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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

One-minute wave in body fluid volume change enhanced by postural sway during upright standing.

To analyze how the 1-min oscillation in postural sway and 1-min wave in body fluid volume change contribute to human circulatory homeostasis, several levels of body circumference, foot pressure center, electromyograms, and volumes of the leg, abdomen, and thorax were measured during upright standing for 40 min in 20 healthy young men. Spectral analyses of these parameters revealed that a 1-min rhythm is found in all parameters and that the 1-min wave in body fluid volume changes in the lower leg, which occur in fluid pooling caused by gravity, propagate upward. Muscle pumping in the lower leg triggered by the postural sway was found to increase the power of this 1-min wave. A quantitative analysis of body circumferences disclosed that the 1-min wave in body fluid volume change compensates for gravitational downward fluid shift, with the volume of 6.3 +/- 5.0 ml/cycle at the heart level. We concluded that a coupling mechanism between the 1-min oscillation in postural sway and the upward propagation of 1-min wave in body fluid volume change contributes to maintain systemic blood pressure during upright standing in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of the human telomerase RNA component by in situ hybridization in cells from body fluids.

OBJECTIVE: To apply in situ hybridization (ISH) detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA expression in abnormal cells in body fluids to evaluate its usefulness in the diagnosis of malignant effusions. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated the expression of hTERT mRNA by ISH in 33 fluid samples from 30 patients, including 1 cerebrospinal fluid, 18 pleural fluids, 1 pericardial fluid, 12 peritoneal fluids and 1 bronchial washing. Comparison of the results of ISH with those of conventional cytologic evaluation was also performed. RESULTS: Cytomorphologic examination of the 33 body fluids allowed classification as malignant, suspicious, atypical and benign conditions. Among the 17 malignant conditions, there were 15 cases positive by both cytology and ISH. There were 9 discrepant cytology-ISH results in patients with various conditions, including 2 cases positive by cytology and inconclusive by ISH, 5 cases suspicious by cytology and positive by ISH, and 2 cases atypical by cytology and negative by ISH. Among the 9 benign conditions, there were 8 cases negative by both cytology and ISH and 1 case negative by cytology and positive by ISH. This test was highly sensitive (90%) and specific (91 %) and had favorable positive (95%) and negative (83%) predictive values. CONCLUSION: Expression of the hTERT mRNA component can be easily detected by ISH in malignant cells from body fluids. This method is especially useful when the abnormal cellpopulation in the fluid consists of limited numbers of suspicious cells that cannot be completely differentiated from reactive mesothelial cells and thus may help differentiate true positive cases from false negative ones. This ISH method for the detection of expression of the hTERT mRNA component may be an ancillary test for early recognition of cancer cells in body fluids and thus has potential as a diagnostic adjunct in cytopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Messenger RNA profiling: a novel method for body fluid identification by real-time PCR.

Conventional methods for the identification of different body fluids like blood, semen and saliva from biological stains involve immunological or enzymatic detection of certain proteins. In this study, we investigated potential RNA markers with the aim of developing Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods to allow differentiation between several body fluids. Total RNA samples from artificially stained swabs and from various pieces of evidence from case work were extracted, amplified and analyzed with several RNA markers. Three assays detecting the body fluids of interest were selected: hemoglobin-alpha locus 1 (HBA), kallikrein 3 (KLK) and mucin 4 (MUC). With this approach, we demonstrate that specific Real-Time PCR assays are useful in identifying the source of the biological stain. Furthermore, RNA profiling of various body fluids was even possible on samples stored over a long period of time at ambient temperature. The stability and sensitivity of the applied method outlines a novel application for Real-Time PCR within the forensic field.

Blood↗
PubMed1999

Biological markers in body fluids for activity and progression in multiple sclerosis.

Reliable biological markers in body fluids for disease activity and progression are important for our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic decisions in various subtypes of multiple sclerosis. Sampling from body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine constitutes the problem that the local immuno-inflammatory process takes place in the central nervous system whereas the disease activity is only to some extent reflected in the systemic immune compartment. Promising results have been obtained in studies of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and neopterin as markers of disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, these results apply to groups of patients but not necessarily to individual patients. Currently no single body fluid marker is sufficiently correlated to disease activity to be used in the individual patient in monitoring disease activity, progression, or therapeutic effects.

Axons↗
PubMed1982

Body-fluid composition in normal and hypertensive man.

1. Erythrocyte mass, plasma volume (PV), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and total body water were simultaneously measured in 30 normotensive and 30 normal-renin hypertensive Caucasian male subjects for accurate determination of the presence or absence of a disorder(s) in body-fluid composition in hypertension. 2. The results indicate that plasma volume and total blood volume are lower in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive control subjects. The PV comprised 19% of the ECFV in both control and hypertensive subjects. 3. ECFV was lower in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive control subjects; the PV and interstitial fluid components of the ECFV were reduced by similar proportions. The ECFV, furthermore, comprised a smaller portion of the total body water in hypertensive subjects than that in control subjects. 4. We conclude that in the hypertensive state there is a reduction in the ECFV, but that there is no change in the partition of the ECFV between the plasma and interstitial components.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Isoelectric heterogeneity of human prorenin (inactive renin) in body fluids.

Using flat bed isoelectric focusing, inactive renins from various body fluids were compared. Normal plasma inactive renin demonstrated six consistent peaks at pH 4.98, 5.14, 5.29, 5.47, 5.63 and 5.91, the largest being 5.29, 5.47 and 5.63. The isoelectric pattern of ovarian follicular fluid inactive renin was similar, with slight shifts at major peaks to a higher pH. Pregnancy plasma had inactive renin patterns like normal human plasma as did pleural fluid, lymphocoele fluid and plasma from anephric humans. Amniotic fluid inactive renin showed a markedly different pattern with major peaks at pH 5.00, 5.16 and 5.30. Fetal plasma (cord blood) also showed differences with only four peaks at 5.24, 5.40, 5.58 and 5.83. We conclude that human prorenin isoelectric patterns are similar for plasma, ovarian and most tissue fluid prorenins, but different for fetal plasma and amniotic fluid suggesting that these forms of renin do not cross the placental barrier.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2004

Renal sodium handling for body fluid maintenance and blood pressure regulation.

Renal sodium handling is an essential physiologic function in mammal for body fluid maintenance and blood pressure regulation. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of kidney-specific sodium transporters in the renal tubule, thereby supplying vast information for renal physiology as well as systemic physiology. Renal urinary concentration for body fluid maintenance is accomplished by counter current multiplication in the distal tubule. Sodium transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) is the initial process of this system. We have demonstrated that renal urinary concentration is regulated in part by the expression of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter (BSC1) in TAL, by showing two mechanisms of BSC1 expression: pitressin vasopressin (AVP)-dependent and AVP-independent mechanisms. Two additional findings, namely, a lack of the ability to increase BSC1 expression leads to urinary concentrating defect and an enhanced BSC1 expression underlies the edema-forming condition, confirm the close association between sodium handling in TAL and body fluid accumulation. The lines of evidence from our genetic studies of the general Japanese population suggest the importance of mendelian hypertension genes in the genetic investigation of essential hypertension. Because those genes directly or indirectly regulate sodium transport by the Na-Cl co-transporter or the epithelial sodium channel in the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct (distal tubular segments after TAL), sodium handling in this part of the renal tubule may be, at least in part, involved in blood pressure regulation. The unveiling of such physiologic roles of sodium handling based on the sodium transporters or on the tubular segments may lead to a better understanding of systemic physiology as well as to the development of novel therapy for body fluid or blood pressure disorders.

Arginine Vasopressin↗
PubMed1988

Hypoxanthine, xanthine and uridine in body fluids, indicators of ATP depletion.

Measurements of hyp, xan and urd in body fluids can provide evidence of energy, ATP, depletion in the body, in organs or in cells. Such information is clinically useful in the many diseases in which cellular energy supplies cannot be maintained like perinatal asphyxia, hydrocephalus and vascular insufficiency in brain, heart, limbs, kidneys or other organs. Similar HPLC methods using reversed-phase C18 columns and quantitation by UV absorption have been employed in a variety of centres to yield almost identical results. These have been assembled in this review to form a series of reference values. The current analytical problems are reviewed. Since concentrations of hyp and xan may alter independently situations are discussed in which separate measurements rather than their summed, total oxypurine concentrations are needed. The biochemistry and physiology underlying the use of such analyses is examined to guide sampling of the appropriate body fluid at a relevant time and to avoid oversimplified interpretation of results as well as unnecessary arguments. Specifically: (1) Intracellular concentrations of hyp and xan are inversely related to adenylate energy change and therefore to the energy currency of the cell ATP. Uridine in tissues is similarly 'controlled'. (2) There is extensive evidence that large increases in hyp, xan and urd in body fluids indicate ATP depletion. (3) Small changes in hyp probably reflect alterations of ATP turnover. (4) Xanthine arises mainly from guanine and can change independently of hyp. (5) Clinically useful information is obtainable from hyp and xan concentrations in CSF, amniotic fluid, urine and plasma. Extensive clinical correlations are reviewed. At present we are in a development phase for which HPLC is ideal but the most efficient way to perform and use such analyses in routine clinical practice remains to be established.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Biomarker discovery from body fluids using mass spectrometry.

Systems analysis of body fluids by mass spectrometry (MS) is an upcoming field of biomarker research. This approach is extremely attractive because it does not require biomarker candidates and the sample preparation is simple. However, during the development of the technique strong critical comments were made on the poor reproducibility, the special characteristics of blood as a source of peptides and on the frequent non-adequate statistical analysis of the data. Here we discuss the efforts made in the last few years to develop suitable protocols, which could lead to biomarker discovery from body fluids by mass spectrometry. Our review focuses on the systems analysis of non-digested blood serum or plasma samples by MALDI-TOF and SELDI-TOF.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in body fluids, using specific antibody-coated staphylococci.

Protein A-rich staphylococci coated with Haemophilus influenzae type b antiserum agglutinate specifically with homologous bacterial cells or with cell-free supernatant fluids of cultures of the organism. Antibody-coated staphylococci were used to detect soluble antigens in body fluids of patients infected with H. influenzae type b. Cerebrospinal fluid from 36 cases of meningitis caused by this orgainsm showed positive coagglutination tests in 86% of patients prior to initiation of therapy. Antigens could be detected in 46% of sterile cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from the same cases 1 to 10 days after therapy. Soluble antigens were also detectable in sera (58%) and urine specimens (67%) of patients with H. influenzae type b septicemia, when such specimens were tested within 10 days of onset of illness. No antigen could be detected in body fluids beyond 10 days. The coagglutination test was positive in 57% of all body fluids examined; contercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) was positive in only 27%. All specimens positive by CCIE were also positive by coagglutination. No false-positive reactions were noted by either test in body fluids from controls. The coagglutination test is simple, specific, and more sensitive than the CCIE method and could be a valuable tool for detecting antigens in body fluids of patients with various infections.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latex agglutination test for rapid detection of bacterial antigens in body fluids.

A modified latex agglutination (LA) test performed on glass slides was evaluated for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn), Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and K1 antigens in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nasopharyngeal secretions, and other body fluids in patients suspected of having infection. Forty-eight, 61, and 31 specimens were tested for the presence of Pn, Hib, and K1 antigens, respectively, by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and LA. Of the specimens positive by CIE or LA, 16 of 28 specimens (57 percent) were positive for Pn antigen by CIE while all 16 (100 percent) were positive by LA. LA was unique in detecting type 7 and 14 Pn antigens which are not detected by CIE. Twenty-seven of 37 specimens (73 percent) were positive for Hib by CIE, while all (100 percent) were positive by LA. LA test (11 of 11) was superior (p < 0.002) to CIE (4 of 11) in detecting Hib antigens on patients with nonmeningitic Hib diseases (cellulitis, epiglottitis and pneumonia). Sensitivity of CIE and LA were identical in detecting K1 (5 of 5) antigen. LA is a simple, sensitive and specific test for the detection of Pn, Hib, and K1 antigens in various body fluids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Estimated lean body mass as an index for normalization of body fluid volumes in humans.

Blood volume was measured in 66 healthy subjects (38 males, 28 females), and extracellular fluid volume in 54 subjects (31 males, 23 females). Volumes were normalized against body weight, height, body surface area, leanness index, and lean body mass (estimated from body weight and height). The regression lines of body fluid volumes against lean body mass passed through the origin on extrapolation and were not different for males and females. None of the other indices fulfilled these criteria. It is concluded that estimated lean body mass is a suitable index for normalization of body fluid volumes. A single set of normal reference values can be used for males and females.

Blood Volume↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacological properties of traditional medicines. XXV. Effects of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizin, gypsum and their combinations on body temperature and body fluid.

Effects of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizin, gypsum and their combinations on body temperature and body fluid were studied in rats using the method developed in our previous reports. Ephedrine significantly increased respiratory evaporative water loss and heat loss in response to a marked elevation of body temperature. There was a small but significant increase in body temperature when amygdalin was orally given rats at a dose of 46.32 mg/kg. Glycyrrhizin and gypsum were unable to affect body temperature. However, gypsum was able to prevent the increased action of ephedrine on body temperature, amygdalin exhibited a preventive tendency to it, and glycyrrhizin did not affect it. The results are in good agreement with classical claims of Makyo-kanseki-to and the related crude drugs in traditional medicine. Moreover, a combination of the four components reproduced the effects of Makyo-kanseki-to on body temperature and body fluid. This report suggests that the co-administration of ephedrine and gypsum is physiologically more desirable than ephedrine alone for dry-type asthmatic patients with a fever. Also, it experimentally supports the clinical efficacy of Makyo-kanseki-to.

Amygdalin↗
PubMed1976

Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on body fluid compartments in conscious rhesus monkeys.

Techniques for measuring changes in body fluid compartments after SEB injection i.v. in conscious rhesus monkeys are described and compared with base line values measured by identical techniques in normal monkeys. Although few changes were observed in body fluid volumes 3 h after i.v. staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; 1 mg/kg), the F cell ratio and all fluid compartments except for RBC volume were decreased significantly by 5 h after i.v. SEB administration. Rapid intracellular dehydration and decreases in plasma and blood volumes appear to play a role in the development of circulatory shock during enterotoxemia in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Increased body fluid purine levels during hypotensive events. Evidence for ATP degradation.

Tissue ischemia leads to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown with elevation of body fluid ATP metabolites. This study tests the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between periods of hypotension and body fluid uric acid and oxypurine levels in 19 prospectively studied patients. Significant elevations in urine oxypurine/creatinine clearance were found during periods of hypotension as compared with nonhypotensive periods (p less than 0.05). During severe episodes of hypotension, the serum urate level was significantly elevated as well (p less than 0.05). The increase in these body fluid products of ATP degradation may reflect cellular ischemia during hypotensive periods. There was a weak correlation (r = -0.31, p less than 0.001) between the systolic blood pressure and urine oxypurine/creatinine clearance. However, variability in the appearance of body fluid ATP breakdown products during episodes of hypotension suggests the interplay of multiple factors in the degradation of ATP. The use of ATP degradation products to quantitate the physiologic significance of clinical events remains tantalizing but not proved.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1990

The rapid determination of the ABO group from body fluids (or stains) by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) using enzyme-labeled monoclonal antibodies.

Using ABH enzyme-labeled monoclonal antibodies, the authors could rapidly detect the ABO group from body fluids and body fluid stains by the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA). In this test, the antigen was immobilized on nitrocellulose paper; the entire piece of paper was coated with an appropriate dilution of enzyme-labeled McAb directly against the antigen of interest; and, finally, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate solution was added. The site of a positive reaction is clearly visible as a brown spot. We analyzed 521 samples and got satisfactory results. We also analyzed 99 practical case samples by this method and achieved the same results as those obtained by other researchers using other methods. This method is accurate, simple, direct, rapid, and sensitive; it also produces easily observed results, requires no equipment, and can be completed in 30 min. The test proved to be clearly more sensitive for the detection of the ABO blood group in secretor saliva than the conventional hemagglutination inhibition test. Also saliva diluted 10(-4) to 10(-5) and the ABO group of nonsecretor saliva and urine could be easily detected by this method.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunochemical and physico-chemical characteristics of lactoferrin in human body fluids].

It is proved that lactoferrins of different human body fluids (sperm, saliva, milk, tears, urine, bile, sweat, liquor, lymph, blood serum) are immunochemically identical. The lactoferrin is purified from milk, saliva and sperm and the identity of physical and chemical properties of lactoferrins of various origins is proved. The quantitative estimation of the contents of this protein in normal body fluids is given. It is detected the dependence of this protein' electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point of degree of iron saturation. It is found that lactoferrin is capable to form complexes with esterase.

Body Fluids↗