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PubMed1994

[Differential fertility and body constitution of fertile and postmenopausal women from Austria].

With 156 fertile and 171 postmenopausal patients of the I. Universitäts-Frauenklinik in Vienna the intercorrelations between 29 cephalic and postcephalic body measures, 34 anthropometric indices and number and date of pregnancies, spontaneous abortions as well as births were computed. For both proband groups typical correlation patterns between the two trait systems could be observed. It turned out, that small, robust women with a high amount of subcutaneous fat tissue had more pregnancies and births than tall, slender women with less amount of subcutaneous fat tissue. Differences between the two groups occurred only with regard to the number of significant correlations as well as of the height of the correlation coefficients. With the fertile probands more significant and especially higher correlations were stated. The correlations between the anthropometric characters and the date of the individual pregnancies yielded marked differences between the two samples: the number of significant correlations of the postmenopausal women surpassed the number of significant correlations of the fertile women. Concerning the causes for the intercorrelations between fertility and body dimensions, hormonal factors and somatic changes resulting from pregnancies and births as well as age-dependent changes of body shape are discussed.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

[Changes of body mass components and body constitution in boys 7-17 years of age].

The longitudinal studies of boys aged 7-17 years were performed to trace the dynamics of growth processes, indices of endomorphism, mesomorphism and ectomorphism according to type of body build. The indices of somatotype stability, proposed by the authors, depending on the age and body build, are discussed. It is shown that the least variable are the boys of asthenoid and digestive types of body build, while those belonging to muscular and thoraco-muscular types undergo changes most frequently. At the age of 9-10 years the somatotype variability is the greatest. By the age of 15-17 years the proportion of the boys belonging to asthenoid-thoracal type is increased, that is characterized by a deceleration of skeletal muscles development and an increase in the ectomorphism index.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Serum insulin levels affect body constitution, blood pressure, serum lipids and cardiac dimensions. Observations in clinically healthy offspring from hypertensive families].

BACKGROUND: According to some work hypertension is in a pathogenetic relationship with hyperinsulinaemia or is considered to be the consequence of insulin resistance. It is, however, also known that there exists a familial predisposition for hypertension; according to genetic investigations half the family relatives can suffer from hypertension. In conjunction with these views on the pathogenesis of hypertension and its familial character the authors outlined the following objectives of their investigation: to test clinically and metabolically the condition of the offspring of probands with essential hypertension requiring systematic treatment. The authors investigated in particular indicators of body composition, insulin concentration and its relationship to serum levels and some indicators of lean body mass. METHODS AND RESULTS. There were 48 offspring (25 men and 23 women) from families of 30 probands suffering from hypertension. The mean age of the offspring was 38.4 +/- 7.8 years. They were compared with a group of 72 controls, mean age 35.8 +/- 8.2 years (36 men and 36 women) without a family history of hypertension and diabetes (t-test). The basal insulin concentration (IRI O' = 20.5 +/- 12.8 microU/ml, and 14.3 +/- 7.3 microU/ml resp., p < 0.01) and basal C peptide (O' = 0.59 +/- 0.31 pmol/ml and 0.50 +/- 0.20 pmol/ml resp., p < 0.05) were elevated. The offspring of probands with hypertension had a higher body weight (BMI = 25.3 +/- 3.5 kg/m2 and 23.3 +/- 2.5 kg/m2 resp., p < 0.001) a higher ratio of waist hip circumferences (0.94 +/- 0.1 and 0.87 +/- 0.1 resp., p < 0.001) similarly as blood pressure (131.5 mmHg +/- 11.8 mmHg and 116 mmHg +/- 13.3 mmHg resp., p < 0.001) and blood sugar level (5.29 +/- 0.61 mmol/l and 4.93 +/- 0.39 mmol/resp., p < 0.01). The authors also found differences in the serum cholesterol levels (5.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/l and 5.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/l resp., p < 0.01), HDL cholesterol (1.45 +/- 0.50 mmol/l and 1.65 +/- 0.60 mmol/l resp., p < 0.01) and triacylglycerol trends (1.66 +/- 1.54 mmol/l and 1.37 +/- 0.96 mmol/l resp., p < 0.1). On echocardiographic examination the cardiac dimensions were not enlarged, however, significant relations (linear regression) were proved in offspring in particular as regards the dimensions of the left ventricle and insulin (IRI O-left atrium p < 0.05, IRI 30-left atrium, p < 0.01. C peptide O-left atrium, p < 0.05). Between the body mass index, cholesterol, uric acid HDL-cholesterol the waist/hip ratio on the one side, the dimensions of the left atrium, thickness of septum and posterior wall (p < 0.01-0.001), between insulin and C peptide (p < 0.001) on the other side even closer relations were found. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated insulin concentrations may participate in the development of body composition, they influence the lipid transport and blood pressure in clinically healthy offspring of probands suffering from hypertension. The relationship between the insulin concentration and disposition towards enlargement of the left heart needs more detailed investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Body constitution of growing inbred animals under hypo-, normo- and hyperkinetic conditions].

The work was carried out in inbred mice C57BL/6, CBA, CC57Br/M strains, interstrain hybrids of the first generation FF1 and in rats of August and Wistar strains. Only one-month-old male animals, which were kept for two months under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were used in the study. Statistically significant relation between underloading, overloading and habitus changes was demonstrated. It was stated that habitus changes under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were genetically determined. Hereditary predisposition of the reactionary norm and the phenomenon of heterosis manifest themselves under different motor regimens.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Osteogenesis in healthy children and in children with growth retardation depending on body constitution].

Somatometric and radiographic study of bones of the hand and of the distal forearm was performed in 258 healthy children and adolescents (148 boys and 110 girls) aged 11-17 years and in 115 children (84 boys and 31 girl) aged 13-16 years which were under the observation due to growth retardation. It was shown that within the groups of the same age children with various somatometric characteristics possessed different levels of skeletal (and therefore, biological) maturity. In the group of healthy children, different variants of skeletal maturation were established, which corresponded to the constitutionally stipulated rates of somatic development including accelerated, average and retarded. In children with growth retardation, the third (retarded) variant of somatic development rate was prevalent, which was also found in the group of healthy children and was accompanied with its peculiar osteogenesis characteristics. In the other cases, when such abnormalities of skeletal maturation as asymmetry in the appearance of ossification centers and synostoses as well as the presence of pseudoepiphyses, were observed, growth retardation could be caused by some endocrine pathology. Thus, the radiographic study enables the differentiated approach to the evaluation of the morphological status of children and adolescents and permits to avoid the unjustified administration of hormonal treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Heredity of osteochondrosis, body constitution and leg weakness in the pig. A correlative investigation using progeny testing.

Sixty-three boars of the Swedish Landrace and the Yorkshire breed were progeny tested. Production variables were correlated with frequency of osteochondrotic lesions at three sites, length of radius, and presence of leg weakness in 416 offspring. Osteochondrotic lesions in distal femur and humerus were found to be correlated with desirable production variables. No correlation existed between presence of osteochondrosis and leg weakness. Analysis of variance showed that breed and boar within breed influenced frequency and distribution of osteochondrosis. The pigs of the Yorkshire breed were less affected. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.30 for the osteochondrotic lesions at three sites. It should be noted that these figures are preliminary because of the limited number of offspring. It was concluded that a possibility exists to lower frequency of osteochondrosis in the pig with only some loss of valuable production qualities.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Characteristics of body constitution and their relations to success in learning].

Somatotype, finger dermatoglyphic pattern type, emotional stability level and foreign languages learning successfulness have been analyzed in 297 male cadets (aged 17-20 years) of the Military Institute of Physical Training. The cadets studied most frequently belonged to macrosomal and mesosomal somatotypes. In the study of finger patterns, loops were found to be most common (61.5% of all the patterns), while ringlets (33.4%) and arc patterns (5.1%) were less frequent. The amount of ulnar loops increased, while that of ringlets became less in the direction from micro- to macrosomal type. Almost half (46.9%) of the cadets appeared to be ambiverts, 30.8% were intraverts and the rest were extraverts. Loop patterns on all the fingers to a greater extent were found in cadets with high level of neuroticism; the cadets having lower neuroticism level were characterized by a combinations of loops with arcs on the left hand and arcs with ringlets on the right one. The cadets differing in foreign language learning successfulness level were different in their dermatoglyphic patterns and, especially in the prevalence of pattern combinations. So, among the excellent pupils the loop-arc combinations were 2.7 times more common and combinations of all three types of patterns (arcs, loops, ringlets) were 1.4 times more common.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Constitution and body proportions in different strains of rats. A study of race formation in breeding isolates.

(1) There are considerable differences in body constitution in different strains of rats, ranging from very robust to very gracile forms. The differences are greater in the larger males than in the smaller females. (2)Craniofacial and postcranial proportions of the trunk in domesticated strains of rats differ either uniformly or mosaically from the wild form. (3)Nasal shape differs greatly in rats ranging from extreme leptorrhine to extreme platyrrhine forms, giving a total range greater than in human populations. (4)Fisher 344 rats have long tails and extremities and Buffalo and GRL short tails and extremities. (5)Wistar and ACI rats have longer tails than wild rats but do not differ significantly from wild rats in the relative length of their other extremities. (6)The relationship between tail and extremity length is under genetic control which is concordant in Fisher, Buffalo and GRL rats, but discordant in the Lewis, Wistar and ACI strains. (7)There is no connection between relative extremity length and total body constitution since short-limbed strains occupy both the highest (Buffalo) and lowest (GRL) levels o f robusticity, and strains that do not differ in relative extremity length from wild rats differ greatly from each other in constitutional type (Wistar and ACI). (8)Differences of relative extremity length and nasal shape in rats have their parallels in human populations. But in human populations they follow Allen's ecological "rule" and can be duplicated experimentally. In rats here used, however, they do not result from any known ecological pressures, but from the genetic factors acting in breeding isolates.

Animals↗