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PubMed2007

Autobiographical memory and social problem-solving in Asperger syndrome.

Difficulties in social interaction are a central feature of Asperger syndrome. Effective social interaction involves the ability to solve interpersonal problems as and when they occur. Here we examined social problem-solving in a group of adults with Asperger syndrome and control group matched for age, gender and IQ. We also assessed autobiographical memory, on a cueing task and during social problem-solving, and examined the relationship between access to specific past experiences and social problem-solving ability. Results demonstrated a social problem-solving impairment in the Asperger group. Their solutions were less detailed, less effective and less extended in time. Autobiographical memory performance was also impaired with significantly longer latencies to retrieve specific memories and fewer specific memories retrieved in comparison to controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Some lessons I have learned from 25 years in clinical neuropsychology: a letter to my grandchildren.

The practice and study of clinical neuropsychology is considered an empirical enterprise. However, such an approach may result in missing the more humanistic or phenomenological side of the experience of brain dysfunction. This addresses a personal journey rather than a professional and scientific one. In doing so, the limits of the discipline and the suffering and value of the experience of the illness are presented.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed1986

The subjective experience of chronic disease: some implications for the management of ulcerative colitis.

The paper first describes the subjective experience of chronic ulcerative colitis. Using autobiographical data some of the intra- and inter-personal strategies for coping with the disease are outlined. Then, selective socio-medical issues arising from the data--the relationships between physical and social events, denial and normalisation of illness, doctor-patient communications, and lay knowledge and perceptions--are elaborated. Finally suggestions for the social management of patients with ulcerative colitis are drawn out. It is argued that the importance of the subjective experience, as well as the physical process of the disease must be confronted by the physician, that the counseling of colitics should aim, where possible, to encourage normal social development, that the possibilities of the life-threatening nature of the disease and the type of curative surgery should be addressed at an early stage by the patient and their family and that patients should be allowed to do "grief-work" to help them to come to terms with the disease and its likely outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Autobiographical memory and executive function in early dementia of Alzheimer type.

We studied executive function and autobiographical memory in a cohort of 33 DAT patients [divided into minimal (MMSE 24-30) and mild (MMSE 17-23) groups] and in 30 normal controls. Autobiographical memory, as assessed by autobiographical fluency and the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI), was impaired in DAT patients, even those with minimal disease. There was evidence of a gentle temporal gradient on the incident but not the personal semantic component of the AMI, suggesting that the two components are dissociable. Executive function was assessed by two separate dual performance tasks and letter fluency. Although there was a trend for minimal DAT patients to be impaired on executive tasks, this only reached significance for the mild group. Regression analysis suggested that the divided attention component of working memory was involved in the retrieval of personal semantic autobiographical memory, but verbal fluency was more important in the retrieval of autobiographical incidents. There was thus a dissociation in the type of executive function implicated in different subcomponents of autobiographical memory, arguing for subcomponents within executive function and autobiographical memory. The autobiographical memory deficit in DAT reflects, we argue, both impairment in retrieval processes, linked to executive function, and a loss of memory stores.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1996

Bilateral ECT and autobiographical memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia: a pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to systematically assess the influence of bilateral, sine wave ECT on autobiographical memory of past subjective experiences related to melancholia. Twenty-one inpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, Melancholic Type, were included in the study. Twelve patients were treated by ECT (12 treatments), antidepressants and benzodiazepines; the comparison group comprised 9 patients treated by antidepressants and benzodiazepines. The Structured Interview Guide for the HDRS (SIGH-D) was used at admission and after the ECT treatment to standardize data collection about subjective experiences related to the depressive episode. Memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia was assessed with free-recall, cued-recall and recognition tasks. In addition, a free recall of events of the day on which the patients came to the hospital for their treatment was administered. These tasks were administered 1 week after the last treatment in the ECT-treated group and 4 to 6 weeks after the beginning of the treatment in the comparison group. Free-recall, cued-recall and recognition performances were significantly lower in the ECT-treated group than in the comparison group. No significant correlation was found between memory of events related to hospital admission and memory of subjective experiences related to depression. In conclusion, bilateral, sine wave ECT impairs autobiographical memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia in subjects tested 1 week after completion of a course of ECT.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1988

Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: a case study of retrograde amnesia.

The case of a 36-year-old man who suffers dense retrograde and anterograde amnesia as a result of closed-head injury that caused extensive damage to his left frontal-parietal and right parieto-occipital lobes is described. Patient K.C. has normal intelligence and relatively well-preserved perceptual, linguistic, short-term memory, and reasoning abilities. He possesses some fragmentary general knowledge about his autobiographical past, but he does not remember a single personal event or happening from any time of his life. He has some preserved expert knowledge related to the work he did for 3 years before the onset of amnesia, although he has no personal recollections from that period. Some features of K.C.'s retrograde amnesia can be interpreted in terms of the distinction between episodic and semantic memory, and in terms of the distinction between episodic and semantic autobiographical knowledge. K.C.'s semantic knowledge, but not his episodic knowledge, showed progressive improvement, or priming, in the course of the investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Severe remote memory loss with minimal anterograde amnesia: a clinical note.

We describe a patient who presented with apparent human Klüver-Bucy syndrome. After pharmacological treatment, his problems gradually resolved, with the exception of some unconcern about this present situation, a mild naming and word list generation deficit, a severe remote memory loss and, in comparison, a minimal anterograde memory disturbance. He has been able to relearn certain details of his personal past. These relearned memories are independent of a sense of personal intimacy. The "relearned memory" was frequently associated with a memory of how and when the information had been reacquired. The results suggest that anterograde and retrograde memory functions may, in at least certain patients, be dissociable. The apparently absolute loss of personal memories indicates that either a retrieval deficit or storage depletion are plausible hypotheses of the remote memory loss in this patient.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1988

Semantic, episodic, and autobiographical memory in a postmeningitic amnesic patient.

This study is concerned with the semantic and episodic memory performance of a highly intelligent and intellectually unimpaired patient, K.J., who became amnesic following meningitis. Although densely amnesic he showed unimpaired performance on tests of vocabulary and verbal fluency, while both speed and accuracy on semantic category judgment and sentence verification tests are unimpaired. It is concluded that semantic memory performance may be intact despite dense amnesia. However, this does not necessarily imply separate semantic and episodic memory systems. K.J. showed an impaired capacity for registering new material in semantic memory, and apparently normal autobiographical memory for events occurring well before his illness. The simplest interpretation of our results would therefore appear to be in terms of the sparing of old and overlearned memories rather than the specific preservation of semantic memory.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Notes on nursing today.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Using source cues and familiarity cues to resist imagination inflation.

To investigate whether people can resist imagination inflation--the imagination-induced increased confidence that fictitious childhood events really happened--we gave them different types of cues. In a three-stage procedure, participants: (1) rated their confidence that a list of childhood events had happened to them, (2) imagined some of these events, and (3) made confidence ratings a second time. Subjects received either no cues about the source of the imagined event, an additional source cue (perspective), an additional familiarity cue (a plausibility questionnaire), or both cues. Only subjects who had both types of cues resisted imagination inflation. These results suggest that additional cues can sometimes safeguard people from becoming more confident that fictitious events were genuine experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neural correlates of temporal-order judgments versus those of spatial-location: deactivation of hippocampus may facilitate spatial performance.

The retrieval of temporal-order versus spatial-location information was investigated using fMRI. The primary finding in the hippocampus proper, seen in region of interest analyses, was an increase in BOLD signal intensity for temporal retrieval, and a decrease in signal intensity for spatial retrieval, relative to baseline. The negative BOLD signal change with spatial memory processing, while unexpected, is consistent with the recent fMRI literature indicating decreased BOLD can be associated with neuronal activation, and it is argued that the deactivation observed here may facilitate spatial performance. Spatial-location judgments also yielded a stronger (positive) response in the right midfrontal gyrus, while temporal-order judgments (autobiographic condition only) showed greater activity in the left superior temporal gyrus, suggesting greater working memory demands and greater semantization for each judgment type, respectively. Finally, all conditions activated the left midfrontal gyrus, although autobiographic memories showed additional activity in the medial frontal gyrus.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Posttraumatic stress disorder and fMRI activation patterns of traumatic memory in patients with borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Early traumatization and additional posttraumatic stress disorder are frequent in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to investigate neural correlates of traumatic memory in BPD with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS: We studied 12 traumatized female patients BPD, 6 of them with and 6 without PTSD. According to an autobiographical interview key words (cues) were defined for traumatic and for negative but nontraumatic episodes. In a block-designed fMRI task patients recalled these episodes. Contrasts between trauma condition and nontrauma condition were analyzed. RESULTS: Analyses for all subjects revealed activation of orbitofrontal cortex areas in both hemispheres, anterior temporal lobes, and occipital areas. In the subgroup without PTSD, activation of orbitofrontal cortex on both sides and Broca's area predominated. In the subgroup with additional PTSD, we observed right more than left activation of anterior temporal lobes, mesiotemporal areas, amygdala, posterior cingulate gyrus, occipital areas, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: Dependent on absence or presence of additional PTSD different neural networks seem to be involved in the traumatic memory of patients with BPD.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Implicit emotion during recollection of past events: a nonverbal fMRI study.

Faces of other significant people are highly self-relevant and close to our everyday way of recollecting past events. We chose such stimuli to probe the emotional component of autobiographical memory retrieval. Photographs were collected from family members without the participant's involvement, thereby avoiding refreshment of the memory trace prior to the scanning session. We asked the subjects to spontaneously evoke a unique autobiographical episode following the presentation of relatives' and friends' faces. Famous faces recognition was used as a semantic memory control task. We carried out a post-fMRI debriefing session to collect participants' memories and their emotional intensity. The post-scanning behavioural data together with the neuroimaging data provided evidence that emotional aspects were implicitly involved during recollections. Our findings suggest that the use of highly self-relevant stimuli and the collection of data with no previous refreshment of the memory trace influence the right lateralisation of activations in the medial temporal lobe (MTL).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression.

Previous research in dysphoric participants has found that compared with distraction, rumination inductions are associated with increased levels of cognitive distortions and overgeneral autobiographical memories. Watkins and Teasdale ((2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 353-357) investigated which component of rumination was responsible for this effect in overgeneral memory, and found two distinct modes of ruminative self-focus, with analytical, evaluative self-focus maintaining overgeneral memory, whereas self-focus low in analytical thinking reduced overgeneral memory. The present study compared the effects of these two distinct forms of self-focused rumination with another measure of overgeneral thinking--global negative self-judgements. Thirty depressed participants and thirty never-depressed participants were randomly allocated to 'analytic' (high analysis) or 'experiential' (low analysis) self-focused manipulations. As predicted, in depressed participants, the analytical self-focus condition increased ratings of the self as worthless and incompetent pre- to post-manipulation, whereas the experiential self-focus condition resulted in no significant change in such judgements. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that an analytical mode of self-focused rumination may be particularly maladaptive in depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Autobiographical memory in angry and anxious individuals.

Recent studies have found that angry individuals are characterized by more pronounced attentional and interpretation biases toward threat than anxious individuals. The present study examined anger-related, anxiety-related, and neutral autobiographical memories in 35 angry participants, 33 anxious participants, and 29 non-angry/non-anxious, or healthy participants. Objective indices of autobiographical memories (i.e., retrieval latency, coding of specificity and affective tone) suggested that groups retrieved memories with similar properties. However, both angry and anxious participants rated their memories as less pleasant than healthy participants. These results indicate that memory biases are not part of the cognitive sequelae associated with anger and anxiety, although aspects of the appraisal of these personal memories are distorted.

Adult↗