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[Autopsy and religions].

Concerns about autopsies may hardly leave behind religious belief. Traditional anthropology conditions the relationship to death. No main religion practiced in the regions where autopsies are performed forbids it definitely. Judaism and Islam accept it as far as its usefulness is demonstrated. Christianity encourages the generosity of donation. Buddhism, which developed a denial of appearances, is finding ways to dialogue with the need of medical practices in the western world. The repulsion induced by the exploration of a corpse takes origin far above dogma and belief, which formulate acceptable limits within a given culture. Because autopsy remains useful, laic society must take into account not only the beliefs of humans, but also their fundamental need of sublimation in front of death.

Autopsy↗

[Metallurgic drugs in ancient Japan].

Advancements in metallurgic and pharmaceutical chemistry in ancient Japan were made by people like Mangan-Shonin, who combined elements from Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism to take advantage of technologies brought by Chinese and Korean immigrants. The Shonin himself, though it may be considered a wild speculation, could well be such an immigrant. Along with the immigrants, the Shonin established government-subsidized temples (Jingu-ji, Jogaku-ji) throughout the country under sponsorship by the Imperial Court for the purpose of raising funds through private donations. Research and educational activities conducted in these temples ultimately resulted in a well-established body of chemical engineers who could excavate chemical substances as well as alter their natures. According to a list of regional products (Sasaki,19) 1972) up to the 14th century, these chemical substances and their derivative products included iron from the Hitachi region, cast metal from Shimotsuke, swords from Sagami, face powder (lead carbonate) from Ise, mercury, and gold.

Chemistry↗

Chinese cultural dimensions of death, dying, and bereavement: focus group findings.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans' attitudes and practices about death, dying, and bereavement. To this end, three focus groups were conducted with social work graduate students, pastors and religious leaders, and service providers working in the Chinese American community in New York City. The United States is becoming increasingly multicultural, and Chinese Americans are the most rapidly growing Asian American group. Findings from this study revealed that many Chinese attitudes and practices about death and dying are rooted in Asian cultural values such as filial piety, centrality of the family, and emphasis of hierarchy. In addition, strains of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and local folklore are embedded in these death attitudes and practices. Based on themes extrapolated from the focus groups, recommendations are delineated for service providers in order to implement culturally-sensitive bereavement practices.

Adult↗

[Morita therapy in cultural context].

East is characterized by concepts of transcendence of ego structure, equality of mind to body and psychic structure of emptiness or nothingness. West is on the other hand characterized by concepts of ego strength, superiority of mind to body and psychic structure of fullness. Namely in the East ego is not strengthened but dispersed into relationships of a person with other persons, animated and in-animated others. There is no differentiation between mind and body. Also there is a traditional way of reaching a psychic state of emptiness or nothingness which is found in Zen-Buddhism. However in the West nothingness or emptiness has only negative meaning. West has also linear way of thinking that one lives by developing oneself towards God as progress whereas East has circular way of thinking like Nietzches word, "Eternal repeat of the sameness". Such traditional concepts of Eastern culture are reflected on our Japanese language. For example we would like to omit subject and object and propose to go to drink something, tea or coffee. We would like to keep the ambiguity in our expression so that we could avoid harming the others who actually wanted to go with us. Morita Therapy is based on the Eastern culture and has such cultural backgrounds. Indicated are the patients who have a tendency to be hypochondriacal and called "shinkeishitu". These patients have namely strong fear of death and also at the same time strong wish to live a full life. However the fear of death predominate and suppress the desire to live a full life which produces several neurotic symptoms like simple phobia, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, etc. For such patients we do absolute bed rest in order to let the patients discern the natural process of their inner self through paradoxical setting of lying down for 7 days that is usually unnatural. Patients are prescribed to lie down in bed except eating, face-washing and keeping hygiene. The bed rest induces at first boredom which would bring about paradoxically desire to live a full life. Also in the following work therapy period patients would not fixate their attention inwards, namely to their symptoms but learn to pay attention towards outwards even though they have still symptoms. In the body action we could acknowledge changes of our inner perception that is also possessed by other persons, other animated creatures and in-animated creatures as a form of "Inter-perceptivity". We do not only perceive the atmosphere established between us and others but also between us and outer nature. Patients learn that anxiety is not to be eliminated but to be accepted as it is. So we just accept and do "nothing" to eliminate anxiety. We address that Morita Therapy is not only indicated for "shinkeishitu" personality but also for other anxiety based disorders, such as cancer patients, traumatized patients, etc.

Anxiety Disorders↗

Research on history of medicine in China in the last five years.

Since 1999, progress has been made, to varying degrees, in numerous areas of medical history research in China including history of TCM, history of western medicine, history of integrated Chinese and western medicine, history of traditional medicine of Chinese minorities, history of medicine of foreign countries, history of medical exchanges between China and other countries, and history of comparative medical history. Among others, the number of articles on history of diseases, history of specific medical disciplines, modern medical history, medical biographies, medical works, contemporary medical history, and history of medical culture has increased dramatically. In the field of history of diseases, the papers deal with diseases in gynecology and obstetrics, plague, lanhousha (scarlet fever), and nephritis; articles in the field of specific disciplines deal with history of acu-moxibustion, history of prescription-forms, and history of gynecology, endoscopic surgery, and evidence-based medicine. There are even distinguished papers appeared in these aspects. In the aspect of modern medical history, there are papers dealing with the developement of TCM, the introduction of western medicine into China, with some specific researches in these fields. Medical biographies include Tan Yun-xian, Quan Shao-qing, Du Chong-ming etc. Papers on medical works deal with the ancient unearthed literature lost yet spread and extant abroad, medical classics, canons on material medica, cold-pathogenic diseases, and formularies. While papers on history of medical culture discuss basically the influence of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and I-discipline on Chinese medicine. During these five years, 300 original articles have been published in The Chinese journal of Medical History, with another 200 papers published in other Chinese journals. Forty monographs have been published and important ones are A General History of Chinese Medicine, Modern history of TCM, The Historical Development of Acupuncture, A General History of Tiberan Medicine. For the coming years, the stress points should be laid on the research on history of diseases, history of specific medical disciplines, and some specific academic topics. In addition, the weak points in the research fields of theoretical problems in studies of medical history, history of traditional medicine of Chinese minorities, medical history of communication between China and foreign countries, comparative study on medical history, and the study on history of medical also be strengthened continually. In the five years since 1999, progress has been made, more or less, in the research works in medical history in China, including history of TCM, history of western medicine, history of integrated Chinese and western medicine, history of traditional medicine of Chinese minorities, history of medicine of foreign countries, history of medical exchanges between China and other countries, and history of comparative medical history. And the number of articles on history of diseases, history of specific medical disciplines, modern medical history, medical biographies, medical works, contemporary medical history and history of medical culture has increased dramatically. The research work in ancient medical history is still progressing forcefully.

China↗

[Ye shes dpal'byor and Gan lu si bu (The four Tantras of nectar)].

Yeshes Palbyor was born in Haiyan County, Qinghai Province in 1704. As a youngster he studied medicine, Buddhism and linguistics in Ta'er Monastery. At the age of 28, he returned to Gunglung Monastery in his home town until his death. He devoted his whole life to the study of clinical therapeutics and Mongolian medicine. Gan lu si bu was his representative work, in which he advanced the theory of Six Basic Syndromes and Chills and Fever.

History, 19th Century↗

[The art of nursing management].

It is often said that management is a science as well as an art. Nursing managers have to master the science of management and make management an art, which is the goal of nursing leadership. The purpose of this paper was to integrate the views of Eastern and Western scholars and propose a combination of science and art in nursing management, to include the following components: the art of management and leadership; the art of to manage or not to manage, the art of leadership, and the art of delegation. The concept of "government by doing nothing that goes against nature," of Taoism, "Zen management," from Buddhism, and "situational leadership" have also been considered in this paper in the hope of providing guidance for nursing management.

Art↗

The state of water in living systems: from the liquid to the jellyfish.

The status of water in living systems is reviewed both from philosophical and scientific viewpoints. Starting from antique Mediterranean civilizations (Sumerian, Egyptian, Hebrew, Greek), a world trip is proposed through Norse myths, Siberian Shamanism, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shinto, Mayan, Aztec, Inca, Aboriginal and African philosophies in order to convince that all humans share the same qualitative idea that water was a pre-requisite for life apparition. The quantitative aspect of the problem is further analyzed at the light of the scientific contributions from two leading scientists: R.A. Gortner and E.T. Jaynes. With Gortner's work it is demonstrated using the concrete example of the Jellyfish submitted at a Faraday discussion held in London in 1930, how a paradigm shift has occurred in the thirties concerning the status of bound water in the living cell. With Jaynes' work, the disastrous consequences of the entrenchment of diffusion theory in biology are critically examined and the exact meaning of the second law of thermodynamics for biological systems is given using the concrete example of muscle contraction. In conclusion, the importance of distinguishing between an ontological and epistemological level of knowledge is stressed and suggestions for reconciling scientific and philosophical approaches are given.

Animals↗

[The feeling of eternity.].

Under this somewhat unusual title, the article deals with a theme developed in several religious traditions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Shamanism) and taken up again by a few "secular" authors (Artaud, Jung, Proust, Romain Rolland, Maslow), the theme of a modified perception of time giving rise to a form of time "exit", an extra-temporal style of existence, a "feeling of eternity". It is as if existence could be grasped other than in relation to its ephemeral aspect, as it escapes time, or, as it is said, in its eternal contenance. According to religious tradition and to the authors, this "other" grasp of existence requires that we move from ordinary consciousness to another mode of consciousness, which they all apply themselves to describe. The article does not seek to account for the different interpretations of the feeling of eternity originating in the most diverse of disciplines. It seeks rather to put viewpoints and testimonies into a parallel plane, in the hope that they will be mutually illuminating and enriching, and that they will succeed in making more accessible to us an experience that is worthy, at least, of serious consideration, and about which our dominant cultural currents do not speak to us very often.

English Abstract↗

Modern medicine and indigenous health beliefs: malaria control alongside "Sadsana-phee" (animist belief system) in Lao PDR.

The major religion in Lao PDR is Buddhism, but many ethnic groups in rural Lao PDR hold an animist belief system called "Sadsana-pee". At the same time, the Bourapar District study site in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR is at high risk of malaria infection. Due to their belief in traditional ways of healing, the promotion of malaria prevention and treatment with modern medicine was not always welcomed by the villagers. Based on the results of questionnaire interviews with 240 heads of households from February to March of 2003, the effect of local beliefs on malaria control activities was discussed. Despite widely available western medicine and widely conducted health education, some people still believe that evil spirits cause malaria and rely on traditional medicine and/or religious ceremonies for treatment. Based on our findings, we recommend that future education and malaria control programs be revised and made sensitive to those people holding indigenous beliefs.

Adult↗

Use of complementary and alternative medicine in paediatric oncology patients in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is garnering increasing interest and acceptance among the general population. Although usage is thought to be widespread among paediatric cancer patients, local studies have not been done. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of CAM usage in paediatric cancer patients in a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parents of 73 paediatric cancer patients treated at KK Women's & Children's Hospital completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data about the types of CAM therapies used, motivations for use, adverse effects, costs and discussion of usage with the patient's physician were obtained. General perceptions towards CAM and conventional medicine were explored. A subsequent telephone survey enquired about spirituality, benefits of CAM use and overall satisfaction with the therapies. RESULTS: Two-thirds of patients used at least 1 CAM treatment, mainly as supportive adjuncts to conventional cancer treatment. Dietary changes, health supplements, herbal tea and bird's nest were the most common therapies used. Few patients (8.1%) consulted a CAM practitioner. Positive predictors of CAM usage included being of Chinese race, the practice of Buddhism or Taoism, the use of CAM prior to diagnosis, perception of CAM effectiveness and dissatisfaction with conventional treatment. Significantly, 55.1% of the parents had not discussed their CAM usage with their child's physician. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of paediatric cancer patients utilises CAM therapies, often without their physician's knowledge. Healthcare providers need to remain cognisant of the potential implications of CAM usage in order to proactively counsel patients. This would ensure that conventional therapy remains uncompromised.

Adolescent↗

Community mental health.

They way of life in this modern day has evolved in such a way as to weaken many of the traditional supports and amenities. The extended family, the small town, the life time job (mostly agriculture), the stable marriage, the belief in Buddhism and family elders are now less available for help and comfort during a crisis. As social supports have declined, the mental health workload has multiplied both in member and range of responsibility. Before mental health well assume to be a leading problem in the changing society, we, as a mental health professionals should explain and acknowledge our collective limitations. Cooperation and support from all sectors, government and private organizations, from low level personnel to key men in administration and political positions are necessary. More realistic boundaries for our responsibilities in comprehensive Community Mental Health care should be established, but the line is not easy to draw.

Community Mental Health Services↗

Environmental factors in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report on a case-control study in Hong Kong.

A case-control study was undertaken of Cantonese NPC patients hospitalized in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong. One age- and sex-matched control was selected for each NPC case from hospitalized patients with cancers other than NPC. A total of 150 NPC patients and 150 controls were interviewed in order to compare the two groups with respect to socio-economic status, dietary habits and health status. In addition to the individual patients and controls, healthy members of their respective households were also interviewed, in order to obtain information not influenced by the experience of having cancer. Weaning habits were compared in the households of NPC patients and those of controls by asking women who had ever breast fed a child about food supplements they had given to the baby during, and immediately after, weaning. The following factors were found to be positively associated with NPC: (1) belonging to the four lowest occupational classes; (2) practicing Buddhism or ancestor worship and having religious altars in the house; and (3) having a history of previous illnesses of the ear or nose after the age of 15 years. The following factors were found to be negatively associated with NPC: (1) eating of bread; (2) eating of tinned food; and (3) use of spices. The study of weaning habits disclosed that salted fish was given to babies just after weaning more often in households with an NPC case than in control households. A multivariate analysis showed that traditional lifestyle and the consumption of salted fish during weaning are independent risk factors for NPC. This analysis also revealed that two or three of the many expressions of a traditional lifestyle included in the study could account for the total increase in NPC risk associated with this way of life, although it is quite possible that other, as yet unidentified, factors are just as important.

Adolescent↗

Memorial stones for the souls of animals killed for human welfare in Japan.

In Japan, at the old ports of the whaling industry, at all 365 slaughterhouses of the country, at some of the more than 90 wholesale markets of marine products, and at most of the about 170 testing facilities using laboratory animals, there are memorial stones for the souls of the animals killed for human welfare. Except at the whaling ports, where the memorials often can be dated back to the 17. century, all stones have been erected in the 20. century, most of them during the last 2 decades. The roots of this Japanese folk custom are probably in the prehistoric times of Shintoism. With the introduction of Buddhism in the 6. century, the killing of animals was considered sinful. Following the opening of the country in 1860, slaughterhouses were established.

Abattoirs↗