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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Schistosomiasis control in the 21st century. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Schistosomiasis, Shanghai, July 4-6, 2001.

A total of 120 papers were presented at the International Symposium on Schistosomiasis which was held in Shanghai, July 4-6, 2001 with the theme of Schistosomiasis Control in the 21st Century. In order to focus more attention on the new challenges in control programmes for schistosomiasis as well as show the priority of research areas in new century, we summarize the advances of control programmes and researches in nine areas, including (1) Status of schistosomiasis control programmes; (2) Progress in applied field research; (3) Biology and control approaches of snail hosts; (4) Novel approaches for schistosomiasis control; (5) Pathogenesis and morbidity of the disease; (6) Immunology and vaccine development; (7) Screening of population for chemotherapy in low transmission areas; (8) Sustainable intervention methods in different endemic settings; (9) Impact of animal schistosomiasis on agricultural development and importance of its control; (10) GIS/RS application and environmental changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genomics and plant breeding.

Much of our most basic understanding of genetics has its roots in plant genetics and crop breeding. The study of plants has led to important insights into highly conserved biological process and a wealth of knowledge about development. Agriculture is now well positioned to take its share benefit from genomics. The primary sequences of most plant genes will be determined over the next few years. Informatics and functional genomics will help identify those genes that can be best utilized to crop production and quality through genetic engineering and plant breeding. Recent developments in plant genomics are reviewed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Modelling the spatial configuration of refuges for a sustainable control of pests: a case study of Bt cotton.

The 'high-dose-refuge' (HDR) strategy is widely recommended by the biotechnology industry and regulatory authorities to delay pest adaptation to transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. This involves cultivating nontoxic plants (refuges) in close proximity to crops producing a high dose of Bt toxin. The principal cost associated with this strategy is due to yield losses suffered by farmers growing unprotected, refuge plants. Using a population genetic model of selection in a spatially heterogeneous environment, we show the existence of an optimal spatial configuration of refuges that could prevent the evolution of resistance whilst reducing the use of costly refuges. In particular, the sustainable control of pests is achievable with the use of more aggregated distributions of nontransgenic plants and transgenic plants producing lower doses of toxin. The HDR strategy is thus suboptimal within the context of sustainable agricultural development.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed2002

[Development of APSIM (agricultural production systems simulator) and its application].

Soil-crop simulator model is an effective tool for providing decision on agricultural management. APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) was developed to simulate the biophysical process in farming system, and particularly in the economic and ecological features of the systems under climatic risk. The current literatures revealed that APSIM could be applied in wide zone, including temperate continental, temperate maritime, sub-tropic and arid climate, and Mediterranean climates, with the soil type of clay, duplex soil, vertisol, silt sandy, silt loam and silt clay loam. More than 20 crops have been simulated well. APSIM is powerful on describing crop structure, crop sequence, yield prediction, and quality control as well as erosion estimation under different planting pattern.

China↗
PubMed2005

The possible role of Ostertagia circumcincta, coccidiosis and dietary protein level in the development of swelling disease in Angora goat kids.

A trial was carried out to investigate the possible role of Ostertagia circumcincta, coccidiosis and level of protein in the diet in the development of swelling disease in Angora goat kids. Eighty Angora goat kids were bought from 5 producers whose flocks had a history of swelling disease. These kids were kept in enclosures at Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute near Middelburg (Eastern Cape) for the duration of the experiment. The animals received a combination of the following treatments: (a) high protein vs normal protein diet; (b) Ostertagia circumcincta infection or no O. circumcincta infection; (c) coccidial infection or no coccidial infection. Data recorded included weekly body weight, weekly total plasma protein levels (TPP), weekly faecal egg counts, weekly coccidial oocyst counts and haematology at Weeks 1, 5, 9, 13 and 16. The goats were also monitored daily for any clinical symptoms. There was no specific trend in any of the parameters measured among the different treatment groups at any stage during the experimental period. The goats were shorn during Week 10 of the experiment. On Monday 6 September 2004 (Week 12 of the study), 19 of the goats developed some subcutaneous oedema. The Saturday (4 September 2004) was rather hot (30 degrees C), followed by very cold rainy conditions (11 degrees C) on Sunday (5 September 2004). Twelve of the goats developed what can be described as little oedema, while 7 developed moderate oedema. The number of goats that developed oedema was fairly evenly distributed among the various treatment groups. As far as the specific treatments are concerned, more goats on the normal protein diet developed moderate oedema than the goats on the high protein diet. Body weights of goats that developed moderate oedema were lower throughout the experimental period than body weights of goats that developed little or no oedema, while TPP of goats that developed moderate oedema were lower from Week 5 of the study onwards. There were also no significant differences at any stage throughout the experimental period in faecal egg counts, faecal coccidial oocyst counts or any of the blood parameters between goats that developed moderate oedema, little oedema and those that did not develop any oedema. No goats developed full-blown swelling disease during the course of the experiment. It is possible that the treatments applied in this study are not inductive of the disease, or the effects of the treatments were not severe enough to induce swelling disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dynamics of the nutrition transition toward the animal foods sector in China and its implications: a worried perspective.

Many changes in diet and in physical activity are occurring simultaneously in the developing world. These diet shifts include large increases in energy density, in the proportion of the population consuming a high fat diet and in animal product intake. Animal source foods (ASF) play a major role in these diet shifts. This article documents the large shifts in the composition of diets and obesity across the developing world and notes that these changes are accelerating. Using China as a case study, evidence of the speeding up of this process is presented in descriptive and more rigorous dynamic longitudinal analysis. The implications of these changes for dietary and obesity patterns and cardiovascular disease are great. Indeed, developing countries are at a point where the prevalence of obesity is greater than that of undernutrition and concerns related to intake of saturated fat and energy imbalance must be considered more seriously by the agriculture sector. Current agriculture development policy in many developing countries focuses on livestock promotion and does not consider the potential adverse health consequences of this strategy. Although linkages between ASF intake and obesity cannot be established as clearly as they are for high ASF intakes, heart disease and cancer, the potential adverse health effects linked with an increased ASF intake should no longer be ignored.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Agriculture in the developing world: Connecting innovations in plant research to downstream applications.

Enhancing agricultural productivity in those areas of the world bypassed by the Green Revolution will require new approaches that provide incentives and funding mechanisms that promote the translation of new innovations in plant science into concrete benefits for poor farmers. Through better dialogue, plant breeders and laboratory scientists from both the public and private-sectors need to find solutions for the key constraints to crop production, many of which center around abiotic and biotic stresses. The revolution in plant genomics has opened up new perspectives and opportunities for plant breeders who can now apply molecular markers to assess and enhance diversity in their germplasm collections, to introgress valuable traits from new sources, and to identify genes that control key traits. Functional genomics is also providing another powerful route to the identification of such genes. The ability to introgress beneficial genes under the control of specific promoters through transgenic approaches is yet one more stepping stone in the path to targeted approaches to crop improvement, and the new sciences have identified a vast array of genes that have exciting potential for crop improvement. For a few crops with viable markets, such as maize and cotton, some of the traits developed by the private sector are already showing benefits for farmers of the developing world, but the public sector will need to develop new skills and overcome a number of hurdles to carry out similar efforts for other crops and traits useful to very poor farmers.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2007

Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China.

An assemblage of charred plant remains collected from 26 sites in the Yiluo valley of North China as part of an archaeological survey spans the period from the sixth millennium to 1300 calibrated calendrical years (cal) B.C. The plant remains document a long sequence of crops, weeds, and other plants in the country. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of sediment sampling as part of an archaeological survey. Ten accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates on crop remains inform an assessment of the sequence of agricultural development in the region. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica subsp. italica) was grown during the Early Neolithic period and was the principal crop for at least four millennia. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) was significantly less important throughout the sequence. Rice (Oryza sativa) was introduced by 3000 cal B.C. but apparently was not an important local crop. Wheat became a significant crop between 1600 and 1300 cal B.C. The weed flora diversified through time and were dominated by annual grasses, some of which were probably fodder for domesticated animals. The North China farming tradition that emphasized dry crops (millets, wheat, and legumes) with some rice appears to have been established at the latest by the Early Shang (Erligang; 1600-1300 B.C.) period.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1980

[Nitrate accumulation and leaching in a Mediterranean horticultural soil].

The town of Hyères (South of France) pumps its drinking water from alluvial ground-water. The influence of the surrounding horticultural activities on the nitrate-nitrogen content of this water has been assessed. 50 ha were studied, 25 cultivated with artichokes, 15 with various seasonal horticultural crops, and 10 with vine, peach-tree and alfalfa. The soil is silty, calcareous and deeper than 3,5 m. From June to December 1979 the nitrate-nitrogen distribution in the first 2 meters of soil was measured in 100 locations. Results show that NO3-N may be found in a great excess under intensive cropping, especially artichokes and peach trees, and so nitrogen leaching may be quite important if the water drains down into the subsoil. Nevertheless cutting off nitrogen losses from the 50 ha projected area would have only negligible consequences on the average quality of pumped water. That is why an help for the agricultural development organisations to promote more efficient use of fertilization over the whole watershed is prefered to very restrictive rules localized in a small area.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Stream communities along a catchment land-use gradient: subsidy-stress responses to pastoral development.

When native grassland catchments are converted to pasture, the main effects on stream physicochemistry are usually related to increased nutrient concentrations and fine-sediment input. We predicted that increasing nutrient concentrations would produce a subsidy-stress response (where several ecological metrics first increase and then decrease at higher concentrations) and that increasing sediment cover of the streambed would produce a linear decline in stream health. We predicted that the net effect of agricultural development, estimated as percentage pastoral land cover, would have a nonlinear subsidy-stress or threshold pattern. In our suite of 21 New Zealand streams, epilithic algal biomass and invertebrate density and biomass were higher in catchments with a higher proportion of pastoral land cover, responding mainly to increased nutrient concentration. Invertebrate species richness had a linear, negative relationship with fine-sediment cover but was unrelated to nutrients or pastoral land cover. In accord with our predictions, several invertebrate stream health metrics (Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera density and richness, New Zealand Macroinvertebrate Community Index, and percent abundance of noninsect taxa) had nonlinear relationships with pastoral land cover and nutrients. Most invertebrate health metrics usually had linear negative relationships with fine-sediment cover. In this region, stream health, as indicated by macroinvertebrates, primarily followed a subsidy-stress pattern with increasing pastoral development; management of these streams should focus on limiting development beyond the point where negative effects are seen.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Minimum application rates for high-yielding rice production system in the Taihu Lake region as a field measure for controlling N and P agricultural loading].

Excess application with the poor efficiency of fertilizers is one of the major problems confronting the sustainable agricultural development. Whereas, loss of N and P nutrients from farmlands to surface waters is considered as one of the major sources inducing eutrophication. In order to work out a minimum fertilizer application rate for both keeping conventional yield and reducing nutrient loading of non point source pollution, an experiment of formulated fertilization scheme on rice at different rates and nutrient ratios by incorporating the soil supply potential was conducted in a paddy soil Wunitu in Kunshan City, Suzhou. The soil nutrient can supply a yield at 6.75 t/hm2 at least for one cropping season. Among the fertilization treatments, a maximum yield of 9.79 t/hm2 was obtained at fertilization (N + P) rate of 300 kg/hm2kg N and P at a ratio of N to P being 3:2 or 1:1. However, with much lower fertilization (N + P) rate at 240 kg/hm2 with the same ratio a high yield of 9.69 t/hm2 was reached. The fertilizer efficiency of the later was 3 times as that of the former rate. Thus, a economical and environmentally sound mode of fertilization in such paddy soils as total N and P 240 kg/hm2, with N:P:Kratio being 3:2:0 or 1:1:0 was developed. Further study would be directed to a innovation of combination of reducing fertilization rate with rotated fertilization for alternative crops.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed1971

American leishmaniasis.

The origin of leishmaniasis in the New World is discussed, and the numerous forms of the disease are briefly described. The epidemological pattern of American leishmaniasis is clearly that of a zoonosis in various stages of development. Nine geographical types of cutaneous leishmaniasis are recognized, and probably others exist also; the visceral disease is of the well known Mediterranean type and of a uniform type throughout the Americas. The prevalence of human infection in the different regions is discussed with particular reference to the animal reservoirs. Disturbances of the terrain for agricultural development, road construction, etc., lead to epidemics and there is some evidence that the disease is now spreading in Latin America.

Animals↗