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PubMed1996

Endogenous circadian rhythm of basal pupil size in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The authors examined the circadian change of basal pupil size in light-dark entrained normal rabbits and in entrained rabbits with unilaterally decentralized ocular sympathetic nerves. The pattern of the circadian pupillary rhythm was compared with the circadian patterns of intraocular pressure (IOP) and body temperature in the same rabbits. METHODS: Adult male New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hour light-12-hour dark cycle. Using an infrared camera recording system, basal pupil sizes in seven entrained rabbits were videotaped under a constant dark environment at 1-hour intervals for 24 hours. Hourly IOP and rectal temperature in the same rabbits were measured separately under both the regular light-dark cycle and constant dark. In 10 entrained rabbits that underwent unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk, measurements of pupil size and IOP in constant dark were performed. RESULTS: In normal rabbits, a smaller basal pupil size in the subjective light phase and a consistently larger pupil size in the subjective dark phase were observed. Notably, pupil size increased sharply at the beginning of the subjective dark phase and peaked shortly. Circadian rhythms of IOP and body temperature were present under the regular light-dark cycle and in constant dark. As did pupillary enlargement, IOP rose sharply at the beginning of the subjective dark phase and peaked shortly thereafter. Body temperature, however, increased gradually and peaked in the late subjective dark phase. In rabbits with unilaterally decentralized ocular sympathetic nerves, the circadian rhythm of pupil size was present only in the intact eye. In addition, the circadian IOP elevation in the decentralized eye was reduced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: In light-dark entrained rabbits, basal pupil size changes in a circadian pattern and peaks at the beginning of the dark phase. The circadian pupillary rhythm disappears after ocular sympathetic decentralization. There are similar characteristics in the circadian rhythm of IOP. The increase of basal pupil size in the early dark phase is not related to the nocturnal increase of body temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Study on the relationship between first ovulation and infant feeding in lactating postpartum women].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the first ovulation after delivery and to provide scientific data for contraception in lactating postpartum women. METHODS: From January 1996 to December 1998, 101 lactating women were continuously monitored of their ovulation by ultrasound, basal body temperature (BBT) measurement and cervical mucus examination. RESULTS: The evidences of first ovulation (follicle > 1.8 cm in diameter) were found by ultrasound in 53 (52.5%) women during 154 days after delivery on the average and there were 11 (10.9%, 11/101) subjects who had first ovulation during 4 months after delivery and 42 (41.6%, 42/101) subjects had, after 4 months. Significant positive correlation was found between the time of supplementary feeding and the time of the first menses (n = 100, r = 0.4764, P < 0.01) and first ovulation (n = 53, r = 0.5554, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: For postpartum mother it is suitable to begin with birth control method at the 4th month after delivery and to prolong the breast feeding is also a good method for birth control.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Plasma TBARS, blood GSH concentrations, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in regularly menstruating women with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles.

BACKGROUND: Vigorous physical activity and subsequent depressed ovarian hormone secretion resulting in anovulatory menstrual cycles can affect erythrocyte antioxidant system in premenopausal women and contribute to attenuated protection against oxidative stress. METHODS: A total of 17 regularly menstruating women participated in the study. Prospective subjects monitored their basal body temperature (BBT) for 3 months prior to the study. Plasma progesterone concentration was assayed between the 7th and 9th day and again between the 22nd and 25th day of the menstrual cycle and made possible the classification of participants as either ovulating or non-ovulating. Plasma 17-beta-estradiol concentration was determined on the same menstrual cycle days as progesterone. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) served as an index of plasma lipid peroxidation. Whole blood-reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity and erythrocyte catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase (GSH-RX) represented red cells antioxidants. RESULTS: In non-ovulating women, the lack of progesterone peak between the 22nd and 25th day of the menstrual cycle was demonstrated. In addition, markedly lower (P<0.008) plasma 17-beta-estradiol concentrations in non-ovulating females than in ovulating ones in the follicular phase was noted. In the luteal phase, plasma 17-beta-estradiol levels in non-ovulating subjects tended to be lower (P<0.06) than in ovulating counterparts. Mean concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric-reacting substances and blood-reduced glutathione and mean activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase did not differ significantly in ovulating and non-ovulating women. In non-ovulating women, both between the 7th and 9th day and the 22nd and 25th day of the menstrual cycle, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher (P<0.02) than in their ovulating counterparts. In ovulating subjects, significant and inverse correlation was demonstrated between circulating estradiol and SOD activity in collected data from both follicular and luteal phases. CONCLUSIONS: Current results indicate that persistent ovarian hormone disturbances in regularly menstruating women, and resultant anovulation did not affect plasma lipid peroxidation and GSH-dependent erythrocyte antioxidant defense. However, lower plasma estradiol concentrations resulted in attenuated erythrocyte SOD inhibition and elevated enzyme activity. The mechanism of inhibitory estradiol action on erythrocyte SOD activity as well as the importance of this effect for antioxidant protection merits further studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The acute effect of dexfenfluramine on resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis in obese subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

The effects of dexfenfluramine (dFE: 30 mg per os) on energy expenditure were evaluated in seven young obese male subjects (mean +/- s.d.: age 30.9 +/- 6.1 years; BMI 39.8 +/- 4.4 kg/m2). Each subject was submitted, on a double-blind protocol and by random order, to four tests in which dFE or placebo (Pla) were administered either in the fasting state or in combination with a mixed test meal. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry for 60 min before (BMR) and from 90 to 330 min after dFE or Pla. In those cases where the protocol required it, a mixed test meal (5 MJ, 1200 kcal; percentage of protein, carbohydrate and fat: 15, 55, and 30 respectively) was eaten 120 min after dFE or Pla. In the fasting state resting metabolic rate increased after dFE (mean +/- s.d.: 0.49 +/- 0.20 kJ/min) but not after Pla (-0.04 +/- 0.16 kJ/min) in comparison to BMR, the difference between the two tests being highly significant (P < 0.01). Post-prandial thermogenesis (over 3h) was also significantly higher after dFE than after Pla (232 +/- 85 kJ vs. 181 +/- 73 kJ; P < 0.025). On the other hand, dFE did not affect respiratory quotient (RQ), either in the fasting state or in the fed state. These results show that in obese subjects dFE increases energy expenditure in the post-absorptive state, as well as after the ingestion of food.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Work stress and menstrual patterns among American and Italian nurses.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed whether job stress alters menstrual patterns among nurses working in 2 different settings: a tertiary care hospital in New York (99 nurses) and a university hospital in Rome (25 nurses). METHODS: Data on menstrual patterns were collected by a daily diary in which the nurses recorded their basal body temperature (BBT) and their menstrual bleeding status for a 3-month period. The BBT curves were used to classify cycles as biphasic or monophasic, and as adequate or inadequate with respect to the luteal phase. Job stress was evaluated by both objective (environmental and work characteristics) and subjective (perceived stress) criteria. RESULTS: The American nurses, especially those assigned to high stress units, had an increased risk for long and monophasic cycles [relative risk (RR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1-16.2 and RR 5.5, 95% CI 1.2-25.5, respectively]. Among those who perceived their stress at work to be high or reported strenuous work activity, the risk for longer cycles was also raised (RR 2.3, 95% CI 0.6-8.0 and RR 1.6, 95% CI 0.7-4.2, respectively). Luteal phase inadequacy followed the same pattern. Similar trends were observed in the Italian data. In addition, the rotating shiftwork pattern prevalent in the Italian group was possibly associated with higher rates of short cycles and inadequate luteal phases when compared with those of nurses working fixed shifts either day or night. CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual function may be affected by stressful work conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Prospective European multi-center study of natural family planning (1989-1992): interim results. The European Natural Family Planning Study Groups.

Since 1989 an international multicenter prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of natural family planning (NFP) methods in Europe has been conducted by the NFP Research Center at the University of Düsseldorf in collaboration with the European Zone of the International Federation for Family Life Promotion (IFFLP). Fourteen NFP-organizations from nine European countries participate in the study. Cycle data from women in the fertile age group are transferred to a special standard computer sheet by the respective organizations and forwarded at three-monthly intervals to the study center for analyses. To date, 10,045 cycles from 900 women aged between 19 and 54 years have been analyzed. This paper presents the pregnancy rate for the women aged between 19 and 45 years of age, who contributed 9284 cycles. In the analyses the cycles were subdivided into two categories consequent to sexual practices during the fertile phase: group I (NFP only--4277 cycles) use only NFP to avoid a pregnancy; group II (FA/mix--5007 cycles) where barrier methods or coitus interruptus during the fertile phase, at least in some cycles, were used to avoid a pregnancy. The women used different clinical indicators such as basal body temperature (BBT), cervical mucus, calculations, cyclical cervical changes or combinations of these to determine the beginning and the end of the fertile phase necessitating a further division into four subgroups, A, B, C, D, and different efficiency rates for each of these groups. In group A (symptothermal method, double check) 15 unintended pregnancies (UIP) occurred in 7404 cycles, giving a pregnancy rate of 2.4 Pearl Index (PI); in group B (muco-thermal method) there were 12 UIP in 1352 cycles with a pregnancy rate of 10.6 (PI); in group C (mucus to detect the beginning and mucus and BBT to determine the end of the fertile phase) there was one UIP in 434 cycles, and in group D (mucus method only) there was one IUP in 70 cycles. The numbers in group C and D are too small to calculate a pregnancy rate (PI). No pregnancy was observed in women over 40 years of age. Our conclusion from these preliminary results is that in the continent of Europe, the symptothermal method when used with periodic abstinence (NFP only = group I) and fertility awareness with the use of barriers during the fertile phase (FA/mix = group II) are effective methods of family planning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Prediction of ovulation with basal body temperature.

Basal body temperature (BBT) is used extensively to monitor ovulation in the treatment of infertility. There are well-defined methods of interpreting the BBT graph retrospectively that identify a presumptive day of ovulation. The prediction of ovulation through utilization of the BBT graph (strictly concurrent interpretation) is adversely influenced by temperature fluctuation and cycle length variability. The BBT graph can be very useful when its interpretation is well defined and its limitations understood.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1985

The use of voided urine temperature in the determination of basal body temperature.

The temperature of freshly voided urine has been shown to be a reliable predictor of body temperature. This relationship was confirmed for the measurement of BBT. A method was described for patients to obtain their BBT in a way that they may find more convenient than obtaining either oral or rectal temperature. The BBT graph patterns generated from the temperature of freshly voided urine closely paralleled those generated by oral temperature.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1978

Clinical investigation of the menstrual cycle. I. Diagram of the normal menstrual cycle.

The clinical definition of normal menstrual cycles has been attempted by using the basal body temperature charts of patients without gynecologic dysfunction who conceived in the following cycle. A second-species linear regression method has been used for statistical comparison of lengths of both follicular and luteal phases. A graphic representation of the equation of the tolerance limit about 46 normal cycles is proposed which can be considered a nomogram of the menstrual cycle.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 during the normal menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: Menstruation and ovulation are the main events during the menstrual cycle. Menstruation may influence the complete blood count because of its blood loss. Since ovulation is an inflammatory-like phenomenon, white blood cell count may change during ovulation. For these reasons, we have investigated the complete blood count and peripheral serum concentrations of associated cytokines during the normal menstrual cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal healthy female volunteers (N = 9; age, 21-33 years) with menstrual cycles of 25-33 days recorded basal body temperature every day and venous blood samples were collected three times per week. Complete blood count was performed and erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony, stimulating factor, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and hormones (FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone) were measured. RESULTS: The red blood cell, total white blood cell, granulocyte and platelet counts showed no statistically significant changes during the menstrual cycle when using analysis of variance with the Scheffe F-test. No changes in erythropoietin, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 were seen throughout the menstrual cycle. In contrast, serum granulocyte-colony stimulating factor concentrations increased significantly to 28.0 +/- 3.1 pg/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.) during the ovulatory phase, compared to 10.7 +/- 0.6 pg/ml in other phases. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that menstrual blood loss does not affect the complete blood count and suggest that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor plays and important role in the mechanism of ovulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Experiences with levonorgestrel in postcoital contraception].

To examine levonorgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive, 77 women received an oral dose of 0.4 mg per coitus for 1011 cycles and 27 women were administered 0.75 mg per coitus for 226 cycles. In the first dose group seven women became pregnant (Pearl's index 8.3), while two pregnancies resulted in the second group, one of the latter because of faulty drug intake (uncorrected Pearl's index 10.6; corrected Pearl's index 5.3). Menstrual irregularities (chiefly break-through bleedings and oligomenorrhea) were observed in 84.4% and 88.9% of the women, respectively. The number of cycle disorders increased with increasing intake rate and diminished when the drug was applied in excess of six months. The experiments undertaken to test the mechanisms of action indicated an influence on both cervical factor and endometrium, whereas the occurrence of LH-peaks and biphasic basal body temperature patterns suggested the presence of ovulations. Application of levonorgestrel for postcoital contraception failed to be a reliable routine method of hormonal contraception because of insufficient efficacy and considerable menstrual irregularities. The drug should be administered only after unprotected sexual intercourse as might happen, to women with very low frequency of intercourse, or in periods of reduced fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Modification of the thermogenic effect of acutely inhaled salbutamol by chronic inhalation in normal subjects.

BACKGROUND: Acute inhalation of clinical doses of salbutamol in normal volunteers increases resting metabolic rate by up to 20% above control values. This study was designed to see if chronic treatment with salbutamol causes a sustained increase in metabolic rate and whether it modifies the acute thermogenic response to the drug. METHODS: The effects of chronic inhaled salbutamol on resting oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) were studied in seven normal subjects (age 20-47 years, weight 52-105 kg, five men). An open canopy method of indirect calorimetry was used to measure VO2, VCO2, and respiratory quotient (RQ). Subjects inhaled two puffs of salbutamol or placebo four times a day in a double blind manner. Measurements of resting VO2 and VCO2 after 10 days of salbutamol were compared with the values after 10 days of placebo and with those taken at the start of the study. At the end of each treatment period subjects inhaled eight puffs (800 micrograms) of salbutamol and the acute effects on VO2, VCO2 and RQ were monitored for one hour. RESULTS: Resting VO2, VCO2, and RQ were not significantly different at the end of the salbutamol and placebo periods but the acute response to eight puffs of salbutamol was abolished by regular inhalation. The mean VO2 integrated over one hour after 800 micrograms salbutamol given acutely was different (241.3 and 210.7 ml/kg/h in the placebo and salbutamol groups respectively). Differences were not significant between placebo and salbutamol groups for changes in VCO2, heart rate, blood pressure, and RQ after acute inhalation. CONCLUSION: Regular treatment with inhaled salbutamol (800 micrograms/day) does not cause a sustained increase in resting metabolic rate but prevents the increase in VO2 that occurs after acute inhalations in normal subjects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Fertility awareness and natural family planning.

Information about fertility awareness helps to fulfil the broader definition of the services many family planning clinics offer. Although information about natural family planning is requested by a small number of clients seeking family planning advice, many more clients benefit from information about fertility awareness. Fertility awareness is far more than just basic reproductive anatomy and physiology; fertility awareness involves understanding basic information about fertility and reproduction, being able to apply it to oneself, and being able to discuss it with a partner or with a health professional. Fertility awareness is fundamental to understanding and making informed decisions about reproductive health and sexual health. If clients have a better understanding of fertility awareness, they are in a stronger position to make informed decisions about how they wish to manage their reproductive and sexual health, for example: (1) Fertility awareness information is used to help couples to plan pregnancies as well as to avoid them. This can be helpful to couples who are having difficulty conceiving, for the timing of intercourse or for the timing of some of the sub-fertility investigations. (2) The information is also useful when helping couples to understand how each method of family planning works--how the family planning method interrupts normal fertility, how the method will fail if not used correctly, and how fertility returns when the method is discontinued. (3) Women who are fully breastfeeding value the knowledge about reduced fertility, as do women during the perimenopausal years who value being given clear information about their declining fertility. (4) When counselling couples about the importance of avoiding sexually transmitted diseases it is important they understand sexually transmitted diseases may damage their fertility. (5) Couples who choose only to use a barrier method during the time they think the woman is fertile are a group who do not readily identify themselves to family planning providers. These couples often do not have adequate information about fertility awareness. Advances in technology and the understanding of ovulation, ovum and sperm survival have confirmed that the guidelines used to teach fertility awareness and natural family planning effectively identify the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Serial ultrasound studies on the ovaries during the menstrual cycle have confirmed the accuracy of the hormonal assays in pinpointing the likely time of ovulation. Ultrasound studies have also shown that subjective observations of the alterations in cervical mucus and the basal body temperature rise are accurate indicators of the fertile phase. Research on the chances of conception on each day of the menstrual cycle, using hormonal assays to estimate the time of ovulation, was carried out in 1994 by Weinberg and Wilcox. Their results showed that the timing of sexual intercourse, in relation to ovulation, strongly influences the chance of conception. Conception only occurred during a 6-day interval that ended on the estimated day of ovulation. The chances of conception fell to zero 24 hours after ovulation. Several different methods of natural family planning are taught; some methods depend on only using one of the indicators of fertility, others are based on two or more indicators. The main indicators of fertility are: observing the cervical mucus, recording the basal body temperature, palpating the cervix and a calculation based on the cycle length. Research studies performed using a combination of the indicators of fertility show that the failure rate using a combination is less than most of the studies which use a single indicator. In each case the method failure is far lower than the user failure. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Body Temperature↗