre-rich wheat bread on the iron status of young healthy women with adequate iron stores. DESIGN: Four-months intervention study including healthy female subjects assigned into two groups provided daily with 300 g of fibre-rich wheat bread, prepared with or without phytase as a supplement to their habitual diet. SUBJECTS: Forty-one women aged 24.8 +/- 3.8 years (mean +/- SD) and an average BMI of 22.0 +/- 2.9 kg/m2 participated. Baseline values for serum ferritin were 45 microg/L, 22-83 (geometric mean, range) and for haemoglobin 132 g/L, 119-148 (arithmetic mean, range), respectively. RESULTS: Distribution of energy intake from protein, fat and carbohydrate, and daily intake of dietary fibre and iron were similar in the two groups and within the recommended levels. There was no effect of the phytase added to the wheat bread on the iron status of the subjects, but an effect of the intervention period. Serum ferritin and haemoglobin levels were significantly reduced by 12 +/- 1.1 microg/L (27%) (P < 0.001) and 2 +/- 0.8 g/l (1.5%) (mean +/- SE) (P < 0.05) respectively, after four months of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The present long-term study indicates that consumption of the recommended daily intake of fibre-rich wheat bread results in an impairment of iron status in women with initially sufficient iron stores. Reduction of the phytic acid concentration in the bread was not sufficient to maintain iron status.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impact of sourdough on the texture of bread.

Sourdough has been used since ancient times and its ability to improve the quality and increase the shelf-life of bread has been widely described. During sourdough fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce a number of metabolites which have been shown to have a positive effect on the texture and staling of bread, e.g. organic acids, exopolysaccharides (EPS) and/or enzymes. EPS produced by LAB have the potential to replace more expensive hydrocolloids used as bread improvers. Organic acids affect the protein and starch fractions of flour. Additionally, the drop in pH associated with acid production causes an increase in the proteases and amylases activity of the flour, thus leading to a reduction in staling. While improving the textural qualities of bread, sourdough fermentation also results in increased mineral bioavailability and reduced phytate content. In this review we will be discussing the effect of sourdough on wheat and rye bread as well as the potential of sourdough to improve the quality of gluten-free bread.

Bread↗