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PubMed1998

Effect of repeated stress on body weight and body composition of rats fed low- and high-fat diets.

Exposure to the moderate stressor of 3-h restraint for 3 consecutive days causes a temporary drop in food intake but a permanent reduction in body weight in adult rats. Young rats did not show the same response. Food intake of adult rats exposed to repeated restraint was significantly lower than that of controls for 4 days after the end of stress, and there was no rebound hyperphagia. Body weight remained significantly lower for at least 40 days after stress. When the rats were fed a high-fat diet of 80% chow and 20% vegetable shortening (48% kcal fat, 16% protein), lean body mass accounted for all of the weight loss in stressed rats. When the experiment was repeated with a purified high-fat diet containing corn oil and coconut oil as the source of fat (41% kcal fat, 16% protein), weight loss consisted of both lean and fat tissue. There were no sustained changes in single time point measures of corticosterone, insulin, or leptin that could account for the reduced body weight in these rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Regression analysis of relationship between liver weight and body weight after partial hepatectomy in rats.

A method for evaluation of the initial weight of the liver is developed for calculating the regeneration coefficient after partial hepatectomy on the basis of linear regression analysis. Experiments on rats showed that the model reflecting the relationship between liver weight and body weight for calculation of regeneration coefficient after partial resection of the liver expressed by the equation P0=0.033 x M can be used for screening of potential hepatoprotectors for quantitative evaluation of the regeneration processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Muscular development and lean body weight in body builders and weight lifters.

The extent of extreme muscular development in 39 males identified as body builders (N = 18), power weight lifters (N = 13), and Olympic weight lifters (N = 8) were studied. Body composition and anthropometric data, including calculations of pre-excess muscle body weight (scale weight minus excess muscle) were obtained. The lean body weight and percent fats of the subjects were: body builders = 74.6 kg, 9.3%; power weight lifters = 73.3 kg, 9.1%; and Olympic weight lifters = 68.2 kg, 10.8%. No group differences were present in frame size, percent fat, lean body weight, skinfolds, and diameter measurements. The only group differences were for the shoulders, chest, biceps relaxed and flexed, and forearm girths. In each case the body builders were larger. Calculations of excess muscle by the Behnke method revealed that the body builders had 15.6 kg excess muscle, power weight lifters 14.8 kg, and Olympic weight lifters 13.1 kg. Somatographic comparisons revealed only slight differences between the groups, while differences with reference man were substantial.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative trait Loci for glomerulosclerosis, kidney weight and body weight in the focal glomerulosclerosis mouse model.

In 183 male progeny derived from a backcross between the FGS/Kist strain, a new mouse model for focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) in humans, and the standard normal strain, C57BL/6J, we performed a genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) based on histological observation as well as kidney and body weights. Two QTLs for GSI (Gsi1-2) located on chromosomes (Chrs) 8 and 10, a kidney weight QTL (Kdw1) on Chr 19, and a body weight QTL (Bdw1) on Chr 13 were detected at the genome-wide 5% or less level. The allele derived from FGS/Kist increased GSI at Gsi1, but decreased it at Gsi2. The mice homozygous for the FGS/Kist allele decreased body and kidney weights. The identified QTLs accounted for 5-8% of the phenotypic variance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in body weight and body protein with intravenous nutrition.

Body weight, protein, fat and water were measured before and after intravenous nutrition in 20 surgical patients. The group included both young and old patients who were suffering from a wide variety of catabolic illnesses and the period of intravenous feeding ranged from 11 to 40 days. Eight of the patients were able to take small amounts of food orally. During the period of intravenous nutrition ten patients gained significant weight although only two of these gained significant protein. Most of the weight gain was due to an increase of water. There was also a gain of water in the patients who lost weight; this water gain occurred in small daily increments over the course of treatment. It is concluded that weight gain can occur without protein gain in patients who are being fed intravenously and that body weight is not a reliable guide to changes in body protein or fat in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Peripuberal development of genetic obesity in beta rats. Daily changes in food intake, body weight, deep body temperature, triglyceridemia and glycemia].

The moderate quality of beta obesity and its relatively slow evolution make it potentially useful for defining the sequence of events that lead to the overt syndrome. Estimates of food intake, live body weight, deep body temperature, triglyceridemia and glycemia were obtained at several times during the day in beta genetically obese and alpha (alpha) control male rats at peripuberal age, in order to characterize the dynamic phase of this obesity and to attempt the definition of some previous proceedings that eventually produce the full obesity syndrome. Beta higher food intake in the light cycle preceded its whole day hyperphagia. Both genotypes showed the normal pattern of predominantly nocturnal feeding. A lower light phase's weight loss in beta preceded the overweight. Thus, beta rats were not significantly heavier than alpha until the end of the last period studied, when they were 75 days old. A defect in adaptive thermogenesis in beta genotype is suggested, as values on deep body temperature in relation to alpha were significantly lower at all times of day tested. Correlation coefficient value between daily net weight gain versus deep body temperature was: r = -0.601 (p less than 0.01), suggesting a diminished lipolytic stimulation in beta brown adipose tissue. A sustained hypertriglyceridemia in beta at every time of the day studied suggested its endogenous source. Differences in glycemia values were not statistically significant between genotypes, though apparently wider variations in beta could reflect a certain glycemic regulation lability in the obese genotype.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Height, age at menarche, body weight and body mass index in life-long vegetarians.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether life-long adherence to a vegetarian diet is associated with adult height, age at menarche, adult body weight and body mass index (BMI), used as indicators of growth, development and obesity, in a large sample of adults. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric data and information on age, ethnicity, education, age at menarche and age at becoming a vegetarian were obtained through a questionnaire. Self-reported height and weight were calibrated using predictive equations derived from a previous validation study. SETTING: United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: The study includes 45 962 British men and women aged > or = 20 years of whom 16,083 were vegetarians (not eating fish or meat). RESULTS: In men and women, there were no significant differences in height, weight or BMI between life-long vegetarians (n = 125 (men) and n = 265 (women)) and people who became vegetarian at age > or = 20 years (n = 3122 (men) and n = 8137 (women)). Nor was there a significant difference in age at menarche between life-long vegetarian women and women who became vegetarian at age > or = 20 years. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that, compared with people who become vegetarian when adult, life-long vegetarians do not differ in adult height, weight, BMI or age at menarche in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The effect of liver denervation on meal patterns, body weight and body composition of rats.

Neural liver glucoreceptors have been proposed as a primary controller of food intake (FI). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham operated or liver denervated (LD). LD rats had all tissue cut between the liver and the esophagus, stomach and upper 1 cm of the duodenum. The hepatic artery and surrounding tissue were also removed. Finally the hepatic portal vein and the bile duct were stripped clean and the former phenol treated. Three days after surgery animals were placed in modules for continuous computer monitoring of feeding behavior. At no time after surgery did the daily food intake or body weight of the groups differ significantly. Meal size and frequency (light-dark distribution) were determined for 6 days and averaged. Neither parameter was altered by LD. During the next 6 months food intake and body weights of the groups did not differ significantly. At sacrifice, body composition was directly determined with no significant differences observed between LD and sham operated rats. LD were confirmed histologically. Monoamine histofluorescence of the livers of rats subjected to liver denervation revealed an absence of the normal fluorescence seen on small blood vessels in liver parenchyma of sham operated rats. The data do not support the concept that liver glucoreceptors are a major controller of FI.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Circulating peptide YY concentrations are higher in preterm than full-term infants and correlate negatively with body weight and positively with serum ghrelin concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin are gastrointestinal tract-derived hormones that play roles in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Negative energy balance often occurs in hospitalized preterm infants. METHODS: To measure serum concentrations of PYY in preterm and full-term infants and to investigate their correlations with anthropometric characteristics, food intake, and serum ghrelin concentrations, we measured serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations by RIA in 62 healthy preterm infants [mean (SD) gestational age, 32.0 (2.1) weeks; postnatal age, 40.9 (14.8) days] and 15 healthy full-term infants of comparable postnatal age. All of the infants were formula-fed every 3 h. RESULTS: PYY concentrations were significantly higher in preterm [1126.2 (215.4) ng/L] than in full-term infants [825.3 (234.4) ng/L; P < 0.001]. In the entire study population, serum PYY concentrations correlated negatively with gestational age and anthropometric measurements (birth weight, body weight, body length, body mass index, and head circumference) and positively with serum ghrelin concentrations, whereas there was no significant correlation between PYY concentration and caloric intake or weight gain. Multiple regression analysis, after correction for prematurity, revealed that serum PYY concentrations correlated independently with serum ghrelin concentrations and infant body weight or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating concentrations of PYY may increase in preterm infants to compensate for the negative body-weight balance. The physiologic mechanisms behind the correlation between PYY and ghrelin remain to be elucidated.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1990

Ineffectiveness of parenteral fluoxetine or RU-486 to alter long-term food intake, body weight or body composition of genetically obese mice.

The effects of 3 weeks of daily subcutaneous injections of a serotonin agonist (fluoxetine, 20 mg/kg) or agent having antiglucocorticoid properties (RU-486, 20 mg/kg) on food intake and body growth were examined in C57BL/6 ob/ob and lean mice. Fluoxetine injections during ad libitum feeding led to depressed food intake and body weight in both obese and lean mice over the initial 10 days of treatment with full recovery of both intake and weight by the end of the study. Fluoxetine treatment of mice restricted to 3.2 g of laboratory diet per day caused small but persistent depressions of body weight in both phenotypes. RU-486 did not affect food intake weight or weight gain in either phenotype or feeding condition and neither drug affected carcass composition. Insulin levels were also unaffected by treatment but final corticosterone concentrations were consistently higher in fluoxetine-treated mice and lower in RU-486-treated mice. Although transient benefits on feeding and weight gain were observed with fluoxetine administration, the present results show that neither fluoxetine nor RU-486 administered parenterally provides significant long-term improvement in the metabolic, growth or behavioral disturbances that characterize ob/ob mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Discordant utility of ideal body weight and body mass index as predictors of mortality in lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: An upper limit of 130% predicted ideal body weight (PIBW) has been promulgated for assessing lung transplant (LTx) candidacy, but no data in the lung transplant population support this value. A prior study used body mass index (BMI) to suggest greater mortality risk in obese allograft recipients, but the number of studied patients was small. METHODS: Pre-operative PIBW percentage and BMI were obtained for all first-time, adult LTx recipients at our institution (n = 283). We compared survival data at 90 days and as of July 31, 2002, using multivariable regression and Cox modeling. RESULTS: There were 46 obese (BMI > or = 30) patients and 72 patients >130% PIBW, including 43 patients previously thought to fall within a normal PIBW range who were reclassified as overweight for this analysis. Cox modeling revealed no significant impact of PIBW (>130% or continuous) or BMI (>30 kg/m(2) or continuous) on overall survival. Predicted ideal body weight also had no influence on 90-day mortality. When we tested PIBW in the group previously deemed of acceptable weight, we likewise found no association with mortality at 90 days or overall. For BMI only, 90-day odds ratios for death were significantly greater for obese (BMI > or = 30; odds ratio, 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-9.48) patients than for normal-weight patients. CONCLUSION: Indices of pre-operative obesity did not predict long-term outcome in this large cohort of LTx recipients. The data suggest that BMI stratification may identify a group of patients at risk for increased short-term mortality, whereas PIBW is not a significant outcome predictor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal changes in body weight and body composition among women previously treated for breast cancer consuming a high-vegetable, fruit and fiber, low-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: Excess adiposity has been shown to be associated with increased risk for breast cancer recurrence, and a plant-based eating pattern has been hypothesized to be protective. Whether a plant-based diet without specific energy goals will result in weight loss or changes in body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer has not been fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was conducted to identify changes in body weight, anthropometric measures, and body composition over a four year period in a sub-sample of breast cancer survivors participating in a dietary intervention targeting increased intake of vegetables, fruit and fiber and decreased dietary fat intake. METHODS: This randomized, controlled dietary intervention study compared longitudinal changes in intakes, body weight, waist:hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and body composition by treatment group among fifty-two women previously treated for Stage I, II, or IIIA breast cancer from the Arizona site of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. The dietary intervention aimed for eight servings of fruit and vegetables, 30 g fiber, < or = 20% total energy from fat per day, as well as daily intake of vegetable juice. The comparison group was advised to follow general dietary guidelines for cancer prevention. RESULTS: The dietary intervention resulted in a significant and sustained increase in fiber, fruit, vegetable, and vegetable juice consumption (p < 0.05) among intervention group subjects as compared to comparison group subjects. The first 6 months resulted in a reduction in body weight and body fat among the intervention group subjects while the comparison group subjects remained stable. Subsequent measurements, at 12, 24 or 36, and 48 months, showed no significant differences in mean body weight, BMI, WHR, or body composition by study group. Also, no significant changes in these measures were demonstrated for either study group between baseline and 48 months. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intervention efforts resulted in significant changes in diet toward an increase in plant foods and a decrease in dietary fat. Changes in weight, WHR, BMI, and body composition were not different over time or by study group assignment. Interventions that promote a plant-based diet without specific energy restriction do not appear to promote changes in body weight or body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. To adequately examine the role of energy restriction in reducing obesity-associated breast cancer recurrence, future interventions should include prescribed energy imbalance either through reduced intake and/or increased expenditure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Holstein-Friesian strain and feed effects on milk production, body weight, and body condition score profiles in grazing dairy cows.

Data from 113 lactations across 76 cows between the years 2002 to 2004 were used to determine the effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian (HF) dairy cow and concentrate supplementation on milk production, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS; 1 to 5 scale) lactation profiles. New Zealand (NZ) and North American (NA) HF cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 levels of concentrate supplementation [0, 3, or 6 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per d] on a basal pasture diet. The Wilmink exponential model was fitted within lactation (Y(DIM) = a + b e(-0.05 x DIM) + c x DIM). The median variation explained by the function for milk yield was 86%, between 62 and 69% for milk composition, and 80 and 70% for BW and BCS, respectively. North American cows and cows supplemented with concentrates had greater peak and 270-d milk yield. Concentrate supplementation tended to accelerate the rate of incline to peak milk yield, but persistency of lactation was not affected by either strain of HF or concentrate supplementation. No significant strain by diet interaction was found for parameters reported. New Zealand cows reached nadir BCS 14 d earlier and lost less BW (22 kg) postcalving than NA cows. Concentrate supplementation reduced the postpartum interval to nadir BW and BCS, and incrementally increased nadir BCS. New Zealand cows gained significantly more BCS (i.e., 0.9 x 10(-3) units/d more) postnadir than NA cows, and the rate of BCS replenishment increased linearly with concentrate supplementation from 0.5 x 10(-3) at 0 kg of DM/d to 0.8 x 10(-3) and 1.6 x 10(-3) units/d at 3 and 6 kg of DM/d concentrates, respectively. Although there was no significant strain by diet interaction for parameters reported, there was a tendency for a strain by diet interaction in 270-d BCS, suggesting that the effect of concentrate supplementation on BCS gain was, at least partly, strain dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Q223R polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene is significantly associated with obesity and predicts a small percentage of body weight and body composition variability.

Genetic variation at the leptin receptor gene locus may play an important role in the pathophysiology of human obesity, a leptin-resistant state. Previous studies exploring potential associations between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and obesity have reported conflicting results. The aim of this study was to evaluate a genetically homogeneous population for associations between body composition variables and three common leptin receptor gene polymorphisms (K109R, Q223R, and K656N) that have potential functional significance as well as to assess the contributions of these polymorphisms to the variability of obesity. One hundred and eighteen consecutively enrolled subjects (62 women: mean age, 17.5 +/- 1.6 yr; body mass index range, 16.2-30.1; 56 men: mean age, 17.8 +/- 1.8 yr; body mass index range, 15.4-35.9) were genotyped for the three polymorphisms, and their body mass index, sum of 4 skinfolds, fat-free mass, percent fat mass, serum leptin levels, caloric intake, fat intake, and exercise patterns were determined. Allele frequencies were estimated by the gene-counting method, and genotype distributions between 89 normal weight (body mass index, < or =25 kg/m(2)) and 29 overweight-obese (body mass index, >25 kg/m(2)) subjects were compared using chi(2) test (using codominant, dominant, and recessive models). Analysis of covariance was also performed to evaluate associations between the polymorphisms and body composition variables after controlling for potential confounders. For the Q223R polymorphism, there was a higher prevalence of the R223 allele in the homozygous form among overweight-obese subjects vs. normal weight subjects (20.7% vs. 4.5%; P = 0.01). Furthermore, simple and multiple regression analyses revealed that the R223 allele in the homozygous form is a significant predictor of both body mass index (P = 0.015) and percent fat mass (P = 0.02) even after adjusting for age and gender and explains 4.5% of the variance in percent fat mass and 5% of the variance in body mass index. There was no significant difference in allele frequencies or genotype distributions for the K109R or K656N polymorphisms. These findings support the hypothesis that the Q223R polymorphism (but not the K109R or K656N polymorphism) of the leptin receptor gene is associated with obesity and predicts a small percentage of body weight and body composition variability in a genetically homogeneous population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Growth characteristics of metallothionein-human growth hormone transgenic mice as compared to mice selected for high eight-week body weight and unselected controls. I. Body weight gain and external body dimensions.

Body weight gain and external body dimensions of MT-hGH transgenic mice were compared with mice (NMRI) selected for high 8-week body weight (N8) and unselected controls derived from the NMRI strain (Pop). The growth curves from day 30 to 120 of transgenic mice exhibited a significantly steeper slope than those of male and female controls and of female N8 mice and did not show sex-related differences. The continuous pattern of GH secretion in transgenic mice is discussed as a possible reason for this phenomenon. Body weight gain of transgenic mice did not significantly exceed that of male N8 mice. None of the groups showed an obvious prolongation of the period of rapid daily weight gain. Maximum body weights of male and female transgenic mice were significantly higher than those of sex-matched controls but not of N8 mice. A drastic loss of body weight of about 25% of the maximum value was observed in the transgenic group prior to death. External body dimensions were largest in MT-hGH transgenic animals, followed by N8 mice and controls. In addition to these absolute measurements, values were related to the cube root of maximum body weight of the same animal. This is the first study that provides a comparative analysis of the effects of GH gene transfer and selection for body weight gain on body growth of mice derived from an outbred strain.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Trp(64)Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene is not associated with body weight or body mass index in Japanese: a longitudinal analysis.

The beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed mainly in visceral adipose tissue and is thought to contribute to lipolysis and the delivery of free fatty acids to the portal vein. Although many studies have examined the relationship between the Trp(64)Arg mutation of ADRB3 and obesity, the results have been inconsistent. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of ADRB3 variants with indexes of obesity, and their longitudinal changes over 10 yr, in men and women, aged 40-69 yr, who were randomly selected from the Japanese rural population. The study considered both dietary energy intake and physical activity levels. Among the 746 participants, the genotype frequencies of the Trp(64)Trp, Trp(64)Arg, and Arg(64)Arg variants were 483, 224, and 39, respectively. The cross-sectional analysis showed no significant differences in height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterols, and hemoglobin A(1c) among the genotype groups even after adjustments for gender, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and energy intake. No significant differences in the weight changes between the genotype groups were evident in the longitudinal analysis. We conclude that the Trp(64)Arg mutation of ADRB3 has little or no influence on either body weight or body mass index in the general Japanese population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Body weight and body mass index and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ovarian cancer risk and body height, weight, and BMI. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in China from 1999 to 2000. The study sample included 254 cases with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer and 652 controls. Information of adult height and weight at diagnosis, at 5 years before diagnosis and at age 21 years, was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using unconditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The ovarian cancer risk was significantly increased with higher body weight and BMI at 5 years before diagnosis, but not at diagnosis nor at age 21 years. The adjusted ORs were 1.67 (95% CI = 1.04-2.67) for body weight >60 kg versus < or =50 kg and 1.75 (95% CI = 1.13-2.72) for BMI > or = 25.0 versus 18.5-21.9 at 5 years before diagnosis. There was no association between body height and ovarian cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Pre-morbid body weight and BMI were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in Chinese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Short-term treatment with metformin decreases serum leptin concentration without affecting body weight and body fat content in normal-weight healthy men.

A weight-reducing effect of metformin has been demonstrated in obese subjects with and without diabetes. The mechanisms of this action are unclear, which may be partly due to the fact that in obese and diabetic patients the substance's effects result from a complex interaction with the distinct endocrine and metabolic disturbances in these patients. To dissociate primary from secondary action of metformin, we examined effects of the substance in normal-weight healthy subjects. Fifteen normal-weight men were treated with metformin (850 mg twice daily) or placebo for a 15-day period in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Anthropometric, psychologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and metabolic parameters were assessed before and at the end of the treatment period. Metformin did not affect body weight (P =.838) and body fat mass (P =.916). Yet, serum leptin concentration was distinctly reduced after metformin (P <.001). Also, metformin reduced the concentration of plasma glucose (P =.011), serum insulin (P=.044), and serum insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) (P=.013), while it increased serum glucagon concentration (P <.001). There were no effects of metformin on feelings of hunger, blood pressure, heart rate, resting energy expenditure, the respiratory quotient, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid (all P >.1). Data indicate that metformin decreases the serum leptin concentration even without affecting body weight and body composition in normal-weight men.

Adipose Tissue↗