Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Allergoids”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Treatment of hay fever.

The range of treatments for hay fever available to the general practitioner has changed considerably in recent years. New antihistamines have addressed the problem of sedation and moved towards one daily dose; nasally applied corticosteroids avoid the need for systemic steroid therapy and its potential adverse effect; and regulatory decisions have set a trend away from immunotherapy in general practice. However, knowledge about the mechanism of action of immunotherapy is increasing and new developments with improved safety profiles include allergen polymers, allergoids, oral immunotherapy and nasal immunotherapy. Choice of treatment depends, as always, on the individual circumstances of the patient and his or her disease.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1978

[Atopy and RAST. Diagnostic, therapeutic and standardization problems. Experimental contribution (allergy to antibiotics)].

The authors outline the immunological and immunogenetic bases of atopy, as well as the radioimmunological techniques employed in the allergological diagnosis and purification as well as standardization of the allergens. The latest trends of the allergological immunotherapy are examined, covering fundamentally two wide fields: the possibility to elicit an aspecific immunological tolerance (soluble suppressor substances of IgE response; Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-arg pentapeptide, D-GL copolimer conjugated aptens) or the specific induction of "suppressor" mechanisms (allergoids, modified allergens). The preliminary results obtained on sera of patients with a symptomatology highly indicative of penicillin allergy, employing RAST Penicilloil G and Penicilloil V, are also reported.

Allergens↗
PubMed1987

Immunotherapy for allergic diseases.

The efficacy of immunotherapy is related to the dose administered, and the immune response is specific for the allergen injected. The larger dose will provide the higher level of IgG blocking antibody and will provide the most symptomatic relief of symptoms. Increased frequency of injections seems to stimulate production of blocking antibody. Much work is currently under way to provide modified forms of immunotherapy designed to elicit the immune response without the allergic or adverse reactions of the allergen. Polymerized antigens, allergoids and glutaraldehyde-treated tyrosine-absorbed allergens are examples of such modifications. It is quite possible that within a short time extracts will be available commercially such that a patient will be adequately immunized with only a very few injections. Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy offers virtually complete protection for those patients who in the past were at great risk from stings. Proper history, skin testing, extract prescribing, and extract administration all are vital points in the successful immunotherapy of a patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of roentgen contrast media].

The improved tolerance of nonionic contrast media compared with conventional contrast media is mainly due to their lower osmolality and reduced allergoid potential. Tolerance advantages that have been definitely proven are, for example, low-pain contrast medium injection and superior systemic tolerance; side effects of an allergic pattern occur less often. Animals experiments have established that nonionic contrast media exercise a comparatively lower influence on the cardiovascular system. The haemodynamics of pulmonary circulation are less adversely affected on intravenous bolus injection. Reduced potential risk is to be expected especially in cardiac and bronchopulmonary high-risk patients. The reduced nephrotoxicity of nonionic contrast media was definitely established by clinical studies. Further systematic studies will however be required to provide an answer to the question whether this also entails a reduction in the incidence of renal failures induced by contrast media.

Angiography↗
PubMed1980

[Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of allergic forms].

The Authors outline the immunological and immunopathogenic bases of atopy, pointing out the possible mechanisms involved in the impaired control capacity on IgE synthesis (hyperreactivity of NK cells, histamine-H2 receptors interaction, adenylcyclase stimulation, etc.). The in vivo and in vitro techniques employed in the allergological diagnosis are examined, with particular reference to the more recent tests (RAST, RAST Spot Test, Histamine radioenzymatic assay, in vitro IgE spontaneous synthesis, etc.). The latest findings in the allergological immunotherapy are then surveyed, including both the antigen non specific immunotherapy and the relevant possibility of inducing a non specific suppressor mechanism of the IgE response, and the antigen specific immunotherapy, which, besides the classical (aqueous, retard) vaccines, exploits the monovalent allergenic extracts, the allergoids (formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde) and the modified allergens (urea, PEG/PVA, D-GL, polysaccharides, photooxydation).

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specific desensitization and its mechanisms.

The following discussion concerns the background of the efficiency of classical desensitization. On the basis of clinical studies and reflections the author strives to bolster his own theory on the induction of immunological tolerance on a consequence of the immunotherapy. He presents other different hypotheses of the classical desensitization therapy. In the second part of the review, the author discusses other methods of the immunotherapy with the aid of manipulated and conjugated allergens, the application of allergen-muramylpeptides of allergen mycoloilmuramylpeptides conjugates, of allergen-pullulan compounds, of conjugates of hapten and hydrophylic polymers. The urea denaturod antigens, the allergoids, etc. etc., also belong to this group. These compounds respectively, conjugates to either suppress the T-helper lymphocytes and/or stimulate the T-suppressor cells. At the end of this review, the author reports on his own experiment on specific immunosuppression with the aid of high hot labelled allergens. He and his group have indeed, in this way, suppressed specifically the synthesis of antibodies as well as the clonal expansion of T-lymphocytes.

Allergens↗
PubMed1983

[Immunotherapy of allergic manifestations].

The Authors, after outlining the epidemiologic role of the allergic disorders, which places them among the pathologies covered by the wide chapter of social diseases, deal with the immunogenetic aspects and the particular conditions of the atopic habitus, atopic condition and atopic disease. The latest trends of antigen non specific immunotherapy, with the relevant possibility of eliciting a non specific suppressive mechanism of the IgE response, are considered. The antigen specific immunotherapy is then discussed under its various aspects: prophylaxis, efficacy, indications, modalities of treatment, unwanted reactions, immunological modifications, possible causes of its failure, medico-legal problems relevant to such therapy. Finally, the latest perspectives in the field of specific immunotherapy are envisaged, such as the use of allergoid vaccines, of liposomes as immunoadjuvants or the stimulation and the induction of suppressive factors of the IgE response.

Allergens↗
PubMed1984

[Pollinosis caused by Parietaria. Clinical observations in Northern Sardinia and botanical and allergic considerations on P. officinalis L. and P. judaica L. (P. diffusa Mert. and Koch)].

Botanical and allergological relations between two Parietaria species with greater pollinosic incidence, P. officinalis and P. judaica-P. diffusa, are examined: taxonomic and morphological aspects are discussed, and a key for their determination is proposed. Results of clinical-allergological survey on pollinosic subjects in North Sardinia during several years by means of Prick or Scratch Test are now presented. Diagnostic assays have been effected with extracts found on the market while the therapy has been carried out with extracts of "allergoids" and "modified" type, as well as with extracts of P. judaica. Cross-reactivity between P. officinalis and P. judaica has been evidenced, and greater therapeutic efficacy has been observed by employing "purified" and "modified" vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Pseudo-immunopathy].

Symptoms similar to phenomena in immunologic diseases but without specific reactions are classified as pseudo-immunologic. They are caused, especially when allergoid, by complement-activation via the alternate pathway or are due to a lack of inhibitors. Other symptoms are based upon receptor-substrate interactions or enzymatic deficiency. Diagnosis is confirmed by characterization of the pathogenic mechanisms and by missing immunological phenomena. In the majority of cases therapy is similar to measures in true immunologic diseases. Prophylaxis by substitution is only possible in a few situations.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1981

[Reducing of unwanted side effects of modified fluid gelatin by promethazine: controlled clinical trial with orthopaedic patints (author's transl)].

In order to determine the undesirable side effects of standard commercially available plasma substitutes, 450 stationary patients covering 5 age groups were randomly allocated to various methods of pre-medication and 3 batches of modified fluid gelatin (Neo-Plasmagel). The incidence of allergoid and anaphylactoid reactions depended on the pre-medication (p less than 0.025). Atosil proved to be an strong histamine blocker: the incidence of reactions between the control and the promethazine group was p less than 0.005. Seen as a whole reactions among females were greater than with males (p less than 0.025). No relationship could be determined statistically between the different batches and the incidence of side-effects. -The prophylactic use of Neo-Plasmagel in orthopaedic patients is therefore dependent on a sufficient blockade of histamine receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Allergens from Dermatophagoides dust mites: origin, antigenic and structural characteristics, and therapeutic agents].

Micromites (genus Dermatophagoides) are the major source of allergens in house dust. Four homologous classes of major allergens have been isolated from extracts of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae mites. According to current theories, all major mite allergens are proteins of gastrointestinal origin. Group I mite allergens, Der pI and Der fI, are thermolabile glycoproteins with M(r) of 25 kDa. A comparison of primary structure of these proteins reveals a 30% homology with cathepsins B and H, papain and actinidine. Analysis of enzymatic activities reveals that group I allergens are proteolytic enzymes related to the class of cysteine proteinases. With regard to antigenic composition, Der pI and Der fI have three common and two species-specific epitopes. The amino acid sequence of the major allergenic determinant for Der pI has been established. Group II mite allergens, Der pII and Der fII, are single-chain thermostable proteins with M(r) of 10-14 kDa and are said to bear many common features with the lysozyme. Group III mite allergens are analogous to trypsin. A 50% homology of amino acid sequences of Der pIII and Der fIII to those of vertebrate and invertebrate serine proteinases has been found. To the fourth group of major mite allergens one may relate mite amylase (M(r) = 56-60 kDa). A high degree of homology has been established between group IV allergens and mammalian alpha-amylase. Mite allergens of all groups induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in human organism. The use of purified allergens increases the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of mite-induced allergoses. Modified forms of mite allergens (allergoids, allergens adsorbed on carriers, liposome preparations, etc.) are helpful tools in specific immunotherapy.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

[Practice of hyposensitization in allergic diseases].

Hyposensitization (desensitization, immunotherapy) is--next to avoidance of allergens--the only causal treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. In a number of well-controlled studies, immunotherapy has shown a clinical efficacy in allergic rhinitis, mainly hay fever, and in allergic asthma. Here, immunotherapy is primarily useful in children and young adults. Immunotherapy is highly effective in hymenoptera-venom allergy. The quality of the extracts in terms of potency and composition is essential both to the diagnosis of relevant allergens and to an optimal result of immunotherapy. The hyposensitization extracts used in Switzerland are listed in the 'Spezialitätenliste des Bundesamtes für Sozialversicherung' and have, therefore, to be payed for by the health insurance. Since the early seventies so-called semi-depot extracts are used in practice; here, the allergens are adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide and thus liberated in a delayed way. For a few years a short-term therapy, using so-called depot allergoids, is possible. A hyposensitization should be initiated only after a through evaluation and a careful allergological examination. With regard to pollen allergies one has to take into consideration especially the presence of the leading pollens, the cross-reactivity and the patient's account of his symptoms. The practice of hyposensitization is discussed extensively. The information of the patient regarding efficacy, length of treatment and risk of side effects is of great importance.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation of acid phosphatase as a possible IgE-binding marker for pollen allergens and their polymerized derivatives.

The enzyme acid phosphatase represents an important component among the allergenic proteins in most pollen extracts. However, determination of the level of this enzyme in extracts of various pollen species, as well as protein separation by molecular sieving shows that acid phosphatase cannot be used as a marker for IgE-binding protein allergens. A conspicuous discrepancy was observed between the heat- and acid-sensitivities of the phosphatase enzyme relative to the overall IgE-binding properties of the pollen extracts. Remarkably, the enzyme remained unaffected by cross-linking the pollen proteins with glutardialdehyde, whereas this process of polymerization caused the IgE-binding potency to diminish considerably. It is concluded that the enzyme acid phosphatase is not a suitable marker for the potency assessment of pollen allergens, but may be useful for monitoring the production process of polymerized allergoids.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

[Situation and trends of hyposensitisation treatment (author's transl)].

Since the introduction of the hyposensitization treatment by Noon and Freeman in 1911, an essential change of the hyposensibilisation technique, despite numerous recently published results, has not been able to be demonstrated up to now. In most cases, treatment is still done with and allergen mixture consisting of a variety of unknown compounds with changing composition according to own experiences concerning initial and final dosis of the allergen or the application intervals. The linkage of the allergens to chemical substances, the modification into so-called allergoids as well as the investigation of the hyposensitisation success, such as determination of blocking antibodies, the course of the titre of specific antibodies by the RAST technique, the histamin liberation from leucocytes of allergic persons after antigen contact and the lymphocyte stimulation by allergens are starting points for developing a scientific base to the hyposensitisation treatment and for introducing new results mainly from experiments on animals into the clinical practice. Standardisation of allergens, optimisation of the dosis and the application intervals as well as the further decrease of the allergenicity and the optimal choice of the adjuvants have to be regarded as the problems to be solved in the next future. On the other hand, the use of allergen determinants linked to non-immune carriers or the induction of a tolerance by another way seem to be not yet a subject with clinical relevance during the next years.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1986

Modified antigens in the treatment of allergic disease.

In summary, effects at improvement upon conventional immunotherapy by antigen modification have taken three major directions. First, methods designed primarily to impede allergen release from the site of deposition have been only modestly successful. An example is alum-precipitated extracts which require somewhat fewer injections. Second, attempts to suppress specific IgE production have been unsuccessful in human trials, although antigen-specific IgG levels have increased in a manner similar to that produced by conventional allergen immunotherapy. The third major avenue of antigen modification, to reduce allergenicity while retaining immunogenicity, appears, at present, to be the most promising. Clinical studies of polymerized allergens summarized above have shown that patients can be given a course of polymerized allergen immunotherapy in a few weeks, while a course involving a comparable quantity of unmodified allergen would require years. With the use of polymerized pollen extracts, degree of symptom reduction, persistence of benefit, and magnitude of IgG-blocking antibody induction are comparable to that achieved with unmodified allergens, while the incidence of systemic reactions is greatly reduced. The development of polymerized allergens appears to represent a significant advance which may be expected to expand the clinical utility of allergen immunotherapy.

Allergens↗