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PubMed1999

Salmonella level of Danish swine herds based on serological examination of meat-juice samples and Salmonella occurrence measured by bacteriological follow-up.

Analyses of data collected in the Danish Salmonella Control Program in swine herds were conducted to assess the association between bacteriological and serological findings (including the degree to which changing serological status over time modulated the relationship) and to assess the degree to which type of swine operation and age group affected the relationship between bacteriological and serological findings. Although serological status was significantly associated with bacteriological prevalence of salmonella enterica in swine herds, the association was clarified by adding information on the change in serological status over time and the age group being tested. Salmonella infection assessed by serological tests at a single time-point and data on age group tested would allow better targeting and managing control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inner ear and facial nerve complications of acute otitis media with focus on bacteriology and virology.

CONCLUSION: Among 20 patients with inner ear complications and/or peripheral facial palsy secondary to acute otitis media (AOM) a proven or probable bacteriological cause was found in 13 (65%). In seven patients (35%), a proven or probable viral cause was found. Only two of the patients (10%), with a proven bacterial AOM and a clinical picture of a purulent labyrinthitis in both, together with a facial palsy in one, had a substantial degree of dysfunction. Although the number of patients in this study is relatively low our findings show that inner ear complications and facial palsy due to AOM can be of both bacterial and viral origin. Severe sequelae were found only where a bacterial origin was proven. OBJECTIVES: Inner ear complications and/or peripheral facial palsy secondary to AOM are rare. The general understanding is that they are due to bacterial infections. However, in some of these patients there are no clinical or laboratory signs of bacterial infections and they have negative bacterial cultures. During recent years different viruses have been isolated from the middle ear or serologically proven in AOM patients and are thought to play a pathogenetic role. We suggest that in some cases of AOM complications from the inner ear and the facial nerve can be caused by viruses. The purpose of our study was to analyze infectious agents present in patients with inner ear complications and/or facial palsy arising from AOM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 20 patients who had inner ear complications and/or facial palsy following AOM ( unilateral in 18, bilateral in 2) between January 1989 and March 2003 were evaluated. Bacterial cultures were carried out for all patients. Sera from 12 of the patients were stored and tested for a battery of specific viral antibodies. In three patients, investigated between November 2002 and March 2003, viral cultures were also performed on samples from the middle ear and nasopharynx. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had inner ear symptoms. Eight of them had a unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo, three had vertigo as an isolated symptom and one, with bilateral AOM, had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Seven patients had a combination of facial palsy and inner ear symptoms (unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in three, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo in two, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo in one, with bilateral AOM, and vertigo alone in one). One patient had an isolated facial palsy. Healing was complete in 11 of the 20 patients. In seven patients a minor defect remained at follow-up (a sensorineural hearing loss at higher frequencies in all). Only two patients had obvious defects (a pronounced hearing loss in combination with a moderate to severe facial palsy (House-Brackman grade 4) in one, distinct vestibular symptoms and a total caloric loss in combination with a high-frequency loss in the other. Eight patients had positive bacteriological cultures from middle ear contents: Streptococcus pneumoniae in two, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group A in two, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group A together with Staphylococcus aureus in one, Staph. aureus alone in one and coagulase-negative staphylococci (interpreted as pathogens) in two. In the 12 patients with negative cultures, there was a probable bacteriological cause due to the outcome in SR/CRP and leukocyte count in five. In four patients serological testing showed a concomitant viral infection that was interpreted to be the cause (varicella zoster virus in two, herpes simplex virus in one and adenovirus in one.) In three there was a probable viral cause despite negative viral antibody test due to normal outcome in SR/CRP, normal leukocyte count, serous fluid at myringotomy and a relatively short pre-complication antibiotic treatment period.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2001

Is characterization of a single isolate sufficient for valid publication of a new genus or species? Proposal to modify recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision).

From 1990 to 2000, the number of published named taxa based upon new isolates at species and genus levels in International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, formerly International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, have increased by approximately four- and sevenfold, respectively. New taxa based upon characterization of only a single isolate remained at around 40% for both categories. The Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision) has no recommendations on the number of strains required for definition of new taxa. For a few groups, a minimum number of 5-10 strains has been suggested in minimal standards. Since an exponential increase in new taxa can be expected in the future, the authors discuss problems related to naming new species and genera based upon descriptions of a single isolate and suggest that this practice is re-evaluated. It is proposed that the following should be added to Recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code: 'Descriptions should be based on as many strains as possible (minimum five), representing different sources with respect to geography and ecology in order to be well characterized both phenotypically and genotypically, to establish the centre (from which the type strain could be chosen) and the extent of the cluster to be named. In addition, comparative studies should be performed, including reference strains that represent neighbouring species and/or genera, in order to give descriptions that are sufficiently detailed to allow differentiation from these neighbours.'

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Bacteriology swab in primary total hip arthroplasty-- does it have a role?

Infection in joint replacement is a devastating complication, and in spite of the advances in surgery, it remains a challenge. The rate of deep infection following primary hip/knee arthroplasty is between 1% and 2%. The aim of this study was to determine whether obtaining bacteriology swabs at the time of surgery could help in further reducing the rate of infection following joint arthroplasty. A bacteriology swab of the synovial fluid was taken after opening the capsule of the hip joint and was sent for culture and sensitivity. Out of 142 swabs sent, four (2.1%) were found to be positive. Three of these patients were treated with antibiotics after obtaining sensitivities. None of the patients developed deep infection. Bacteriology swab in primary joint arthroplasty may have a role and may help in further reducing the incidence of deep infection in joint replacement surgery.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed1983

Use of the Phoenix system for bacteriology.

A dedicated microbiology data processing system with remote batched job entry to an obsolete computer, has been superseded by the inclusion of bacteriology in an on-line interactive clinical pathology system which had previously incorporated chemical pathology and haematology. The original Phoenix system has been adapted to allow for the entry of bacteriology data using mnemonic codes and to deal with the problems caused by the longer processing time of bacteriology specimens. Particular advantages of the new system include the immediate linkage of all specimens for each patient and an easy recall and display of results in the laboratories and on the wards.

Bacteriology↗
PubMed1980

The non-value of preoperative and intraoperative cultures in predicting the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection in patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery.

A prospective study of patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define the value of preoperative and intraoperative cultures in identifying the patient at "high risk" of wound infection and in predicting the bacteriology of wound infection. One or two days before surgery, the skin of the operative site on the neck, the oropharynx and anterior nares were swabbed. an intraoperative wound culture was obtained after the pharyngeal defect was closed and the wound irrigated with water. All cultures were processed for aerobes in the Anaerobic Bacteriology Research Laboratory at Wadsworth Hospital Center. Wound infections developed in 10 of 31 patients who received cefazolin prophylactically and 21 of 25 patients who received no perioperative antibiotics. Fifty-five percent of infected patients and 68% of noninfected patients demonstrated potential pathogens preoperatively. A potential pathogen isolated preoperatively or intraoperatively was subsequently recovered from 35% of infected wounds. The majority of infected wound cultures grew one or more additional pathogens. A poor correlation was also noted between preoperative nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolation and subsequent recovery from wound infections. We conclude that preoperative and intraoperative aerobic wound cultures are not predictive of the "high risk" patient or of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection in major head and neck cancer surgery.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Community-acquired pneumonia. Importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiographic investigations.

During a one-year epidemiologic survey of acute community-acquired pneumonia, we prospectively investigated in 116 adult nonimmunocompromised patients (a) the importance of initial noninvasive investigations (ie, blood culture and quantitative sputum culture) and the value of the initial radiologic type of pneumonia in diagnosing of the etiologic agent, and (b) the management of pneumonia. Quantitative sputum culture or blood culture (or both) permitted bacteriologic diagnosis in 44 percent of the cases. The radiologic types found were segmental or alveolar densities in 75 patients (65 percent), patchy alveolar densities in 11 (9 percent), mixed opacities in 26 (22 percent), and interstitial infiltrates in four (3 percent). We observed that (a) the prognosis was identical whether a bacteriologic diagnosis was made or not, (b) the Gram stain, an inexpensive procedure, was as contributive for bacteriologic diagnosis as quantitative sputum culture, diagnosis as (c) blood cultures were poorly contributive in patients without severe infections, and (d) alveolar densities were associated with a bacterial infection in 90 percent of the cases of known etiology. On the basis of these results, a pragmatic strategy of initial management of community-acquired pneumonia is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriology of the chronically discharging middle ear.

Suitable bacteriological techniques revealed anaerobic bacteria in 38 (33%) of 114 chronically discharging middle ears. The genus Bacteroides was cultured from 25 ears. Aerobic bacteriology showed the predominance of staphylococci, facultative enteric gramnegative rods, diphtheroid bacilli and Pseudomonas species. Anaerobic bacterial cultures were always mixed with aerobic bacteria. 12 ears were culture-negative, and 9 of the 108 Gram-stained smers revealed no bacteria. No significant difference in bacteriology was noted between ears with or without local antimicrobial treatment, or between profusely draining or only moist ears. The ears with postoperative recurrent infection or with clinical suspicion of cholesteatoma grew anaerobes significantly more often, and were seldom sterile. Because anaerobic bacteria are frequently associated with chronic otitis media, their characteristics with regard to susceptibility to antimicrobials and to air must be remembered in the choice of therapy.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

Effect of freezing on bacteriologic culturing of mastitis milk samples.

The objective was to determine the effect of freezing and length of freezing in a commercial freezer on the qualitative results of bacteriologic culturing of milk collected from glands of cows with clinical or subclinical intramammary infections. A total of 182 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis and 55 milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis were taken from four problem herds. Samples were split into four equal sub-samples. Three of these were frozen immediately at -20 degrees C and 1 was submitted fresh for bacteriologic analysis. At 4, 8, and 16 wk after collection, samples were thawed and submitted for bacteriologic culturing. Freezing and increased length of storage resulted in 1) a decrease in the number of samples that had cultures of Escherichia coli or Actinomyces pyogenes; and 2) an increase in the number of samples that had cultures of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Freezing had no effect on streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2000

[The role of bacteriology in the treatment of tuberculosis; the Hungarian program].

A positive result of the bacteriological examination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is signal to start treatment. The response to antituberculosis chemotherapy in patients with positive bacteriology is best evaluated by repeated examinations. The recommendation of the Hungarian National Tuberculosis Programme for the initial intensive phase of chemotherapy of previously untreated patients is based on the frequency of primoresistance determined by the National Reference Laboratory. The treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis can be supported by the result of previous susceptibility test and/or by the outcome of multicenter validated Bactec 460 susceptibility test of second-line antimicrobial drugs. The presence of a mutation within a gen is predictive of rifampicin resistance of M. tuberculosis. The results are available within 48 h. 92.4% of rifampicin resistant and nearly 100% of pyrazinamid resistant isolates in the Reference Laboratory were resistant to isoniazid. On the other hand streptomycin resistant strains were susceptible to amikacin in a rate of 38:1. Some rifampicin resistant strains are susceptible to rifabutin. The Reference Laboratory observed among the first that some ofloxacin resistant strains are susceptible to ciprofloxacin. It was the first which demonstrated effectivity of amikacin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It was drawn attention to the importance of the PAS infusion therapy of multidrug resistant tuberculosis cases by observing bacteriological conversion.

Antibiotics, Antitubercular↗
PubMed2000

Pasteur, Koch and American bacteriology.

This study traces American awareness of the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch from the 1860s to the 1890s. In the years before the Civil War, American interest in germ theories had appeared at times of epidemics and persisted to a limited extent among physician-microscopists. Discussions of Pasteur's work occurred primarily in the context of spontaneous generation and antisepsis. Few Americans imitated his work on immunology or studied with Pasteur, but his work on immunity influenced their faith in the potential of bacteriology as a solution to problems of infectious disease. Koch's discoveries of the bacterial agents of tuberculosis and cholera stimulated American medical and public health interest in bacteriology in a more practical way. Americans learned Koch's methods by taking his courses and imported them directly into their own laboratories. A context of enthusiasm for science, educational reform, and problems of infectious disease associated with urbanization and changes in agriculture aided the growth of bacteriology in the American context.

Bacteriology↗
PubMed2001

[Comparison of direct smear observations and bacteriologic culture results carried out on equine tracheal secretions].

The aim of the study was to assess the relation between the direct smear observations and bacteriological results carried out on equine tracheal secretions. A total of 304 cases comprising both the direct smear (Gram stain) and the bacteriological culture, over a period of 8 years, were submitted to this retrospective study. Most of the specimens (78%) were obtained using tracheal washings while the rest (22%) originated from tracheal brushings. A total of 96 specimens (32%) were negative for both direct smear and culture. The positive predictive value of direct smears appeared high (81-96%) while the negative predictive value was lower (48-79%). Sensitivity of direct smear was considered as low and varied from 24 to 46% for tracheal brushings and from 41 to 46% for tracheal washings. Specificity of direct smear was high for both types of specimens. Results of this study indicate that the use of Gram-stained smear examination, carried out on tracheal secretions, is a technique which is specific but not very sensitive for the prediction of bacteriological culture results. Moreover, the use of tracheal washing, more than tracheal brushing, seems to increase the sensitivity of the test.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of Mycobacterium bovis in milk using bacteriological methods and the polymerase chain reaction].

The frequency of Mycobacterium bovis detection in milk samples obtained from infected animals was explored in an intensive dairy area in Argentina. To this end, an "in house" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed using Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex specific INS1-INS2 primers, and its performance was compared with that of bacteriological methods. The decontamination procedures previous to culture reduced M. bovis viability. The pathogen was identified in milk samples from 1 of 143 infected cows and in none of 43 uninfected ones. Even though PCR sensitivity was found to be 2-20 times higher than that of bacteriology in experimentally inoculated milk samples, all 186 field samples resulted negative by PCR, including the bacteriologically-confirmed one. In spite of the high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Argentinian dairy herds, the detection of M. bovis in milk is an unusual finding.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

Graduate education in medical microbiology: a report of five years' experience with the course leading to the Diploma in Bacteriology, University of Toronto.

During the last five years, 48 graduates have taken the formal Diploma in Bacteriology course offered by the School of Hygiene, University of Toronto. This course provides instruction by lectures, seminars, and practical work in bacteriology, virology, immunology, parasitology, sanitary bacteriology, and statistics. A graduate course of this type presents many advantages as it is possible to cover a considerable area of knowledge in the relatively short space of one academic year. Of the 48 students, 23 held degrees in medicine, and 25 in veterinary science, arts, or science. Eleven diplomates continued further formal studies by enrolling in Master's or Ph.D. programs. Twenty diplomates are now engaged in university teaching in Canada or overseas. Almost all of the remaining 28 are employed in hospital, public health, or veterinary laboratories.

Bacteriology↗
PubMed1992

Bacteriology turnaround time in seven Malaysian general hospitals.

A turnaround time study was conducted for bacteriological culture tests in seven Malaysian general hospitals. The turnaround times were determined using a specially designed form that was completed by the ward staff. Doctors at these hospitals were also polled to find out whether they were satisfied with the promptness of bacteriological test reporting in their hospitals. The turnaround times obtained from this survey were found to be satisfactory taking into account the constraints of laboratory methods employed. Nevertheless only about a third of doctors expressed satisfaction with the timeliness of the bacteriological test reporting. Doctors and microbiologists should get together and agree on acceptable standards of turnaround times that are practical and reasonable.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Water supplies in some rural communities around Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: bacteriology of drinking waters.

Several communities in Nigeria exist without regular water supplies of good quality and quantity. Despite this situation, successive governments have tended to ignore the problem. The water supplies to two rural communities 7-8 km north of Calabar, Cross River State of Nigeria, were examined bacteriologically using standard indicator bacteria (coliforms and streptococci). A contiguous community supplied with treated piped water was also studied in parallel. The rural water supplied was found to be bacteriologically unsatisfactory, having failed to meet the international standards for drinking water as set by the WHO. The geometric mean bacterial counts per 100 ml of serial samples from six sources ranged from 0.12 x 10(1) to 1.57 x 10(2) for fecal coliforms (E. col) and 0.05 x 10(1) to 7.5 x 10(1) for the fecal streptococci. Fecal streptococci were particularly recovered in large numbers from one source (Ayip Asikimangfuk) at concentrations of up to 3.0 x 10(2) per 100 ml at the onset of the rains. The water supplies from the community with piped water were, in general, bacteriologically satisfactory; fecal coliforms were found only in occasional samples (0.12 x 10(1)/100 ml).

Bacteriology↗
PubMed1986

[Comparative effectiveness of the bacteriologic method and of the direct determination of the O antigen of the causative agent in research on the excretions of patients with salmonellosis due to Salmonella typhimurium].

The diagnostic effectiveness of the direct determination of Salmonella O-antigen in different excretions of patients with S. typhimurium infection and other acute intestinal diseases has been studied. According to the occurrence of the antigen in different kinds of excretions, they are arranged in the descending order as follows: feces, urine, saliva. The parallel serological and bacteriological study of feces enhances the number of positive results 1.6 to 2.4 times in comparison with the bacteriological study alone. The occurrence of the antigen in excretions does not depend on the age of the patients and on the severity of the disease. The indication of Salmonella O-antigen may serve as an effective supplement to bacteriological study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The role of the bacteriology laboratory in the epidemiologic study of nosocomial infections].

The knowledge and the control of nosocomial infections is based upon clinical and bacteriological data. The bacteriology laboratory is an important source of informations as more easily supplied than data are treated with computer. Results of the laboratory allow the control of bacteriological flora and sensitivity (or resistance) for each species and for each antibiotic, in each department and in the entire hospital.

Bacteriological Techniques↗