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PubMed2000

The effect of caffeinated, non-caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of various combinations of beverages on hydration status in healthy free-living adult males. METHODS: In a counterbalanced, crossover manner, 18 healthy adult males ages 24 to 39, on four separate occasions, consumed water or water plus varying combinations of beverages. Clinical guidelines were used to determine the fluid allowance for each subject. The beverages were carbonated, caffeinated caloric and non-caloric colas and coffee. Ten of the 18 subjects consumed water and carbonated, non-caffeinated, citrus soft drink during a fifth trial. Body weight, urine and blood assays were measured before and after each treatment. RESULTS: Slight body weight loss was observed on all treatments, with an average of 0.30% for all treatments. No differences (p>0.05) among treatments were found for body weight changes or any of the biochemical assays. Biochemical assays conducted on first voids and 24-hour urines included electrolytes, creatine, osmolality and specific gravity. Blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, hematocrit. electrolytes, osmolality, urea nitrogen, creatinine and protein. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study found no significant differences in the effect of various combinations of beverages on hydration status of healthy adult males. Advising people to disregard caffeinated beverages as part of the daily fluid intake is not substantiated by the results of this study. The across-treatment weight loss observed, when combined with data on fluid-disease relationships, suggests that optimal fluid intake may be higher than common recommendations. Further research is needed to confirm these results and to explore optimal fluid intake for healthy individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Prediction of the erosive potential of some beverages.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the erosive potential of a beverage on human enamel can be predicted by examining the composition of the beverage. The buccal surfaces of 84 caries-free premolars were embedded in resin and polished flat. Two hundred micrometers of the enamel surface were removed. Then the slabs were divided into 14 groups and immersed for 20 min in commercially available beverages. Surface microhardness was measured before and after immersion. Further, the phosphate concentration, the fluoride concentration, the baseline pH as well as the titrated amount of base to raise the pH to 7.0 of each beverage were determined. Surface microhardness values after immersion were calculated with an equation derived in a recent study and compared with the values measured in this investigation. Apple juice showed the greatest significant decrease (p < 0.05) in surface microhardness, followed by Schweppes, Orangina and Grapefruit soft drink. The smallest decrease in surface microhardness that was significant resulted from Fendant and Isostar orange. The mean absolute deviation of the calculated to the effective erosion was 7.1%, it ranged between 14.6% (apple juice) and 1.6% (Fendant). The data suggest the possibility of predicting erosion caused by a beverage with an accuracy of 7%. This information can be of value in the prevention of dental erosion.

Beverages↗
PubMed1977

Some effects of sugar-flavored acid beverages on the biochemistry of human whole saliva and dental plaque.

An investigation was made of the effects on some biochemical characteristics of human whole saliva and dental plaque resulting from the daily consumption of three commercial, acid-containing beverages. The beverages tested were a cola beverage ("Coca-Cola"), a carbonated orange drink ("Jaffa") and single strength orange juice. Each of the three test beverages as well as non-fluoridated tap water as a control, were consumed during four two-week periods. The test group consisted of 39 dental students. The mean consumption frequency lay in the range from 5.3 to 5.7 times per day. Orange juice was found to stimulate the salivary secretion rate most. All test drinks decreased the salivary pH immediately after consumption, but the pH did not generally drotase-like activity in oral fluid. Changes were observed in calcium, phosphate and fluoride concentrations in oral fluid samples, but these were due to variations in salivary secretion rate. A significant decrease in redox potentials of whole saliva was, however, observed after consumption of the drinks. The present results indicate that in healthy persons with normal saliva flow rate and buffer capacity the moderate consumption of acidic beverages failed to induce any remarkable caries-promoting changes in oral cavity. However, in persons with low salivary flow rate erosion may be a consequence of regular consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Aluminium beverage cans as a dietary source of aluminium.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the possibility that aluminium beverage cans contribute to the dietary level of aluminium. METHOD: The aluminium content of a variety of beverages from aluminium cans and glass containers was measured. RESULTS: The contents of 106 aluminium cans and bottles representing 52 different beverages all had a higher aluminium content than Newcastle tap water at 1.4 mumol/L, ranging as high as 385 mumol/L. Non-cola soft drinks averaged 33.4 mumol/L from cans and 5.6 mumol/L from bottles. Cola drinks averaged 24.4 mumol/L from cans and 8.9 mumol/L from bottles, whereas beer in cans or bottles averaged about 6 mumol/L. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the aluminium content of beverages from aluminium cans was higher than that from glass containers, and it rose with decreasing pH. Within a given category there was a wide variation in aluminium content. If the speculative link between aluminium intake and Alzheimer's disease is established then beverages from aluminium cans, particularly soft drinks, may be a risk factor.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1989

A preliminary report of the short-term effect of carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism in normal women.

A variety of nutritional factors influence the bioavailability of calcium and increase a woman's risk of osteoporosis. Eight healthy women completed an 8-week metabolic study designed to investigate the effect of nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism. Compared with women receiving a control diet, women consuming a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages demonstrated similar mean serum levels of calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and osteocalcin. Twenty-four-hour urine volume, creatinine clearance, calcium-creatinine ratio, and phosphorus-creatinine ratio were similar during consumption of the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages and the control diet. Twenty-four-hour cyclic adenosine monophosphate-creatinine ratio was significantly lower in women consuming the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverage compared with women receiving the control diet (342 +/- 27.4 nmol/mmol vs 409 +/- 22.1 nmol/mmol). Consumption of a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages on a short-term basis does not appear to affect adversely the serum or urinary markers of calcium metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mutagenicity screening of foods I. Results with beverages.

Following a number of recent reports on the presence of mutagens in certain foods, a general survey of the mutagenic potential of a wide variety of food products has been initiated. Here, results for samples of 28 widely consumed beverages from 13 general categories are reported. Each sample was concentrated and fractionated by polarity and solubility to give up to seven fractions, each of which was assayed for mutagenic potential with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 +/- fortified liver homogenate. Fractions showing evidence of either mutagenicity or toxicity were retested at the same and lower concentrations. The utility of the fractionation procedure and the sensitivity of the screening strategy were established by assaying six beverages spiked with known mutagens prior to fractionation. Statistical analysis of the data resulted in positive findings for seven beverages, although confirmation of these results through analysis of a second sample was obtained only for red wine, grape juice, and instant coffee. The remaining 21 beverages showed no strong evidence of mutagenic activity. For those foods for which the variation among replicate plates was largest, the false-positive rate for the two-stage screening procedure employed was estimated to be less than 1% while the false-negative rate for a beverage inducing a threefold increase in the background mutation rate was conservatively estimated to be limited to 14%.

Beverages↗
PubMed1979

Oesophageal cancer and alcohol consumption; importance of type of beverage.

The role of alcohol consumption in oesophageal cancer in Normandy has been studied by a retrospective study of 312 male cases and 869 controls. The linear relationship between the logarithm of risk and overall daily alcohol consumption was confirmed after adjustment for tobacco. The role of each specific alcoholic beverage was further investigated by computing relative risks for individuals consuming a given beverage and for those drinking other beverages only, within each overall alcohol consumption category. It is concluded: (1) that there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of risk of oesophageal cancer and overall daily ethanol consumption, whatever the beverage; (2) that the effect is more marked for strong beverages; (3) that there is an additional risk related to apple brandy and cider.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Type of alcoholic beverage and oral cancer.

The effect on oral cancer risk of different types of alcoholic beverage was investigated using data from a hospital-based case-control study. Owing to the small numbers of subjects drinking one beverage exclusively, it was necessary to classify drinkers as consumers of predominantly beer, wine, or hard liquor (i.e., more than 50% of their whiskey equivalents of alcohol derived from a specific beverage). The number of predominantly wine drinkers was too small to permit analysis. Logistic regression was used to obtain estimates of the risk associated with each predominant beverage, with adjustment for other risk factors and confounding variables. In males, the odds ratio for predominantly beer drinkers increased with increasing level of intake, reaching 4.87 (95% confidence interval: 2.51-9.46) in drinkers of 7+ oz. of whiskey equivalents/day. The odds ratio for predominantly hard liquor drinkers showed a similar increase, reaching 5.74 (95% confidence interval: 2.94-11.22) in predominantly hard liquor drinkers consuming 7+ oz. of whiskey equivalents/day, suggesting that the effect of these 2 major types of alcoholic beverage is of similar magnitude. The trends were less clearcut in women due to small numbers of drinkers.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary investigation of the simultaneous detection of sugars, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sodium benzoate in non-alcoholic beverages by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used for the simultaneous detection of sugars, ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium and/or potassium benzoate in non-alcoholic beverages, with meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (MW 974) as a matrix. Using potassium hydroxide as dopant, fructose/glucose was detected as the potassiated molecule at m/z 219, whereas potassiated sucrose, [Sucrose. K](+), was detected at m/z 381. Using sodium hydroxide as dopant, the fructose and sucrose ions were detected at m/z 203 and 365, respectively. Citric acid generated multiple ions at m/z 269, 307, and 345, which were assigned to [Citricbond;H+2K](+), [Citricbond;2H+3K](+), and [Citricbond;3H+4K](+), respectively. However, a stored methanolic solution of citric acid produced additional ions at m/z 283, 297, and 321, which were attributed to [Citricbond;2H+CH(3)+2K](+), [Citricbond;3H+2CH(3)+2K](+), and [Citricbond;3H+CH(3)+3K](+), respectively, due to esterification that took place during storage. The limits of detection in water were: ascorbic acid, 0.30 wt%; citric acid, 0.5 wt%; and sodium benzoate, 0.001 wt%. In the beverage formulations, the limits of detection were: ascorbic acid 0.3 wt%, citric acid 0.3 wt%, and sodium benzoate 0.02 wt%. Spiking a water or beverage solution that contained ascorbic and/or citric acid with less than 0.6 wt% of tartaric acid lowered the detection limits of ascorbic and citric acids to 0.2 wt%. This study demonstrates the potential for using MALDI-TOFMS in the quality control analyses of non-alcoholic beverages, particularly with regard to the detection of low molecular weight organic acids in commercial beverage formulations.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Absence of a differential induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 by different alcoholic beverages in rats: implications for the aetiology of human oesophageal cancer.

Alcohol is an important risk factor for human oesophageal cancer. There is evidence from epidemiological studies that some specific alcoholic drinks, e.g. Calvados apple brandy, are associated with a greater risk than others. Alcohol induces cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and the hypothesis was tested that different alcoholic beverages, containing a variety of alcoholic compounds, could differentially induce expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Twelve groups of five rats each were treated for 3 days with different alcoholic beverages (ethanol alone, whisky, farm-produced or commercial Calvados brandy, beer, cider, wine) adjusted to 4, 10 or 20% of ethanol in drinking water. Immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody specific for rat CYP2E1 revealed a single protein band in liver microsomes. Densitometric quantitation of microsomal proteins demonstrated a significant two-, three- and sixfold increase in band intensity after treatment with ethanol concentrations of 4, 10 and 20% respectively, compared to control rats drinking water alone. There was a dose-dependent increase in liver microsomal metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates (para-nitrophenol and dimethyl-nitrosamine) in ethanol-treated rats. However, there were no significant differences in the level of CYP2E1 protein or enzymatic activity between the different alcoholic beverages at the same ethanol concentration. There was a slight increase in hepatic CYP1A-related enzymatic activities in the alcohol-treated rats compared to the controls, but no difference between the treated groups either with dose of ethanol or type of beverage. These data show that induction of CYP2E1 with acute alcohol treatment is predominantly determined by the ethanol content of the beverage.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1988

Repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma amino acid concentrations in normal adults.

Aspartame (APM) is a dipeptide sweetener (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester). It has been suggested that excessive use of the product might elevate plasma aspartate and phenylalanine concentrations. Eight normal adults (four male, four female) ingested three successive 12-oz servings of APM-sweetened beverage at two-hour intervals. The study was carried out in two parts in a randomized cross-over design. In one study the beverage was not sweetened. In the other, the beverage provided 10 mg APM/kg body weight per serving. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured throughout the six-hour study period. The addition of APM to the beverage had no significant effect on plasma aspartate concentration. APM addition did increase plasma phenylalanine levels 1.64 to 2.05 mumol/dL above baseline values (5.09 +/- 0.82 mumol/dL) 30 to 45 minutes after each dose. However, plasma phenylalanine levels did not exceed normal postprandial values at any time. The data indicate ready metabolism of APM's amino acid content when administered at levels likely to be ingested by individuals who are heavy users of such beverages.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma amino acid concentrations in individuals heterozygous for phenylketonuria.

It has been suggested that excessive use of aspartame (APM) (N-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) might grossly elevate plasma aspartate and phenylalanine concentrations in individuals heterozygous for phenylketonuria (PKUH). In study 1 six adult PKUH (three males; three females) ingested three successive 12-oz servings of beverage at 2-h intervals. The study was carried out in two parts in a randomized crossover design. In one arm the beverage was not sweetened. In the other the beverage provided 10 mg APM/kg body weight per serving. The addition of APM to the beverage did not significantly increase plasma aspartate concentration but did increase plasma phenylalanine levels 2.3 to 4.1 mumol/dL above baseline values 30 to 45 min after each dose. The high mean plasma phenylalanine level after repeated APM dosing (13.9 +/- 2.15 mumol/dL) was slightly, but not significantly, above the normal postprandial range for PKUH (12.6 +/- 2.11 mumol/dL). In study 2 six different adult PKUH ingested beverage providing 30 mg APM/kg body weight as a single bolus. The high mean plasma phenylalanine concentration and the phenylalanine to large neutral amino acid ratio were significantly higher when APM was ingested as a single bolus than when ingested as a divided dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Alcohol consumption and morbidity in the Canada Health Survey: inter-beverage differences.

This study examined inter-beverage differences in the relationship between alcohol consumption and health status as reported by 17 249 respondents to the Canada Health Survey. Self-reported morbidity rates (bed-days, activity loss, doctor visits) were computed for consumers of beer, wine, liquor and for those with no specific beverage preference. These rates were compared with the level of expected morbidity based on each group's demographic attributes. Subsequently, dose-response relationships were described relating frequency and quantity of consumption to a standardized morbidity rate for each beverage-preference group. In general, the results supported the importance of inter-beverage differences as an intervening variable in the relationship of consumption to morbidity. Overall morbidity rates and both frequency and quantity dimensions of the dose-response relationship varied markedly as a function of type of beverage consumed. Beer drinkers, in particular, varied from other consumers they had significantly lower rates of morbidity than expected. Increases in frequency of beer drinking were associated with reductions in morbidity, but mildly deleterious effects were associated with excessive consumption.

Accident Proneness↗
PubMed2004

Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To examine American beverage consumption trends and causes. METHODS: Nationally representative data from the 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, the 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 (also for children aged 2 to 9 years in 1998) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), and 1999-2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in this study. The sample consisted of 73,345 individuals, aged >or=2 years. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for respondents aged 2 to 18 years, 19 to 39, 40 to 59, and >or=60. The percentage of energy intake by location (at home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast food, and school), as well as for specific beverages was computed separately for all age groups. The proportion consumed, mean portion size, and number of servings were calculated. RESULTS: For all age groups, sweetened beverage consumption increased and milk consumption decreased. Overall, energy intake from sweetened beverages increased 135% and was reduced by 38% from milk, with a 278 total calorie increase. These trends were associated with increased proportions of Americans consuming larger portions, more servings per day of sweetened beverage, and reductions in these same measures for milk. CONCLUSIONS: There is little research that has focused on the beneficial impacts of reduced soft drink and fruit drink intake. This would seem to be one of the simpler ways to reduce obesity in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent screen-viewing behaviour is associated with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: the role of habit strength and perceived parental norms.

The association between adolescent screen-viewing behaviour (i.e., television viewing and computer use) and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was studied in a Dutch sample of adolescents (N=383) using self-administered questionnaires. In particular, the previously understudied role of habit and perceived parental norms in the execution of these behaviours was investigated. Results showed that screen-viewing behaviour was associated with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (r=.32). Habit strength of both behaviours correlated with a large effect size (r=.50). The interaction between both behaviours was underlined by the finding that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was explained by perceived parental norms regarding screen-viewing behaviour (beta=.12; adjusted for the behaviour and perceived parental norm regarding sugar-sweetened beverage consumption). Consequences of the identified role of habit and parental norms in the interplay between sedentary behaviour and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The concentrations, appearance and taste of nine sedating drugs dissolved in four different beverages.

Sedating drugs are reported to be used in cases where people have been drugged unwittingly. In the present experiments we studied whether nine sedating medicinal drugs would dissolve in four different beverages to reach concentrations which could possibly cause impairment and whether the drugs altered the appearance and taste of the beverages. Nine sedating medicinal drugs were added separately to water, beer, Coca-Cola and ethanol. Drug concentrations were measured 5, 10, 20 and 40 min after spiking. The amount of drug in one swallow (50 mL) was calculated. Appearance and taste were recorded after 10 min. Flunipam, Sobril, Valium and Xanor dissolved faster than Rohypnol, Imovane, Somadril, Rivotril and Dolcontin. Ten minutes after adding Flunipam, Sobril, Imovane (in beer and Coca-Cola), Valium and Xanor, the concentrations had reached more than 50% of maximum theoretical concentration. Most of the drugs caused sediment, pieces and/or turbidity in one or more of the beverages. Some of the solutions were dyed from added Rohypnol (turquoise or green), Dolcontin (red) and Valium (yellow). Flunipam and Valium caused extensive frothing in beer. The tastes of Imovane and Somadril were distinct in all the beverages, while the taste of other drug solutions was less distinct. The ingestion of all solutions could probably have caused impairment. All the nine drugs were, however, apparent to the consumer from the altered appearance and/or taste of the beverages.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

Acceptability of soymilk as a calcium-rich beverage in elementary school children.

Dairy products are the main source of calcium in the National School Lunch Program. Children who avoid dairy products because of lactose intolerance or other concerns can benefit from the availability of another calcium-rich beverage in the National School Lunch Program. This study assessed whether elementary school children would select and consume calcium-fortified soymilk in school cafeterias and whether the addition of soymilk would increase the percentage of students selecting a calcium-rich beverage at lunch. The ratio of saturated fat to calcium consumed from calcium-rich beverages with and without the availability of soymilk was also determined. After 4 weeks of soymilk availability, 22.3% of students chose soymilk and consumed an average of 58% of each carton, whereas 77.6% chose dairy milk and consumed an average of 52.6%. Total calcium-rich beverage selection with lunch increased from 79% to 83.1%. Calcium consumption per gram of saturated fat consumed from calcium-rich beverages also rose from 194 mg to 237 mg with the addition of soymilk.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Bioavailability of iron and zinc from a multiple micronutrient-fortified beverage.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that micronutrient beverages can provide the daily iron and zinc needs of small children. STUDY DESIGN: Forty children aged 6 to 9 years were recruited (Lima, Peru). For 4 weeks, they received a daily serving of a beverage containing multiple micronutrients. Over 2 consecutive days, subjects received stable isotope-labeled servings of the beverage with and without a meal as well as an intravenous dose of zinc. Iron and zinc bioavailability were assessed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Iron absorption was significantly lower with a meal than without (9.8 +/- 6.7% versus 11.6 +/- 6.9%, P=.04), but zinc absorption was not (24.5 +/- 10.7% versus 22.8 +/- 7.6%, P=.2). In either case, however, a single daily serving provided most of the iron and zinc requirements for the children. CONCLUSIONS: Single daily servings of multinutrient-fortified beverages can meet much of the mineral needs for small children. Food has a small inhibitory effect on iron, but not zinc, absorption; therefore, these beverages can be efficacious even when given with a meal.

Anthropometry↗