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PubMed1999

The association of body fat distribution with lifestyle and reproductive factors in women aged 45-54 in Kinmen County, Republic of China.

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kinmen County, R.O.C. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence Chinese women's body fat distribution, including demographic, lifestyle, reproductive, and anthropometric variables. Participants were 1310 women aged 45-54 years. We measured waist/hip ratio (WHR), age, education level, occupation, alcohol consumption, diet, physical exercise, smoking, age at menarche, parity, menopausal status, age at menopause, and obesity (body mass index, BMI). Lower BMI, premenopausal status, and higher education level were primary correlated factors of gynecoid pattern body fat distribution. Higher BMI and postmenopausal status were the main correlated factors of android pattern body fat distribution. Lifestyle factors did not show any significant association with body fat distribution. As in Western countries, overall obesity and menopausal status are the determinants of body fat distribution. Controlling overall obesity is the key factor that can be addressed in public education programs to reduce the risk of high WHR, which plays an important role in the development of some chronic diseases.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Patterns of body temperature, activity, and reproductive behavior in a tropical murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus.

Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus), are murid rodents from tropical Africa that exhibit diurnal patterns of wheel-running. In the present paper we describe the temporal organization of several other behaviors in these animals, as well as daily rhythms in their body temperature. In the first experiment, we characterized rhythms of gross motor activity and core body temperature in four adult females implanted with telemetry transmitters and kept on a 12:12 light:dark (LD) cycle. In all animals body temperature and gross motor activity were clearly diurnal, with peaks often occurring around dawn and dusk. In the second experiment we recorded the times of mating and parturition in eight mating couples housed in a 12:12 LD cycle. We monitored animals 24 h a day using a time-lapse video recording system, beginning when males and females were paired, and ending after the birth of the second litter and the associated post-partum copulation. Mating almost always began just before the lights came on, and parturition generally occurred in an "anticrepuscular" pattern, outside of the periods around dawn and dusk. Thus, these animals exhibit an interesting mosaic of temporal adaptations, with some crepuscular tendencies expressed within a predominantly diurnal pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Induction of tooth and eye by transplantation of activin A-treated, undifferentiated presumptive ectodermal Xenopus cells into the abdomen.

Activin A can induce the Xenopus presumptive ectoderm (animal cap) to form different types of mesoderm and endoderm at different concentrations and the animal cap treated with activin can function as an organizer during early development. The dissociated Xenopus animal cap cells treated with activin form an aggregate and it develops into various tissues in vitro. In this study, to induce jaw cartilage from undifferentiated cells effectively, we developed a culture method to manipulate body patterning in vitro, using activin A and dissociated animal cap cells. An aggregate consisting only of activin A-treated dissociated cells developed into endodermal tissues. However, when activin A-treated cells were mixed with untreated cells at a ratio of 1:5, the aggregate developed cartilage with the maxillofacial regional marker genes, goosecoid, Xenopus Distal-less 4 and X-Hoxa2. When this aggregate was transplanted into the abdominal region of host embryos, maxillofacial structures containing cartilage and eye developed. We raised these embryos to adulthood and found that tooth germ had developed in the transplanted tissue. Here, we show the induction of jaw cartilage, tooth germ and eye structures from animal caps using activin A in the aggregation culture method. This differentiation system will help to promote a better understanding of the regulating mechanisms of body patterning and tooth induction in vertebrates.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Gender differences in stability of the instantaneous patterns of body surface potentials during ventricular repolarisation.

Women have a higher risk of developing torsade de pointes under OT-prolonging conditions. The electrophysiological differences between the sexes that could account for this are largely unknown. The objective of the work was to evaluate gender differences in repolarisation potentials using a method that is independent of the specific electrical properties of the thorax. 1410 normal recordings from the Glasgow 12-lead ECG database and 52 normal ECG maps obtained separately in Milan were analysed. The average difference between 1 and the correlation coefficient of the instantaneous pattern at the peak of T with that at every other instant is called the early repolarisation deviation index (ERDI) for J-T peak and the late repolarisation deviation index (LRDI) for T peak-T end. In standard ECG recordings, the ERDI was 0.42 +/- 0.22 in females compared with 0.19 +/- 0.16 in males (p < 10(-6)). The LRDI was higher in males under the age of 50. In body surface maps, the ERDI was 0.32 +/- 0.21 in females against 0.16 +/- 0.17 in males (p < 0.01), and the LRDI was non-significantly higher in males. The pattern of instantaneous body surface potentials showed gender differences during repolarisation with a method that is independent of the electrical properties of the thorax.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Meal patterns and body weight after nicotine in male rats as a function of chow or high-fat diet.

Studies of the effects of nicotine (NIC) on meal patterns in rats often employ chow pellet diets that contain little fat, whereas humans using NIC commonly consume diets relatively rich in fat. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the impact of NIC administration and NIC cessation on meal pattern in adult male rats offered a standard powdered chow (CHOW: 10.9% fat by calories) diet or a palatable high-fat (HIFAT: 58.3% fat by calories) diet. Computerized meal pattern analyses were conducted for male rats treated for 14 days with injections of either saline or 1.4 mg/kg/day of NIC (as the free base given in 5 equal amounts) during the dark phase and continued for 10 days after NIC cessation. The suppression of daily caloric intake by NIC was larger in HIFAT-NIC rats than in CHOW-NIC rats (p < .01), such that NIC induced a greater suppression of body weight in HIFAT-NIC rats, relative to CHOW-NIC rats (p < 0.02). NIC administration reduced MS in both CHOW and HIFAT rats. CHOW fed rats showed a gradual increase in meal number in response to NIC, whereas HIFAT fed rats showed a significant initial suppression of meal number, which returned to control levels by day 4 of the 14 day NIC treatment period. In addition, NIC increased water intake more in HIFAT fed rats than in CHOW rats. Cessation of NIC resulted in transient increases in daily caloric intake in CHOW and in HIFAT rats. The present study demonstrates that NIC actions on food intake suppression, meal patterns, and weight reduction differ depending on whether the rats are fed low- or high-fat diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Body motion patterns during a novel repetitive wheel-rotation task. A comparative study of healthy subjects and patients with low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: This study evaluated performance differences between patients with chronic low back pain and a control group during their performance of a novel functional capacity task. OBJECTIVE: To 1) evaluated strength and endurance differences between patients and control subjects, 2) test for movement pattern differences between these groups, and 3) evaluate how these patterns changed with repetitive performance of the wheel-turning task. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Despite increased emphasis on quantifying functional capacities, few well-controlled studies comparing the performances of patients with low back pain with those of control subjects have appeared in the literature, particularly for movement patterns. METHODS: Forty patients with low back pain and 40 control subjects performed a sustained isodynamic wheel turning task. This task was selected because it simultaneously combined several common pain-related movements. A set of kinematic measures to characterize the basic movement patterns during this task were developed. RESULTS: Control subjects produced significantly higher levels of static torque and completed significantly more wheel-turning repetitions. Patients with low back pain exhibited significantly less upper torso and pelvic motion, upper torso rotation, and lateral trunk flexion than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: The dissimilar movement strategies found between the patient and control groups suggests that factors beyond more global physical explanations (e.g., deconditioning) may be important in accounting for the large discrepancy between these groups regarding the amount of work performed. These findings, along with the basic kinematic patterns developed in this study, may have important implications for determining the efficacy of instruction in body mechanics and treatment outcome for patients with chronic low back pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Influence of a liquid diet and meal pattern on body weight and body fat in rats.

Rats weighing 110 to 150 g or 250 g initially were utilized in five experiments to determine the effect of the form of the diet (dry versus liquid) and the pattern of feeding (meal-feeding, force-feeding, nibbling, or ad libitum) on body weight gain and on body fat. A high-carbohydrate, 20% casein or 20% lactalbumin diet was fed for 4 to 8 weeks. Consumption of a diet mixed with an equal weight of water increased weight gain in one of three experiments. Body fat content of the rats was not influenced by addition of water to the diet. Neither force-feeding nor meal-feeding influenced body fat gain provided the respective control rats were pair-fed during the initial adaptation period. Likewise, when rats were pair force-fed to ad libitum fed rats without an initial adaptation meal frequency did not influence body fat gain. When meal-fed rats were switched to ad libitum intake their food intake increased to equal that of rats which had been continuously fed ad libitum; however, the rats which had been switched gained more body fat than did rats continuously fed ad libitum. These results suggest that meal frequency may have a minimal influence on body fat accumulation, but that a shift to a higher level of food intake may cause an increased food efficiency and greater rate of fat deposition than in rats continuously fed the higher level of intake.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Body weight patterns in a country in transition: a population-based survey in Tirana City, Albania.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the distribution and determinants of body mass index (BMI) and obesity in Tirana City (Albania). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted in mid-2001. SETTING: Tirana City. SUBJECTS: One thousand one hundred and twenty adults aged 25 years and over (response rate 72.7%), selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. RESULTS: Over three-quarters of male and female respondents had an excess body weight. The overall population prevalence of obesity in Tirana was estimated to be 22.0% in men and 30.9% in women. Obesity affected both genders (age-standardised prevalence in males 22.0%, females 30.9%; age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.89; 99% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.67) and all age groups, but most particularly middle-aged women. The age-standardised overall prevalence of central obesity was 21.6% in men and 29.4% in women (age-adjusted OR 1.58; 99% CI 1.11-2.25), increasing with age (P<0.01). In women, the likelihood of being obese was inversely related to educational achievement (trend P=0.001) and alcohol consumption (trend P=0.009). Income, smoking and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Excess weight and obesity are major public health problems in the adult population of Tirana, but most particularly in middle-aged women. The high obesity prevalence observed along with the recent decrease in physical activity, dietary changes and increase in smoking prevalence make it probable that there will be substantial increases in many non-communicable diseases in Albania in the coming decades. Health promotion strategies are needed that prevent excess weight gain in the Albanian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Body weight patterns among the Chinese: results from the 1989 and 1991 China Health and Nutrition Surveys.

OBJECTIVES: A longitudinal survey assessed the distribution of adult body weight among the Chinese population. METHODS: Data from the 1989 and 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey were used to study changes in the proportions of adults aged 20-45 years who were classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and severely overweight. RESULTS: There was a slight decline in the proportion of men and women classified as underweight, but among lower-income persons an increase occurred. The proportion of adults with normal body weight decreased, and the proportions of those classified as overweight and severely overweight increased during the same period. The observed increases in proportions of adults classified as overweight and severely overweight were largely confined to the urban residents and to those in the middle- and high-income groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate increases in both obesity and undernutrition. Current efforts in China to develop a preventive health care policy emphasize the prevention of excess nutrient intakes and overnutrition and, hence, address the problem of the increase in obesity among well-to-do, mostly urban residents. However, the increase in undernutrition among low-income Chinese adults should not be overlooked and requires further research and serious policy consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Acute vertebral compression fractures in patients with multiple myeloma: evaluation of vertebral body edema patterns on MR imaging and the implications for vertebroplasty.

The presence of edema on MR imaging is a common finding in acute or subacute vertebral body compression fractures. Compression fractures can present in patients with benign osteoporosis, metastases, multiple myeloma, or hemangiomas. We present 2 patients with multiple myeloma who had symptomatic acute and subacute compression fractures documented on imaging studies without associated edema on MR imaging evaluation.

Bone Cements↗
PubMed2004

Body fat patterning in polycystic ovary syndrome women as a predictor of the response to clomiphene.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the difference in the response to clomiphene citrate (CC) based on body fat distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Ninety anovulatory PCOS women were divided into two subgroups based on treatment response: women who ovulated with CC (CC responders, n = 49) and those who did not ovulate with CC (CC nonresponders, n = 41). Baseline characteristics included age, age at menarche, height, weight and body mass index [BMI; weight/(height)2]. Percentage of body fat, body fat mass and the ratio of trunk fat to leg fat mass amount (trunk-leg fat ratio) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: Age, age at menarche and height did not differ between the two groups. However, trunk-leg fat ratio in CC responders (0.9 +/- 0.4) was significantly lower than that in CC nonresponders (1.3 +/- 0.4) (p < 0.001). Percentage of body fat, body fat mass and BMI were also lower in CC responders (p < 0.01). On multiple regression analysis, however, trunk-leg fat ratio proved to be a superior predictor of CC responder to percentage of body fat, BMI or body fat mass (standardized regression coefficient > or = 0.510; t-values > or = 3.432; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Response to CC in anovulatory PCOS women differs with body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Secular changes in body fat patterning in children and adolescents of Zaragoza (Spain), 1980-1995.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether children and adolescents of Zaragoza (Spain) are becoming centrally obese to a greater extent than would be predicted by their relative body weights. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1980 and 1995. SUBJECTS: The samples selected for the 1980 and 1995 surveys comprised 1553 and 701 male children, and 1311 and 659 female children, respectively, with ages ranging from 6.0 to 14.9 y. MEASUREMENTS: We measured four skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) and calculated some indices of fat patterning: triceps/subscapular skinfolds (T/SS), biceps+triceps/subscapular+suprailiac skinfolds (B+T/SS+SI), and (subscapular+suprailiac/biceps+triceps+subscapular+suprailiac skinfolds)x100 (trunk-to-total skinfolds %). RESULTS: In males, B+T/SS+SI, and trunk-to-total skinfolds % showed a significant trend to a central pattern of fat distribution from 1980 to 1995, at the ages of 6.5-11.5 y. In females, B+T/SS+SI and trunk-to-total skinfolds % showed a significant trend to a central pattern of fat distribution from 1980 to 1995, at the ages of 6.5 and 7.5 y. Similar results were obtained when we adjusted for BMI values. CONCLUSION: We have observed a trend to a central pattern of adipose tissue distribution, especially in males and at the youngest ages studied (6-11 y in males, and 6-7 y in females). These observations were independent of trends in BMI.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Serving capacity of crossbred yearling beef bulls. II. Summer grazing activity and body temperature patterns during average and heavy mating loads at pasture.

Ten low (LSC) and 10 high (HSC) serving capacity yearling bulls were exposed individually to 25 naturally cyclic (N) cows for 3 d (average mating load) and subsequently to 9 estrus-synchronized (S) cows for 1 d (heavy mating load) in a randomized complete block design consisting of 10, 4-d blocks. Bulls were fitted with vibracorders and temperature acquisition modules to record grazing activity and body temperature (BT), respectively. During the N cow treatment, LSC bulls had fewer (P less than .05) services per cow and a higher mount to service ratio than HSC bulls, and LSC bulls tended (P = .12) to graze less total time than HSC bulls (7.8 vs 9.0 h/d, respectively). However, both groups of bulls exhibited similar diurnal grazing patterns with two major daily grazing periods; the first (0400 to 1300) peaked early in the morning (0600) and the second (1700 to 2200) occurred in late afternoon and evening. During the S cow treatment, LSC and HSC bulls did not differ (P = .60) in grazing time or pattern, but similar mating activity was exhibited by both SC groups while exposed to S cows. Bulls grazed little during the hottest part of the day (1300 to 1700), and LSC and HSC bulls spent only 2.2 and 2.4 h, respectively, grazing during dark, cooler periods near midnight. Body temperature did not differ between SC groups and averaged 39.3 degrees C during N cow treatment and 39.4 degrees C during S cow treatment. Body temperature had a distinct, monophasic diurnal pattern in bulls exposed to an average mating load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sleep-waking pattern and body temperature in hypoxia at selected ambient temperatures.

We studied the effect of mild hypoxia (15% O2) and low ambient temperature (Ta = 15 degrees C) on the rat's sleep-waking pattern (SWP) and maximum-minimum core temperature (max-min Tb). Mild hypoxia at neutral Ta (29 degrees C) disrupted the SWP in the same way as low Ta during normoxia: both affected the pattern of frequency of state changes (P less than 0.01), not the pattern of epoch durations. Mild hypoxia and low Ta together caused a degree of disruption of the SWP which was the sum of each alone, i.e., additive. Although both mild hypoxia and low Ta significantly depressed max-min Tb, low Ta exerted a greater effect than mild hypoxia. Together they further depressed max-min Tb in an additive way. We conclude that mild hypoxia disrupts the rat's SWP independent of central thermoregulatory mechanisms at neutral Ta, that the effects of mild hypoxia and low Ta on the SWP are additive at the stimulus levels used, and that Ta, not inspired O2, determines Tb.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Role for mRNA localization in translational activation but not spatial restriction of nanos RNA.

Patterning of the anterior-posterior body axis during Drosophila development depends on the restriction of Nanos protein to the posterior of the early embryo. Synthesis of Nanos occurs only when maternally provided nanos RNA is localized to the posterior pole by a large, cis-acting signal in the nanos 3' untranslated region (3'UTR); translation of unlocalized nanos RNA is repressed by a 90 nucleotide Translational Control Element (TCE), also in the 3'UTR. We now show quantitatively that the majority of nanos RNA in the embryo is not localized to the posterior pole but is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, indicating that translational repression is the primary mechanism for restricting production of Nanos protein to the posterior. Through an analysis of transgenes bearing multiple copies of nanos 3'UTR regulatory sequences, we provide evidence that localization of nanos RNA by components of the posteriorly localized germ plasm activates its translation by preventing interaction of nanos RNA with translational repressors. This mutually exclusive relationship between translational repression and RNA localization is mediated by a 180 nucleotide region of the nanos localization signal, containing the TCE. These studies suggest that the ability of RNA localization to direct wild-type body patterning also requires recognition of multiple, unique elements within the nanos localization signal by novel factors. Finally, we propose that differences in the efficiencies with which different RNAs are localized result from the use of temporally distinct localization pathways during oogenesis.

3' Untranslated Regions↗