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PubMed1980

[In vitro activity of the oxa-beta-lactam LY 127935 against Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic gram-negative rods (author's transl)].

The susceptibility of 115 Bacteroidaceae strains to LY 127935 was determined by broth dilution, agar dilution and agar diffusion tests. Simultaneously, the strains were tested for degradation of the oxa-beta-lactam. Only five strains (3 Bacteroides fragilis and 3 Bacteroides oralis/Bacteroides bivius) partially degraded LY 127935. No major discrepancies between the results of the agar dilution and broth dilution tests were observed. According to the results obtained by the agar dilution method, 50 strains of B. fragilus were inhibited by concentrations of less than or equal to 8 microgram oxa-beta-lactam per ml. Members of the Bacteroides melaninogenicus group of organisms had agar dilution MICs of less than or equal to 0.5 microgram LY 127935 per ml and Fusobacterium/Sphaerophorus species were inhibited by less than or equal to 64 microgram/ml. Strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, B. oralis/B. bivius and Bacteroides spp. were less susceptible. Due to the narrow range of MICs observed with B. fragilis strains, no regression line could be computed for the relationship between MIC and zone size.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1983

[Anaerobic infections in operative medicine].

Compared with other medical disciplines, anaerobic infections play an especially important role in operative medicine. In odontogenic soft tissue infections of the orofacial area, in intraabdominal suppurative processes and in post partum, post abortum or postoperative gynecological infections, anaerobic pathogens are almost inevitably encountered. Furthermore, even in times of peace exogenous or endogenous toxic clostridial infections do not occur so rarely that they should be excluded from considerations concerning differential diagnosis. Because of the substantial malignancy of some of these infections, because of considerable variation in the species composition of anaerobic infections at different body sites and because of the peculiar antibiotic sensitivity pattern of certain anaerobes, diseases caused by anaerobic pathogens deserve special diagnostic and therapeutic attention. The reliable recognition of the anaerobic etiology of inflammatory lesions is usually only possible when microscopic or cultural bacteriological examinations are performed. As complete bacteriological analyses may be comparatively time-consuming, the clinician's requirements for planning the appropriate treatment are met best when he is informed of the tentative diagnosis of an anaerobic infection as soon as possible. This may often be achieved by microscopic or gaschromatographic techniques within less than two hours. The treatment of "surgical anaerobic infections" usually consists of operative measures combined with antibacterial chemotherapy. Only in selected cases, incision and drainage will suffice to cure a localized anaerobic suppuration. As a rule, additional application of antibacterial drugs is necessary or at least advisable in order to reliably prevent relapses or systemic spread. Appropriate chemotherapeutics are selected according to the pathogens that are individually present or may be expected with some probability. Diseases due to Gram-positive, non-spore-forming anaerobes, fusobacteria and Bacteroides species of the melaninogenicus group are comparatively easy to treat as these organisms are usually susceptible to penicillins including benzylpenicillin in sufficiently high doses. Against beta-lactamase-producing intestinal Bacteroides species such as B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron, lincomycins and nitroimidazoles have proved to be highly effective. Infections caused by these Bacteroidaceae may also respond to treatment with mezlocillin, cefoxitin, lamoxactam and possibly aminopenicillins combined with clavulanic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1983

Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs.

Aerobic and anaerobic microflora were identified and quantitated in 82 vaginal and 78 uterine samples obtained from mature bitches during different stages of the estrous cycle. The mean +/- SD of total bacterial counts/100 mg of vaginal contents of the 82 bitches was log 5.0 +/- 1.5, ranging from log 2.4 to log 8.8. The count at the estrous stage (log 7.8 +/- 0.7) was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that at the anestrus (log 4.4 +/- 1.0), pregnancy (log 5.9 +/- 1.3), and postpartum (log 5.1 +/- 1.5) stages. The common organisms isolated from the vaginas were Bacteroidaceae, streptococci, Pasteurella spp, and mycoplasmas. Organisms were isolated from 48 (68%) of 78 uterine samples. The range of total counts/100 mg of uterine contents was from log 1.6 to log 8.3. Staphylococci and mycoplasmas were frequently isolated from the uterine contents. Although many uterine microfloras were similar to vaginal microfloras, some uterine culture had a single isolate identified. There were no pathologic findings in most of the uteri. Seemingly, vaginal bacteria frequently flow into the uterus, yet they rarely cause uterine infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The effect of new broad-spectrum cephamycin, cefotetan administered intravenously on human fecal flora (author's transl)].

The changes in the fecal flora and their correlation with the fecal drug concentrations were studied, employing 4 volunteers (healthy adult males) to whom 1 g of cefotetan was intravenously administered daily for 6 days. 1. In all of the subjects, the total counts of fecal organisms were slightly decreased 1 day after administration of cefotetan, then showed gradual increase, and recovered to the normal level on 8 days after the withdrawal of the drug. 2. Cefotetan caused drastic suppression of normal aerobic and anaerobic flora during the administration period, except streptococci that remained unchanged at all. The bacterial groups suppressed were bacteroidaceae, eubacteria, bifidobacteria, peptococcaceae, lactobacilli, enterobacteriaceae, lecithinase-positive clostridia, and staphylococci. Yeasts were found to increase during the administration period. 3. The changes in flora well correlated with the fecal level of the drug concentrations. This is in accordance with the in vitro antibacterial activity of the drug. 4. A period of more than 15 days was required after the withdrawal of cefotetan to recover the normal fecal flora. 5. Loss of body weight and diarrhoea were not observed in any of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Frequency of detection and the species composition of anaerobic gram-negative nonsporulating bacteria in suppurative pathology in emergency surgery].

The improved technique of cultivation allowed to detect obligatorily anaerobic microorganisms in 58 out of 94 samples from patients with purulent inflammatory processes. The results of the studies showed that anaerobic microorganisms were most frequently isolated from the exudate of the abdominal cavity and the purulent discharge of wounds in peritonitis patients. Gram-negative nonsporulating bacilli made up 25.3% of all the isolated cultures. The identification of these microorganisms allowed to determine that in the exudate of the abdominal cavity, the discharge of surgical and posttraumatic wounds, and of the pleural cavity the representatives of the family Bacteroidaceae mainly occurred. Most frequently B. thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis were isolated.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

The effect of DU-6859a, a new potent fluoroquinolone, on fecal microflora in human volunteers.

Following the oral administration of DU-6859a to six healthy male volunteers at 100 mg per dose three times a day for seven consecutive days, the degree of disturbances of fecal microflora and fecal drug concentrations were examined. The total viable count decreased transiently during the administration due to changes in the number of members of the family Bacteroidaceae, the most predominant organisms. The other obligate anaerobes and most aerobes including facultative anaerobes were suppressed markedly by DU-6859a, with an exception of yeasts. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and most of anaerobic bacteria were reduced to below the detection limit in all subjects from the 3rd day of administration period to one day after the discontinuation of the drug. Clostridium difficile was detected in one of the volunteers at the end of administration. Side effects, such as mild transient soft stool and mild transient diarrhoea, were observed in five and one volunteers, respectively. During the administration, DU-6859a was detected in feces at high concentrations which correlated well with the decrease of susceptible members of fecal flora as well as their detection rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Studies on the composition of the fecal flora of healthy dogs with the special references of Lactobacillus flora and Bifidobacterium flora (author's transl)].

With the new method the fecal flora of 13 clinically healthy dogs aged 3 to 42 months was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. It was characterized by that bacteroidaceae constituted the most prodominant flora, catenabacteria, streptococci, peptostreptococci, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were the next most numerous, enterobacteria consisted the accompanying flora. The numbers of Clostridium perfringens were remarkably fluctuated and seem to be influenced by the composition of the food ingested by the host. The total cultivable counts averaged log 10.8 +/- 0.2/g. The composition of the Lactobacillus flora and Bifidobacterium flora in the feces of 34 dogs from 3 different age groups was analysed. In the feces of all age groups L. acidophilus, L. salivarius and L. fermenti with 9 different types were found. Within the lactobacilli L. acidophilus type VI c, L. salivarius type VI a and L. fermenti type IV b were most frequently found. L. acidophilus types VI c and XI, L. salivarius types VI a and VI b could not be placed in any established types of each species, and were described as new types. Bifidobacteria were regularly found in large numbers in the feces of dogs aged 2 to 24 months. B. adolescentis and B. pseudolongum consisted the main Bifidobacterium flora.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed2006

Periodontal infections and coronary heart disease: role of periodontal bacteria and importance of total pathogen burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation from any source is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Periodontitis is a possible trigger of chronic inflammation. We investigated the possible association between periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD), focusing on microbiological aspects. METHODS: A total of 789 subjects (263 patients with angiographically confirmed, stable CHD and 526 population-based, age- and sex-matched controls without a history of CHD) were included in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) study. Subgingival biofilm samples were analyzed for periodontal pathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola using DNA-DNA hybridization. The need for periodontal treatment in each subject was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The main outcome measures included total periodontal pathogen burden, number of the various periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm, and periodontal treatment needs (according to the CPITN). RESULTS: In multivariable analyses, we found a statistically significant association between the periodontal pathogen burden (log10 of the sum of all pathogens) (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-2.74; P<.001) or the number of A actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal pockets (log10) (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.79-4.07; P<.001) and the presence of CHD. In addition, a statistically significant association between an increase in mean CPITN score by 1 and the presence of CHD (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.08-2.58; P = .02) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an association between periodontitis and presence of CHD. Periodontal pathogen burden, and particularly infection with A actinomycetemcomitans, may be of special importance.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of bacterial orofacial infections using a new murine model.

We devised a new murine orofacial infection model using bacteria from odontogenic infection origins and characterized the experimental infections. In this model, bacteria were injected into the submandible of mice. Streptococcus constellatus and Peptostreptococcus micros produced a single abscess at the injection site and their abscess-forming and lethal abilities were low: the median abscess-forming dose (AF(50)) of S. constellatus and P. micros were 10(8.5-10.7)and 10(10.2-10.6)cfu/mouse, and their median lethal dose (LD(50)) were >11 and 10(10.6-11)cfu/mouse, respectively. Prevotella oralis and Fusobacterium nucleatum produced multiple abscesses and their abscess-forming and lethal abilities were strong: AF(50)of P. oralis and F. nucleatum were 10(6.0-6.4)and 10(7. 0-8.7)cfu/mouse, and their LD(50)were 10(7.0-7.7)and 10(8.3-9. 9)cfu/mouse, respectively. LD(50)of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were 10(9.4->11)and 10(8.9-9.1)cfu/mouse, respectively. Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis generated a necrotizing lesion, which progressed rapidly. We conclude that this murine model could reflect human orofacial odontogenic infections and is useful to investigate the pathogenicity of causative bacteria of such infections.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Endocarditis caused by a Leptotrichia buccalis-like bacterium in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve.

The isolation of a Leptotrichia buccalis-like bacterium from the blood of a patient with endocarditis associated with a prosthetic aortic valve is reported. The organism was isolated from different blood cultures. It was similar but not completely identical to Leptotrichia buccalis. The microbiological identification was confirmed independently by three laboratories, including two reference institutions. The case and the characteristics of the microorganism are reported.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Bacteraemia with Leptotrichia buccalis: report of a case and review of the literature.

We report here on a new case of L. buccalis bacteraemia. To our knowledge 16 other cases of L. buccalis bacteraemia have been reported in the literature, most of them in neutropenic patients. However L buccalis endocarditis does occasionally occur in non-neutropenic patients. The identification of L. buccalis is based on well known phenotypic features and confirmed by the detection of a large peak of lactic acid by gas chromatography for non volatile organic acids. L. buccalis is sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics including beta-lactam antibiotics, but it is resistant to aminoglycosides and macrolides.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The importance of black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes in human infections.

Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobic rods are found on mucosal surfaces as indigenous flora. With mucosal damage due to disease, trauma or surgery, these organisms may invade tissues and set up infection. Other important factors determining whether or not infection results include 'inoculum' size, synergy with other organisms and production of virulence factors that include capsules, lipopolysaccharide, attachment factors, proteases, collagenase, neuraminidase, and phospholipase A; also, they may have fibrinolytic and anti-phagocytic activity and may degrade complement and IgG and IgM. Pigmented anaerobes are found in all types of infections including such serious infections as bacteraemia, endocarditis, intracranial abscess, necrotizing pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis, generally as part of a mixed infecting flora, and they play a key role in experimental mixed infections. They dominate or are prominent in infections involving organisms originating in the oropharynx, such as central nervous system, head and neck, dental and pleuropulmonary infections. Therapy of infections involving pigmented anaerobes includes surgery plus antimicrobial agents; a significant percentage of strains produce beta-lactamase. Much remains to be done to determine the relative importance of the various taxa of black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes and of the different virulence factors produced by them.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1993

Occurrence of plasmids in black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes.

Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes are causative agents of pyogenic infections and are closely linked to various forms of periodontal diseases. Whereas many studies have shown a high incidence of plasmids in intestinal Bacteroides spp., there have been only a few reports of plasmid analyses in pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes. According to previous reports and confirmed in this study, plasmids can be present in Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Prevotella intermedia, Pr. melaninogenica, and B. levii but have not been detected in P. gingivalis or other black-pigmented species. There were no correlations between plasmids and phenotypes such as resistance to antibiotics or bacteriocinogenicity. The highest carriage rate was found in isolates from cases of chronic otitis media, but the relationship between this site of infection and a high incidence of plasmids could be incidental. The size of plasmids ranged from 1.5 to 29 MDa. Plasmids with molecular weight > 10 MDa were described for the first time in these organisms. Repeated plasmid analyses showed that the plasmid patterns were generally stable.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1993

Fluorescence in situ hybridization for direct visualization of gram-negative anaerobes in subgingival plaque samples.

Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes complementary to variable regions of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus 16S ribosomal RNA were used to identify these organisms in smears of formaldehyde-fixed subgingival plaque samples from patients suffering from periodontitis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization represents a useful method for assessing the microbial ecology of the periodontal flora.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1993

Non-radioactively labelled DNA probes for the detection of periodontopathogenic Prevotella and Porphyromonas species.

Digoxigenin-labelled synthetic DNA probes directed against the 16S rRNA were used for the direct detection of the periodontopathogenic bacteria Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque by applying a DNA-RNA dot-blot hybridization procedure. The test was evaluated with 134 plaque samples from 26 patients with adult periodontitis or rapidly progressive periodontitis. The lower limit of detection was 10(4)-10(5) bacteria/specimen. A semiquantitative assessment of the two species in each sample and in the corresponding periodontal site was achieved by this technique. It is possible to examine 80-90 samples within two days with low material costs.

Adult↗