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PubMed1961

[Birth control].

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Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

UNICEF supports birth control despite Holy See.

The Vatican has failed in its attempt to prevent the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) from spreading the message of family planning in developing countries. Over the strong objections of the Holy See, the 41-member Executive Board of UNICEF has asked the agency to cooperate with the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the WHO "to support family planning in the context of sustainable national healthcare systems." A member of the Executive Board said the Vatican held the view that UNICEF had no legitimate right to be involved in family planning. "But the Holy See was in a minority of one," he said, adding that "the whole problem arises from the fact that the Vatican continues to equate birth control and abortion with family planning." A recently concluded board meeting unanimously adopted a resolution requesting UNICEF to "contribute substantively" to the UNFPA-sponsored International Conference on Population and Development (CPF) set to take place in 1994 in Cairo. The board also asked UNICEF Executive Director James Grant to submit a policy paper "on the involvement of UNICEF in family planning, taking into account the health of the child and the mother." The paper is to be presented for the consideration of the board at its regular session next year, with a view to approving it prior to the ICPD. Prior to the adoption of the resolution, J. Klink, a spokesman for the Holy See, told the Executive Board that there were "concerns" over calls for UNICEF to involve itself in family planning activities. He said UNICEF should not be concerned with family planning because there were other agencies entrusted with that mandate. Responding to the support given by Nordic countries to the UNICEF resolution, Klink said that wealthy nations must not impose dictates as to the "appropriate" size of poor families. "The Holy See would not propose that UNICEF halt its current balanced, informational approach to the spacing of births," he said. "Families must be free to decide their size." UNICEF, he pointed out, had clearly stated that it was not involved in abortion or sterilization and did not provide contraceptives. "UNICEF must continue to respect cultural and religious diversity," he said. At a meeting of the Preparatory Committee of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in April this year, the Vatican succeeded in striking a reference to family planning from a blueprint for development known as Agenda 21. Paragraph 99 of Agenda 21 had originally referred to the need for "integrated healthcare, including universal access to family planning services and the provision of safe contraceptives." But this paragraph was deleted in the final document adopted at UNCED in Rio de Janeiro in June. Given that family planning is the single most effective means with which to contain population growth, the UNFPA considered the omission a retrograde step in handling the dangers of overpopulation and environmental degradation. In Rio de Janeiro, Werner Fornos, president of the Washington-based Population Institute, criticized the Holy See "for interfering in the lives of people throughout the world because of religious dogmas." Grant told the board meeting last month that UNICEF would work with the UNFPA to spread knowledge and support program activities for successful family planning which he said was integral to safe motherhood. Birte Poulsen of Denmark told the meeting that reduced population growth was a prerequisite for sustainable development, and the UNICEF "must accord family planning issues top priority." And Inger Ann Ravum of Norway said the integration of family planning activities into UNICEF's program was welcome.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Poverty, demographic growth, and birth control: a critique of Peter Singer s ethical perspective on the relationship between rich and poor].

This article analyzes the relationship between population growth and ethical principles relating to poverty. The paper is a critical approach to the thesis presented by Peter Singer in his book Practical Ethics. The first part briefly examines the principal topics of his thesis. The author then analyzes the basis of Singer's theory with respect to the following questions: 1. Is overpopulation the main reason for poverty? Is it possible to establish an association between the poverty phenomenon and population growth? 2. Is Singer s demographic perspective valid? 3. Can problems of resource distribution be ignored when talking about poverty from an ethical perspective? 4. Is it true that birth control policy was successfully implemented in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil? 5. Does Singer s position on population growth have a negative influence on the "collective imagination"? The paper concludes by suggesting some useful arguments for understanding an ethical perspective towards poverty.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

Perception of efficacy and safety as determinants for use and discontinuation of birth control methods in Muslim Jordanian women.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify the perceptions of working Muslim Jordanian women regarding the efficacy and safety of their contraceptive methods, and whether these perceptions affected method choice or discontinuation. METHODS: A prospective study on 207 married working women of reproductive age was conducted between March and June 2002. RESULTS: The majority of women were using an intrauterine device (IUD), fewer were using traditional methods and oral contraceptive pills. Effectiveness was the main reason for choosing IUD and pill methods, while concerns about safety were the main reason for discontinuation. Safety was the main reason for choosing traditional methods and poor efficacy was the reason for discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Health-care professionals need to increase the use of proper contraceptive methods and compliance by providing counseling services and correcting any misperceptions regarding birth control methods before and during use.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Third World birth control--is it abortion? Drug combination gains support as alternative to surgical abortion.

Drugs that induce miscarriage may eventually replace traditional surgical abortions in the first three months of pregnancy. In particular, a panel that recently evaluated international drug tests, determined that a specific two-drug combination was safe and effective when used early in pregnancy. The combination included a relatively new compound called RU 486 that induced abortions and has been tested in Europe as a 'morning after' pill. The other drug, prostaglandin, is older, and already on the market. The new twist is that together the drugs can be used as low doses that cause few side-effects, and that in combination, they have approximately a 95 percent success rate in causing abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. Should women be denied this new birth control option on social rather than medical grounds? In most countries cultural, religious and legal considerations will inevitably influence the decision on whether or not to approve RU 486. Concern for women's reproductive health should also be a factor. Moreover, politics should not infringe on sound medical practice, nor should access to a major medical advance be restricted purely on the basis of an emotional debate.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1978

Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue - a new approach to birth control?

A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5/microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular maturation and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue--a new approach to birth control?

A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5 microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular menuration and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary studies with recombinant chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit produced in Escherichia coli for use as an antigen in a birth control vaccine.

PROBLEM: Prototype human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) vaccines based on natural sources are unsuitable for widespread applications due to their complex manufacturing procedures, cost, and carrier-mediated immune suppression. METHOD OF STUDY: Wistar rats were immunized with alum-adsorbed CG beta (recombinant), CG beta-TT, and nCG beta (native CG beta)-TT, whereas Bonnet monkeys were immunized with only CG beta. The anti-hCG antibody titre in the sera obtained at different time points were quantified by radioimmunoassay. The sera of Wistar rats were characterized in terms of their affinity to hCG, bioneutralization capacity (by inhibition of hCG-induced testosterone production in Leydig cells), and cross-reactivity with human luteinizing hormone, human follicle-stimulating hormone, and human thyroid-stimulating hormone (by direct binding assays). RESULTS: Antigen-binding capacities of sera obtained upon immunization with CG beta were 3,080 +/- 943 ng/ml (n = 6) and 3,993 +/- 1,292 ng/ml (n = 4), respectively, in rats and monkeys. The analysis of data revealed that immunization of rats with CG beta produced antibodies comparable to that of CG beta-TT and nCG beta-TT. CONCLUSION: The study opens up the possibility of producing pure and highly immunogenic CG beta by a recombinant DNA route, as a consistent source of antigen for birth control vaccine.

Animals↗