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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Quantitation of HIV-1 viral RNA in blood plasma and genital secretions.

Quantitation of HIV RNA in blood is commonly used to monitor progression of the disease and to assess the effect of antiretroviral therapy in individuals. Although not approved in the US for diagnosis of HIV infection, the finding of a positive HIV RNA with a negative HIV enzyme immunoassay and Western blot (or evolving Western blot) is an indication of primary HIV infection and should be followed up closely. Large clinical trials and cohort studies have demonstrated the importance of HIV RNA as an indicator of drug efficacy and as a factor in HIV transmission. Sexual intercourse is the most common method of transmission of HIV-1. Several studies have demonstrated that blood plasma viral load is significantly correlated with the risk of sexual HIV transmission. Additional investigations have found a significant correlation between the viral load in blood plasma and in the genital tract. This chapter describes methods of collection, processing, and testing in blood, plasma, and male and female genital secretions for quantifying HIV RNA.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The level of free histamine and free serotonin in the blood plasma in polycythemia vera].

Fluorimetric analysis was performed of blood plasma content of free histamine and free serotonin in 26 patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and 29 essentially healthy individuals. There has been established an elevation of blood plasma free histamine and free serotonin concentration in PV patients (p) as compared with those in healthy subjects. The ratio of free histamine: free serotonin in PV patients' blood plasma has gotten significantly decreased (p) as compared with the healthy individuals. The above findings might be regarded as reflecting metabolic disorders due to retardation of bloodflow and increase in viscosity of blood caused by augmentation of the mass of circulating erythrocytes in PV.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Investigations of humoral and cellular regulation mechanisms of the redox-homeostasis in cattle from ecological farming--2. Influence of race and age on the enzymatic redox control in the blood plasma].

The present study examined the effects of race and age on the redox potential behavior of blood plasma samples. The blood plasma from clinical healthy heifers (44) and calves (45) were investigated. The animals presented three different cattle races (Limousin, Angus and Hereford), grazed on pasture. The blood plasma test consists of two parts: analysis of the initial redoxpotential as well as the investigation of the action of biocatalists. ATP, ATP plus caffeine, GTP and FAD+ were used as an adding substances for the differential analysis. The influence of biocatalist on the redox balance and the reaction of the redox dependent enzymatic system of native plasma significant correlated with animal race and age.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of postheparin lipoprotein lipase in rabbit blood plasma].

Activity of lipoprotein lipase was studied in rabbit blood plasma after administration of heparin at a dose 50 un/kg into animals. NaCl was added to incubation mixture at final concentration 1 M to differentiate the enzyme from liver triglyceride lipase. The salt inhibited strongly (sometimes completely) the lipolytic activity in rabbit postheparin blood plasma. These data suggest predominance of lipoprotein lipase, sensitive to NaCl, in total lipolytic activity of rabbit postheparin blood plasma. Only slight alterations in the value of total lipolytic activity and in activity, depending on lipoprotein lipase, were observed in rabbits maintained at high cholesterol diet. Under these conditions distinct increase in activity of triglyceride lipase, stable to NaCl , was not found.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blood plasma luminescence in ischemic heart disease].

Low-temperature spectra were measured of blood plasma fluorescence and phosphorescence in patients with ischemic heart disease. It has been shown that structure of radiation spectra depends upon severity of illness and use of ultra-violet radiation of blood as a therapeutic procedure. It is suggested that radiational processes in blood plasma might be caused by luminescence of proteins, lipoproteins and radicals of blood plasma. A conclusion is reached to the effect that measurement of spectra of luminescence, phosphorescence under low temperatures of blood plasma is of great importance for understanding mechanisms of pathological processes and efficiency of the treatment options employed.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of fibrinogen content in human blood plasma using thrombin-like enzyme of ancistron N and analysis of hemostasis under presence of blood coagulation inhibitors].

The cases of non-coagulation or only partial coagulation of blood plasma fibrinogen under the effect of thrombin have been revealed while examining the homeostasis-state in practically healthy elderly and old people and those with hypertonic disease. These cases have been analyzed. It is shown that the suggested method of fibrinogen determination in blood plasma using thrombin-like enzyme ancistrone-H extracted from venom of snakes (Agkistrodon halys halys) permits determining the fibrinogen content in blood plasma even in the cases connected with the presence of circulating coagulation inhibitors in plasma. The determination is not hindered by the introduction of exogenous heparin, including low-molecular heparins of the fraxiparin type.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

[Blood plasma lipolytic enzymes in experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits].

The activity of blood plasma lipolytic enzymes was studied during the development of experimental hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits. It is shown that lipoproteinlipase activity in post-heparin blood plasma increases most markedly 6 months after feeding rabbits with cholesterol. The concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma also reaches maximum values in this period. The activity of hepatic triglyceridelipase increases significantly within the same period. In rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis, just as in intact animals, however, the lipolytic activity of post-heparin blood plasma is almost entirely due to lipoproteinlipase.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Leukaemic peripheral blood plasma and bone marrow plasma: comparison of influence on lymphocyte proliferation.

Peripheral blood plasma from some children with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) exerted an inhibitory effect in vitro on phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This occurred at concentrations beyond that required for optimal response as judged by reduction of blast cell formation and tritiated thymidine and tritiated uridine incorporation into DNA and RNA, respectively. In contrast, bone marrow plasma from these patients was non-inhibitory or contained significantly less inhibitory activity. Bone marrow plasma from the majority of healthy controls was superior to their peripheral blood plasma in enhancing phytohaemagglutinin-induced mitogenesis. The difference between an individual's bone marrow- and peripheral blood-derived plasma in enhancing proliferation of patient and healthy control cells was significantly greater amongst the patients than the healthy control group; this was attributed mainly to the increased inhibitory activity of ALL peripheral blood plasma compared with normal plasma. Medium conditioned by phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated normal peripheral blood lymphocytes was effective in neutralizing the inhibitory activity of ALL peripheral blood plasma. Taken together, these in vitro results are at least suggestive that in vivo, in healthy subjects, the rapidly proliferating cells in the bone marrow and the 'resting' blood cells in the circulation may be under the influence of a fine balance of different types and/or levels of humoral growth stimulatory and inhibitory factors and that in ALL an unstable balance of these factors exists. The decreased proliferation of circulating blast cells compared with bone marrow blasts in ALL may be attributed, at least in part, to exposure to the different levels of inhibitor(s) in the circulation and bone marrow as demonstrated in vitro by our results.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1982

Origin of sodium ions appearing in the venous blood plasma during acute venous congestion and hemorrhagic hypotension: a study on kidneys and skeletal muscle of dogs.

We studied the origin of sodium ions which appeared in a higher concentration in the venous blood plasma obtained from the renal or femoral vein, than in the arterial blood plasma during acute renal venous congestion, acute venous congestion of hindlimbs and acute hemorrhagic hypotension. We measured the sodium concentration in the blood plasma as well as in hemolyzed blood obtained with sonication. In addition, sodium contents of the kidneys and skeletal muscle were determined. All experiments were performed on anesthetized mongrel dogs. Sodium contents of the kidneys and skeletal muscle of hindlimbs, in terms of milliequivalent per gram dry tissue weight, was decreased significantly 30-40 min after exposure of the kidneys and hindlimbs to acute venous congestion, or after exposure of hindlimbs to hemorrhagic hypotension, indicating a release of sodium ion into the blood stream. The sodium ion concentration became slightly higher in the venous blood than in the arterial blood, in terms of both blood plasma and hemolyzed blood, during 15-30 min of exposure of hindlimbs to local venous congestion or hemorrhagic hypotension, again indicating a release of sodium ion into the blood stream. However, acute renal vein congestion caused the sodium ion concentration to become slightly higher in the venous blood than in the arterial blood, only in terms of blood plasma, and not in terms of hemolyzed blood, indicating that red blood cell sodium is the origin of sodium ions which appeared in the renal venous plasma during acute renal vein congestion.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Factors of a nucleic nature in human blood plasma].

Total amount of nucleic acids, content of RNA and RNAase activity were measured in blood plasma of healthy persons and of patients with chronic lympholeukosis. Content of nucleic acids and RNA was increased in blood plasma of these patients as compared with normal persons. Polyribonucleotide from blood plasma exhibited several specific physico-chemical properties: it was resistant to the effect of pancreatic RNAase and had specific nucleotide composition. The RNAase activity in blood plasma of patients with chronic lympholeukosis was similar to the values found in blood of healthy persons.

DNA↗
PubMed1992

Estrogens and prostaglandin F2alpha in the semen and blood plasma of stallions.

A study was performed to determine the levels of estrogens and prostaglandin F2alpha in the stallion ejaculate. Simultaneous semen and blood plasma samples were collected from 19 stallions, 2 weeks apart, during the breeding season. Although not statistically different, the total mean estrogen content tended to be higher in seminal plasma (4447 pg/ml) than in blood (2497 pg/ml). A tendency was found for higher mean estrone sulphate concentrations than for total free steroid in both seminal (4116.1 vs 330.5 pg/ml) and blood plasma (2447.1 vs 49.5 pm/ml). Mean concentrations of estrone in ejaculate and blood plasma were 257.1+/-267.0 (SD) and 9.5+/-5.4 pg/ml, respectively. Estradiol-17beta concentrations were 73.4+/-87.4 and 40.0+/-27.6 pg/ml in ejaculates and blood plasma, respectively. Mean PGF2alpha concentrations tended to be much higher than total estrogens (1106.8+/-1636.4, SD, vs approximately 260 ng/ejaculate, respectively). To our knowledge this is the first report of PGF2alpha and estrogen concentrations in the stallion ejaculate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Depletion of blood plasma cytidine due to increased hepatocellular salvage in D-galactosamine-treated rats.

Pyrimidine nucleosides in blood plasma of rats were identified by different procedures, including chemical peak shift methods, before their quantification by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of uridine, cytidine, and deoxycytidine were 1.0 +/- 0.2, 10.6 +/- 1.9, and 33.4 +/- 5.4 mumol/l, respectively. Six hours after the administration of D-galactosamine, the level of circulating cytidine was severely depressed to 25% of control values; uridine decreased to 54% while deoxycytidine remained unchanged. 24 h after the dose of the amino sugar, the levels of cytidine and uridine returned to control values in blood plasma. Total acid-soluble uridine, cytidine, guanosine, and adenosine was determined by reversed-phase HPLC after treatment of the neutralized acid-soluble supernatant of freeze-clamped rat livers with phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. Six hours after its administration, D-galactosamine induced a 2.2-fold and a 1.6-fold rise in total acid-soluble uridine and cytidine, respectively. Co-administration of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate, an inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, suppressed the increase in total acid-soluble uridine observed after D-galactosamine alone, but was without effect on the enhancement of total cytidine. Three hours after D-galactosamine and 15 min after [2-14C] cytidine, there was a rapid fall of the labeled nucleoside in blood plasma to 49% of control animals accompanied by a 2.8-fold rise in the total radioactivity of rat liver homogenates. From these results it can be concluded that the hepatocellular rise in total acid-soluble cytidine after D-galactosamine, in contrast to the increase in total acid-soluble uridine, originates from the phosphorylation of blood plasma cytidine via the salvage pathway. The depletion of circulating cytidine in the presence of hepatocellular UTP deficiency points to the importance of the liver and the hepatic UTP level for the clearance of blood plasma cytidine.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Toxic activity of the blood plasma in the early postresuscitation period].

The time course of blood plasma toxicity was studied in dogs in the early postresuscitation period 10 minutes after clinical death because of acute hemorrhage. The duration of dying, the rate of the recovery of the main vitally important body functions were discovered to affect the rate of accumulation in the blood of substances with different molecular weights. There were 3 phases in blood plasma toxicity accumulation. The first phase is marked by the overflow of blood vessels with low-molecular substances, the second one by relative lessening of the content of low-molecular metabolites and an increase in the content of medium-molecular substances. The second phase is in agreement with the maximal rise of blood plasma toxicity. The third phase that develops by the 60th minute of the postresuscitation period is characterized by reduction of the peak activity of all substances under study and by overt toxicity with relative normalization of the main body functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Tonsillar application of killed Streptococcus mutans induces specific antibodies in rabbit saliva and blood plasma without inducing a cross-reacting antibody to human cardiac muscle.

When Streptococcus mutans cells are injected into the skeletal muscle of rabbits, an antibody against human cardiac muscle, as well as an anti-S. mutans antibody, is induced in blood plasma. Our previous study showed that when sheep erythrocytes are applied to palatine tonsils, an antibody against the applied cells is induced both in blood plasma and saliva. This antibody has no activity against cardiac muscle. It is not clear, however, if S. mutans application to the tonsils evokes an antibody response against cardiac muscle. In this study, we immunized rabbits against S. mutans or Streptococcus sobrinus by tonsillar application or by intramuscular injection every 3 days for 6 weeks. Tonsillar applications of formalin-killed cells of S. mutans induced saliva immunoglobulin A (IgA) and blood plasma IgG to the applied cells. In contrast, intramuscular injection of such cells induced only blood plasma IgG. When the route of immunization was intramuscular injection, antibodies in blood plasma cross-reacted with cardiac muscle. By enzyme-immunohistochemistry and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests, no cross-reaction to cardiac muscle was observed with the antibody in saliva or in blood plasma after the tonsillar applications. Western blotting of the S. mutans antigen showed that blood plasma from rabbits injected with S. mutans reacted with antigens of 46, 52, 62, and 85 kDa, while that from rabbits subjected to tonsillar application of S. mutans did not react with these bands. Similar results were obtained for S. sobrinus applications. Thus, tonsillar applications of mutants group streptococci induce antibodies differing in antigen specificity and do not induce any cross-reacting antibody to cardiac muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The hematocrit values and hemoglobin content of blood and the level of total protein, free fatty acids, glucose, lactate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Pa, Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the blood plasma of newborn calves and their mothers immediately after birth].

Blood samples were collected from 22 calves in three weight classes (A: 29.3 +/- 0.5 kg, B: 36.0 +/- 1.3 kg, C: 42.7 +/- 3.7 kg), 1-3 minutes after parturition and prior to uptake of foremilk as well as 24-26 hours after parturition. Other blood samples were collected from 45 calves, 5-60 minutes after parturition, and from their mothers, 3-5 or 5-60 minutes from calving. Haematocrit and haemoglobin in the blood of the calves, immediately after parturition, were higher the values recorded from adult cattle. Major differences were found to exist between individual calves regarding total protein of blood plasma. Protein levels in 14 calves were below 50 g/l, within 24-26 hours from parturition. Free fatty acids in blood plasma of calves were lower than those in cattle, 1-3 minutes from parturition, and were higher, 5-60 minutes from parturition. Glucose levels in Group C were higher than those in A and B, 1-3 minutes postpartum. Lactate in Group C was higher than that in B. An account is also given of blood plasma levels of Ca, Pa, Mg, Na, K, Cu, and Zn.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Method of simultaneous determination of kallikrein, plasmin and thrombin precursors and inhibitors in human blood plasma].

Prekallikrein, plasminogen and prothrombin of human blood plasma have been separately activated by caolin streptokinase and thromboplastin. By measuring the TAME-esterase (N-d Tozy-L-arginine methyl ester) activity of each enzyme and its changes in the course of plasma incubation with the activator, it was possible to estimate the values of precursors of kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin and their inhibitors. Evidence is given that under conditions described the activation is specific of each enzyme and does not affect the level of the two other percursors. The method has been developed in two modifications, permitting to obtain the value of seven parameters in 0.4--0.7 ml of blood plasma.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1989

Magnetic resonance of water protons in fresh human blood plasma.

Spin-lattice (T1-) relaxation times of fresh human blood plasma at 13.2 MHz and 29 degrees C ranged from 1263 milliseconds (msec) to 1709 msec. Spin-spin (T2-) relaxation times of those samples were between 446 msec and 753 msec. Proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) phantoms of such blood plasma were made with ferric chloride and corn starch in dilute hydrochloric acid, and also in dilute sulfuric acid. Their Fe3+ ion concentrations approximated 138 micrograms (micrograms) per deciliter (dl). Both T1 and T2 of any of these p.m.r. phantoms were within limits of those described above for fresh human blood plasma. Lowering of the concentration of the Fe3+ ion--in an experimental corn starch solution--was manifested in longer T1.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Method of estimating kininogenesis in blood plasma].

It is suggested that the kininogenesis should be assessed from 3 forms of kallikrein which are detected on the basis of their kininogenase activity in whole blood plasma. Heating of blood plasma acidified to pH 3.0 for 15-20 min at 61 degrees C allows for the conditions under which the kallikrein inhibitors (alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin) are destroyed whereas kallikrein, prekallikrein, low- and high-molecular kininogens (HMK) are preserved, thus constituting a complex of proteins making the kininogenase reaction feasible. Addition of purified preparations of HMK to the neutralized samples of normal and sick individuals' plasma permitted the demonstration that as the kallikrein is raised, the kininogenesis gets actually activated, during which the blood manifests, in the presence of kallikrein hyperactivity, a sufficient amount of HMK. Provided the kallikrein content drops by 50%, the kininogenesis is reduced, which is accounted for by depletion of blood HMK. A 70%- and a greater decrease in the kallikrein content attests to the kininogenesis reduction because of the diminished levels of HMK, prekallikrein and kallikrein. The regularities described have been confirmed by the agreement between the blood plasma kallikrein level and the concentration of blood free kinins revealed during examination of 68 normal individuals and 231 patients suffering from different inflammatory-allergic diseases of the respiratory and hepatobiliary organs, and from diabetes mellitus.

Adult↗