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PubMed1989

Body-image disturbances in bulimia nervosa: influences of actual body size.

This study evaluated body-image distortion and ideal body-size preferences in 423 nonbulimic women and 108 bulimics. Analyses of covariance were utilized to compare the bulimic and nonbulimic groups on measures of current and ideal body size. Weight was used as a covariate to evaluate the influence of actual body size on perception of current body size and selection of ideal body size. Bulimics chose current body sizes that were significantly larger than those picked by nonbulimics regardless of actual body size. Bulimics also chose thinner ideal body sizes than did nonbulimics, regardless of actual body size. These results suggest that body-image distortion and extreme preference for thinness are a fundamental characteristic of bulimia nervosa. These results were discussed in terms of how perception of a large body size and preference for a very thin body size might interact to produce a high degree of dissatisfaction and overconcern with body size in bulimia nervosa.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution.

OBJECTIVES: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. METHODS: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively. SUBJECTS: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. RESULTS: On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.5+/-1.6 kg/m(2) and contained 27.8+/-3.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.1+/-4.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.35+/-4.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Total-body electrical conductivity method for estimating body composition: validation by direct carcass analysis of pigs.

Determination of body composition by measuring total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is based on the principle that body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) differ in electrical properties. In humans, we are able to estimate body composition only by indirect methods, which have been used to validate the TOBEC instrument. Relationships between TOBEC and body composition were examined using direct carcass analysis of 24 pigs differing widely in body weight and composition (48-137 kg and 14-45% fat, respectively). Highly significant correlations (p less than 0.0001) were found between body conductivity and empty-body water (H2O) (r = 0.979), empty-body FFM (r = 0.980), empty-body crude protein (r = 0.962), and empty-body potassium (r = 0.949). Prediction of empty-body H2O or FFM from TOBEC had a SEE of 2.1 or 2.8 kg, respectively. Thus, the TOBEC method can predict body H2O and FFM over a wide range of body weight and fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1975

Growth of the pig: changes in body weight and body fluid compartments.

Body weight and the rate of change in TBW, ECW, and ICW were measured in 252 anesthetized pigs during the first 12 weeks after birth. After TBW was measured with 3H2O, 55 of the pigs were killed and TBW measured by desiccation. 3H2O overestimated TBW by 6.5% of body weight and 4.9% of fat-free wet weight, compared to desiccation (P less than 0.001); mean figures for 3H2O were 78.6 +/- 1.02% of body weight, and for desiccation, 72.1 +/- 0.45%; on a FFWW basis, 88.6 +/- 0.94% for 3H2O, and 83.7 +/- 0.13% for desiccation. TBW decreased significantly from 85.0% of body weight at birth (1.5 dg) to 75% at 5 kg (day 28) at a rate of ---3.2% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate). After that the rate of decrease was not different from zero: --0.117% body wt/kg body wt. ECW decreased significantly from 48% at birth to 35% at day 28 at a rate of --3.802% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate), and after day 28 the rate of decrease was not different from zero (--0.149% body wt/kg body wt) through week 12. ICW decreased, but not significantly, at a rate of --0.099% body wt/kg body wt. The changes in the rate of decrease in TBW and ECW coincided with weaning, and it was speculated that there was a direct relationship between the two events.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Genetics of adult body mass and maintenance of adult body mass in captive baboons (Papio hamadryas subspecies).

Adult body mass and changes in mass during an individual's life are important indicators of general health and reproductive fitness. Therefore, characterization of the factors that influence normal variation in body mass has important implications for colony management and husbandry. The main objective of this study was to quantify the genetic contribution to adult body mass and its maintenance in baboons. Intra-individual mean and variance in body mass were calculated from multiple weight measures available for each of 1,614 animals at least 10 years of age. Heritabilities were estimated using maximum likelihood methods. Mean adult body mass had a significant heritability (50%) as did variance in adult body mass (12%). The sexes differed in several respects: on average females were smaller than males and had greater variability in adult body mass; mean and variance in body mass increased with age in females only; and number of offspring showed a significant positive relationship with body mass in females only. There were significant differences between subspecies in body mass as well as ability to maintain body mass. These results indicate that there is a significant genetic influence on body mass and its maintenance, and suggest that different factors influence changes in body mass with age as well as body mass maintenance in male and female baboons.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Four-component model of body composition in chronic renal failure comprising dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water by deuterium oxide dilution.

1. Assessment of nutrition in patients with chronic renal failure by body composition measurement techniques may be affected by variable hydration. 2. This study aimed to derive a four-component model of body composition (consisting of fat, protein, total body water and body mineral) from a combination of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and total body water measured by deuterium oxide dilution, allowing assessment of body protein stores without the effect of variation in hydration. Patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and conservative treatment and a control group were studied. Patients with chronic renal failure were at an 'ideal' state of hydration on clinical assessment. 3. Hydration was defined by total body water as a percentage of fat-free mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and no differences were found between chronic renal failure subgroups and control subjects (except in the female undialysed chronic renal failure subgroup). Hydration was significantly correlated with percentage total body fat in the control groups but not in patients with chronic renal failure. 4. Lean tissue measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was significantly reduced in three of the six chronic renal failure groups compared with control subjects (male and female patients on haemodialysis and female patients on peritoneal dialysis). Protein estimated from the four-component model failed to detect these abnormalities. 5. Lean tissue measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal subjects strongly correlated with fat-free mass measured by total body potassium in normal subjects (male r = 0.91; female r = 0.89, both P < 0.0001). The correlation of protein estimated from the four-component model with fat-free mass measured by total body potassium was far weaker in male control subjects (r = 0.51, P < 0.05) and not significant in female control subjects (r = 0.38, P not significant). In the normal subjects protein estimated from the four-component model showed a much greater variation from protein estimated by total body potassium than did protein estimated simply as 27% of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry fat-free mass minus total body mineral. 6. Hydration in patients with chronic renal failure in whom fluid balance is believed to be normal on clinical criteria does not differ from that in normal subjects. The combined model of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and total body water is not a useful method for the measurement of body protein.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1991

Lewy bodies in parkinsonism share components with intraneuronal protein bodies of normal brains.

Histochemical characteristics of the Lewy bodies, in catecholamine neurons of 10 Parkinsonian patients, were compared to those of the spherical protein bodies, the basic protein-rich markers of catecholamine neurons in man. Special methods for proteins and lipids showed that the core of the Lewy bodies, in the neurons of the locus coeruleus and the substantia nigra, contains basic proteins and lipids normally found in the protein bodies. Acid fuchsin and the lipid-soluble fluorescent dye rhodamine B stained the entire core of the Lewy body in the parkinsonian brains and the entire sphere of the protein body in the control brains. Bromsulfophthalein, another acidic dye, which selectively binds to the enzyme gluthathione-S-transferase, had affinity only for a ring-like lamina at the outer layer of the core of the Lewy body and for the outer rim of the protein body. These results demonstrate that Lewy bodies and protein bodies contain similar macromolecular components, that is lipids and two different types of proteins, which also show similar stratification in the two structures. On the other hand, the presence in several neurons of the Parkinsonian patients, of aggregates representing transitional forms between protein bodies and Lewy bodies, indicates that abnormalities of protein bodies precede, and are somehow linked to Lewy body production.

Brain Stem↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Eating disorders and body image disturbances among ballet dancers, gymnasium users and body builders.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders are frequent among elite performers of certain sports or physical activities; however, little is known about non-professional performers. METHOD: 113 female non-elite ballet dancers, 54 female gymnasium users, 44 male non-competitive body builders, 105 female controls and 30 male controls were evaluated using the Body Uneasiness Test, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Eating Disorder Examination 12th edition (EDE-12). RESULTS: Non-elite ballet dancers reported the highest prevalence of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa 1.8%; bulimia nervosa 2.7%; eating disorders not otherwise specified 22.1%), followed by gymnasium users (anorexia nervosa 2.6%; eating disorders not otherwise specified 18%). Significant differences (p < 0.01) between athletes and their controls were found in the following parameters (median values): Beck Depression Inventory (female dancers 5.7, gymnasium users 6.1, female controls 2.8, body builders 1.6, and male controls 1.3), Body Uneasiness Test (female dancers 1.08, gymnasium users 0.62, female controls 0.54, body builders 0.35, and male controls 0.27), EDE total scores (female dancers 1.6, gymnasium users 1.7, female controls 1.0, body builders 1.0, and male controls 0.4), EDE - restraint subscale scores (female dancers 0.8, gymnasium users 1.6, female controls 0.0, body builders 0.8, and male controls 0.0), EDE--eating concern subscale scores (female dancers 0.4, gymnasium users 0.2, female controls 0.0, body builders 0.0, and male controls 0.0), EDE--weight concern subscale scores (female dancers 2.1, gymnasium users 2.1, female controls 1.6, body builders 1.4, and male controls 0.5), and EDE--shape concern subscale scores (female dancers 2.7, gymnasium users 2.8, female controls 2.0, body builders 2.1, and male controls 0.9). EDE scores were highly related to Body Uneasiness Test scores, especially in non-elite ballet dancers and in non-competitive body builders (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Non-professional performers of sports emphasising thinness or muscularity, such as ballet and body-building, show a high degree of body uneasiness and inappropriate eating attitudes and behaviours.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Longitudinal changes in body weight and body composition among women previously treated for breast cancer consuming a high-vegetable, fruit and fiber, low-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: Excess adiposity has been shown to be associated with increased risk for breast cancer recurrence, and a plant-based eating pattern has been hypothesized to be protective. Whether a plant-based diet without specific energy goals will result in weight loss or changes in body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer has not been fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was conducted to identify changes in body weight, anthropometric measures, and body composition over a four year period in a sub-sample of breast cancer survivors participating in a dietary intervention targeting increased intake of vegetables, fruit and fiber and decreased dietary fat intake. METHODS: This randomized, controlled dietary intervention study compared longitudinal changes in intakes, body weight, waist:hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and body composition by treatment group among fifty-two women previously treated for Stage I, II, or IIIA breast cancer from the Arizona site of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. The dietary intervention aimed for eight servings of fruit and vegetables, 30 g fiber, < or = 20% total energy from fat per day, as well as daily intake of vegetable juice. The comparison group was advised to follow general dietary guidelines for cancer prevention. RESULTS: The dietary intervention resulted in a significant and sustained increase in fiber, fruit, vegetable, and vegetable juice consumption (p < 0.05) among intervention group subjects as compared to comparison group subjects. The first 6 months resulted in a reduction in body weight and body fat among the intervention group subjects while the comparison group subjects remained stable. Subsequent measurements, at 12, 24 or 36, and 48 months, showed no significant differences in mean body weight, BMI, WHR, or body composition by study group. Also, no significant changes in these measures were demonstrated for either study group between baseline and 48 months. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intervention efforts resulted in significant changes in diet toward an increase in plant foods and a decrease in dietary fat. Changes in weight, WHR, BMI, and body composition were not different over time or by study group assignment. Interventions that promote a plant-based diet without specific energy restriction do not appear to promote changes in body weight or body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. To adequately examine the role of energy restriction in reducing obesity-associated breast cancer recurrence, future interventions should include prescribed energy imbalance either through reduced intake and/or increased expenditure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Changes in body weight and body surface area in strain 13 guinea pigs infected with Pichinde virus.

In studying pathogenetic mechanisms of Pichinde virus-induced disease in strain 13 guinea pigs, a large decrease of body weight (approximately 28%) observed within 14 days postinoculation raises a question concerning the validity of standardizing body or organ functions in terms of body weight. This study was to examine changes in body weight and body surface area of Pichinde virus-infected strain 13 guinea pigs after various days postinoculation. Control guinea pigs were also subjected to the same experimental procedures and experimental days. While body weights and body surface areas increased progressively in controls, I observed only slight decreases in body surface areas (4-6%) in the infected guinea pigs, despite large decreases of body weights throughout the 14-day experimental period. In conclusion, Pichinde virus-infected strain 13 guinea pigs demonstrated a small reduction of body surface area within 14 days postinoculation, suggesting that body surface area, rather than body weight, should be used for standardizing body or organ functions for comparison with their own baseline values.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Dissociation of body weight and lean body mass during cancer chemotherapy.

Body weight and lean body mass are different reflections of the nutritional status of patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. In the present study, the relation between lean body mass and body weight during cytostatic treatment was investigated in 3 groups of newly-diagnosed children and young adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma, or a small round cell sarcoma. Body weight and lean body mass were determined before and after an initial period of cytostatic treatment. Lean body mass was derived from total body water volume, which was assessed by deuterium oxide dilution. A significant dissociation between body weight and lean body mass was observed in leukemia patients (n = 8, P = 0.008, paired t-test), and in osteosarcoma patients (n = 13, P = 0.001). No dissociation was found in patients with a small round cell sarcoma (n = 8, P = 0.839). We conclude that during cancer chemotherapy periodic assessment of body weight may give a false picture of the preservation of lean body mass. Considering the course of body weight alone may prevent the establishment of a timely diagnosis of malnutrition, which is mandatory for optimal supportive care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Body weight and body composition during sixty days of isolation.

The aim of this study was to find the mechanisms leading to the weight changes that have frequently been observed during isolation and in spaceflight. Isolation studies with small groups impose limitations on the measurements that can be performed to simple, noninvasive methods. In this study the simple parameters of body weight and body composition, along with sodium and potassium excretion, were determined in three males and one female subject before, during and after 60 days of isolation. Our assumption was that application of these simple methods might provide valuable information, when measurements are done on a daily basis and when the pre- and post-isolation periods are taken into account. Three subjects gained weight before isolation, while one lost weight. All four subjects gradually lost weight during isolation, 1-4% of their weight on the first day of isolation. During the first post-isolation week weight remained stable. During isolation one subject lost body fat, whereas another lost body water and lean body mass, but gained body fat. The urinary electrolyte excretion pattern reflected the changes in body composition: sodium loss coincided with a decrease of total body water, and potassium loss with a decrease of lean body mass. The Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method, used in defining changes in body composition, provided data in good agreement with those obtained with the double-labeled water method. The results reported here are in agreement with observations reported by other investigators with respect to the body weight changes and the body composition. However, it is still not understood why some subjects lose fat and others gain fat under identical conditions. Psychological factors may be involved in these individual differences. Two further points have become clear from these studies: (1) the pre- and post-isolation periods should be taken into account, (2) urinary electrolyte excretion must be seen in the context of changes in body composition, not only in the context of kidney function.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of forced-air warming systems with lower body blankets using a copper manikin of the human body.

BACKGROUND: Forced-air warming has gained high acceptance as a measure for the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. However, data on heat transfer with lower body blankets are not yet available. This study was conducted to determine the heat transfer efficacy of six complete lower body warming systems. METHODS: Heat transfer of forced-air warmers can be described as follows:[1]Qdot;=h.DeltaT.A where Qdot; = heat transfer [W], h = heat exchange coefficient [W m-2 degrees C-1], DeltaT = temperature gradient between blanket and surface [ degrees C], A = covered area [m2]. We tested the following forced-air warmers in a previously validated copper manikin of the human body: (1) Bair Hugger and lower body blanket (Augustine Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, MN); (2) Thermacare and lower body blanket (Gaymar Industries, Orchard Park, NY); (3) WarmAir and lower body blanket (Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products, Cincinnati, OH); (4) Warm-Gard(R) and lower body blanket (Luis Gibeck AB, Upplands Väsby, Sweden); (5) Warm-Gard and reusable lower body blanket (Luis Gibeck AB); and (6) WarmTouch and lower body blanket (Mallinckrodt Medical Inc., St. Luis, MO). Heat flux and surface temperature were measured with 16 calibrated heat flux transducers. Blanket temperature was measured using 16 thermocouples. DeltaT was varied between -10 and +10 degrees C and h was determined by a linear regression analysis as the slope of DeltaT vs. heat flux. Mean DeltaT was determined for surface temperatures between 36 and 38 degrees C, because similar mean skin temperatures have been found in volunteers. The area covered by the blankets was estimated to be 0.54 m2. RESULTS: Heat transfer from the blanket to the manikin was different for surface temperatures between 36 degrees C and 38 degrees C. At a surface temperature of 36 degrees C the heat transfer was higher (between 13.4 W to 18.3 W) than at surface temperatures of 38 degrees C (8-11.5 W). The highest heat transfer was delivered by the Thermacare system (8.3-18.3 W), the lowest heat transfer was delivered by the Warm-Gard system with the single use blanket (8-13.4 W). The heat exchange coefficient varied between 12.5 W m-2 degrees C-1 and 30.8 W m-2 degrees C-1, mean DeltaT varied between 1.04 degrees C and 2.48 degrees C for surface temperatures of 36 degrees C and between 0.50 degrees C and 1.63 degrees C for surface temperatures of 38 degrees C. CONCLUSION: No relevant differences in heat transfer of lower body blankets were found between the different forced-air warming systems tested. Heat transfer was lower than heat transfer by upper body blankets tested in a previous study. However, forced-air warming systems with lower body blankets are still more effective than forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets in the prevention of perioperative hypothermia, because they cover a larger area of the body surface.

Air Movements↗

PubMed2001

Body image assessment using body size estimation in recent studies on anorexia nervosa. A brief review.

The concept of body image is thought to consist of two components: body size perception and attitudes towards the body. Correspondingly, two distinct modalities of body image dysfunction seem to be relevant for anorexia nervosa: perceptual body size distortion and cognitive-evaluative dissatisfaction. Consequently, various techniques to assess body image have been developed to assess body image disturbance in eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa. This review article compares the numerous methods of assessing body image used in recent studies on anorexia nervosa and discusses the various findings. The findings suggest that body image disturbance is not due to any perceptual deficit, but is based on cognitive-evaluative dissatisfaction. Although overestimation of body size is not a universal symptom in eating disorders, this issue is interesting in terms of prognostic and therapeutic implications. Thus, body size estimation remains a worthwhile approach to assessing body image disturbance in eating disorders. The identification of sensory and non-sensory factors in body image is considered a promising issue for further research.

Anorexia Nervosa↗

PubMed2003

Estimation of the proportion of body fat in mice from the proportion of body water.

We compared the proportion of body fat in mice as measured by chemical analysis with that estimated from the proportion of body water. First, we measured the proportion of fat by chemical analysis in 78 mice that had a proportion of body fat in the range from approximately 5 to 20%. Then, we constructed a regression line that described the relationship between the proportion of body water and the proportion of body fat by using data from several other published studies in mice (% body fat = -1.20 x % body water + 88.07, r = 0.9597, sy.x = 2.75, p < 0.001). With this regression line, we estimated the proportion of body fat from the proportion of body water that was measured by drying the carcasses at 60 degrees C for 3 days. Body fat data obtained from this regression line were similar to those obtained by chemical analysis. Thus, these results suggest that reliable values for the proportion of body fat can be derived from the proportion of body water and this method provides a tool to rapidly measure the proportion of body fat in mice.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Estimating body weight and body composition of chickens by using noninvasive measurements.

The major objective of this research was to develop equations to estimate BW and body composition using measurements taken with inexpensive instruments. We used five groups of chickens that were created with different genetic stocks and feeding programs. Four of the five groups were from broiler genetic stock, and one was from sex-linked heavy layers. The goal was to sample six males from each group when the group weight was 1.20, 1.75, and 2.30 kg. Each male was weighed and measured for back length, pelvis width, circumference, breast width, keel length, and abdominal skinfold thickness. A cloth tape measure, calipers, and skinfold calipers were used for measurement. Chickens were scanned for total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) before being euthanized and frozen. Six females were selected at weights similar to those for males and were measured in the same way. Each whole chicken was ground, and a portion of ground material of each was used to measure water, fat, ash, and energy content. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate BW from body measurements. The best single measurement was pelvis width, with an R2 = 0.67. Inclusion of three body measurements in an equation resulted in R2 = 0.78 and the following equation: BW (g) = -930.0 + 68.5 (breast, cm) + 48.5 (circumference, cm) + 62.8 (pelvis, cm). The best single measurement to estimate body fat was abdominal skinfold thickness, expressed as a natural logarithm. Inclusion of weight and skinfold thickness resulted in R2 = 0.63 for body fat according to the following equation: fat (%) = 24.83 + 6.75 (skinfold, ln cm) - 3.87 (wt, kg). Inclusion of the result of TOBEC and the effect of sex improved the R2 to 0.78 for body fat. Regression analysis was used to develop additional equations, based on fat, to estimate water and energy contents of the body. The body water content (%) = 72.1 - 0.60 (body fat, %), and body energy (kcal/g) = 1.097 + 0.080 (body fat, %). The results of the present study indicated that the composition of a chicken's body could be estimated from the models that were developed.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Relationship between body fat and body mass index: differences between Indonesians and Dutch Caucasians.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between percent body fat and body mass index (BMI) in two different ethnic groups (Indonesians and Caucasians) in order to evaluate the validity of the BMI cut-off points for obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Not specially selected populations living in southern Sumatra (Palembang, Indonesia) and Caucasian Dutch living in Wageningen. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, body height, body fat by deuterium oxide dilution and skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Body fat could be well predicted by body mass index (BMI) and sex in the Indonesians and by BMI, sex and age in the Dutch with a prediction error of 3.6 and 3.3% for the two populations respectively. Although the body mass index in the Indonesian group was about 2 kg/m2 lower compared to the Dutch, the amount of body fat was 3% points higher. Because of small differences between the groups in age, weight and height the differences in body fat were corrected for this (ANOVA). Indonesians having the same weight, height, age and sex have generally 4.8% points more body fat compared to Dutch. Indonesians having the same % BF, age and sex have generally a 2.9 kg/m2 lower BMI compared to the Dutch. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the relationship between % BF and BMI is different between Indonesians and Dutch Caucasians. If obesity is regarded as an excess of body fat and not as an excess of weight (increased BMI), the cut-off points for obesity in Indonesia based on the BMI should be 27 kg/m2 instead of 30 kg/m2.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls.

In 2 studies, the authors evaluated the role of parents, peers, and the media in body image and body-change strategies among adolescent boys and girls. The respondents for Study 1 (423 boys and 377 girls) completed the Body Image and Body Change Inventory (L. A. Ricciardelli & M. P. McCabe, 2002) and the Perceived Sociocultural Influences on Body Image and Body Change Questionnaire (M. P. McCabe & L. A. Ricciardelli, 2001b). Body mass index and age were also included in the analyses. Regression analyses demonstrated that sociocultural influences and feedback from the participant's best male friend were important predictors for all body-change strategies among boys. For girls, sociocultural influences and feedback from the participant's best female friend and mother were important predictors for body-change strategies. The most consistent predictor of weight loss, weight gain, and strategies to increase muscles was body-image importance. In Study 2, the authors examined the influence of the same sociocultural variables, as well as negative affect and puberty on body image and body-change strategies among a second group of 199 boys and 267 girls. The results demonstrated that a broad range of sociocultural influences predicted body-change strategies for boys and girls, with negative affect also having a unique influence for boys but not for girls. Puberty played a minor role, once other sociocultural variables were entered into the regression equation. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗