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PubMed1976

False-positive reactions of cerebrospinal fluid and diluted sera with the coccidioidal latex-agglutination test.

Most samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 49 patients with or without coccidioidomycosis yielded positive agglutination with the Hyland ("CM") latex-particle agglutination test. Furthermore, simple dilution of sera from patients with or without coccidioidomycosis yielded a strong agglutination reaction with the latex particle agglutination test reagent. These reactions were found with three lots of the latex-particle agglutination test reagent. One lot latex particles was found to give agglutination reactions merely by addition of saline solution or water, though a second lot did not. It is advisable, therefore, that the latex-particle agglutination test not be applied to cerebrospinal fluid, and that it be applied cautiously, particularly with diluted sera.

Coccidioidomycosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum antigen by co-agglutination test and ELISA.

Confirmation of the presence of Cryptosporidium in environmental samples is laborious, costly and often difficult. We report here a simple and economic slide agglutination test (co-agglutination test) for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in stool, serum and water. The results show that as a screening method co-agglutination is clearly superior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, although ELISA is more accurate. The co-agglutination test is recommended for application as a new tool for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in large-scale epidemiological surveys.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Automatic and manual latex agglutination tests for measurement of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.

Automated and manual latex agglutination methods were employed to measure cholera toxin (CT), heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli, and their subunits A and B. Dow polystyrene latex particles (diameter, 0.22 microns) and polystyrene-chlorostyrene latex particles (diameter, 1 micron) were sensitized by rabbit-specific immunoglobulin for each antigen and used as the reagents of the automated and manual agglutination tests, respectively. Automated agglutination was performed by a nephelometric assay system measuring time-dependent differences of light scattering due to agglutination, and manual latex agglutination was carried out in microtiter plates. As low as 1,000 and 31 pg of CT per ml were estimated by the automated and manual agglutination tests, respectively. Using these methods, the amount of CT and LT was measured in several clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae and E. coli. Furthermore, it was discovered that cyclic AMP is not essential for the production of CT by measuring the amount of the toxin in numbers of cyclic AMP-dependent mutants of V. cholerae (with the agglutination tests).

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMed1983

[Evaluation of a new latex agglutination test for identification of staphylococcus aureus].

286 clinical isolates of staphylococci and 19 Micrococcus spp. were tested in a new latex agglutinating test to detect bound coagulase and protein A simultaneously. Coagulase-positive strains of staphylococci (n = 119) were all found to be latex-positive. Negative latex agglutination test results were obtained with 154 out of 167 coagulase-negative strains, the other 13 (7.8%) strains gave positive latex tests. Furthermore 3 out of 19 Micrococcus strains yielded positive agglutinating results. According to the results presented a negative latex test allows a rapid exclusion of S. aureus. A positive latex test requires the determination of further typical characteristics to differentiate among the staphylococcal isolates.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A microtiter agglutination test for anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys.

A microtiter agglutination test (MTA) was developed for assaying anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys vaccinated with live avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain. Safranine-O was incorporated with the decapsulated P. multocida antigen and greaterly enhanced the visibility of the sedimented free antigen, which formed a compact red button on the bottom of the well. The advantages of the MTA test over the tube agglutination test were that: 1) less antigen and serum were required; 2) delineation of the end point was improved by staining the antigen with safranine-O; and 3) less labor was required.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Single-tube mixed agglutination test for the detection of staphylococcal protein A.

A simple, rapid mixed agglutination test using sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with rabbit hemolysin and intact viable staphylococci is described for the detection of bound staphylococcal protein A. Soluble protein A was heat extracted from 50 clinical isolates as well as the Cowan I and Wood 46 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and titered by a hemagglutination test using sensitized SRBC and dilutions of soluble protein A. Protein A could be detected in all of these supernatants including that of S. aureus Wood 46, a strain generally considered to be protein A negative. These organisms were later retested by the mixed agglutination test and even those staphylococcal isolates expressing very low heat-extractable soluble protein A concentrations (1:2 titers) were positive, confirming the sensitivity of the test. In a screen of clinical isolates, only 4 of 235 (1.8%) coagulase-positive isolates were negative in the mixed agglutination test. Of 25 coagulase-negative isolates, none yielded a positive reaction.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a batch-processed, passive latex agglutination test for cytomegalovirus.

BACKGROUND: The passive latex agglutination test is commonly used for the identification of cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM antibodies. This test is used because of its sensitivity, specificity, speed, and ease of performance, but it is unsuitable for large numbers of samples or for batch processing. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To solve this problem, comparative studies to assess the cytomegalovirus passive latex agglutination test on microtiter plates were done with a new photometric particle agglutination method (PPAM) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a control. RESULTS: A total of 3430 sera were tested using both the PPAM and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A high degree (97.6%) of correspondence between the results of the tests was observed. The new PPAM was easier and faster to use (96 wells in 25 min). CONCLUSION: These results, as well as the possibility of adapting this method to a fully automated system, suggest that the PPAM could be an important contribution to the field of infection serology.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal.

The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) remains difficult in rural endemic areas and practical and reliable tests are badly needed. Two serological tests, the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test, were compared to parasitological diagnosis in a group of 184 patients presenting at a tertiary care centre in south-eastern Nepal with a history of fever > or = 14 days and splenomegaly; 139 patients had a parasitologically proven kala-azar and 45 patients had a negative parasitological work-up. The rK39 dipstick showed a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 71%. The DAT was up to 99% sensitive with a low cut-off titre (1:400) but its specificity did not exceed 82% even with a high cut-off titre (1:51 200). Both tests could be used for screening suspect patients in endemic areas. However, their use as confirmatory tests should be restricted to situations where the proportion of kala-azar among clinical suspect patients is high. The rK39 dipstick is cheaper and easier to use than the DAT and could be used widely provided that both its performance and production remain stable.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical and epidemiological features of leptospirosis in Bolívar state, Venezuela. Comparison of diagnostic methods: LEPTO-Dipstick and plaque macroscopic agglutination test].

Leptospirosis is caused by numerous serovars of Leptospira interrogans. The infection is acquired through the contact of softened skin, mucous and conjunctive with the urine of animals and humans infected by animal carriers. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of leptospirosis in Bolívar state Venezuela and to compare the sensibility and specificity of the LEPTO-Dipstick, with the test of macroscopic agglutination in plate with the termorresistent antigen (TR). Thirty one sample of serums were processed of patients with leptospirosis clinic, admitted in the Hospital Universitario "Ruiz y Páez" of Ciudad Bolívar during 12 months. Detection IgM antibodies of anti-Leptospiras was carried out by means of LEPTO-Dipstick and antigen TR. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was also, carried out. The general prevalence of leptospirosis in patients who attended the "Ruiz y Paez" Hospital was of 80.6% (n = 25) by means of the determination of the termorresistent antigen. The most frequent serovars identified in Bolívar State, were the serovars: icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni (21.3%), autummalis and australis (12.8%). TR antigen and LEPTO Dipstick had a sensibility of 80% and a specificity of 25%. The agreement between both methods was null (Kappa: -0.2). Bolívar state has a high leptospirosis prevalence and the infection should be discarded in those patients with long-term fever and risk factors for the illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A novel agglutination test for the human immunodeficiency virus antibody: a comparative study with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence.

A new serological test, the gelatin particle agglutination (PA) test, was developed for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The sensitivity of the PA test was the same as that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among 761 US and Japanese sera tested. However, false-positive cases were found in 1.2% of all sera in ELISA but in 0% in the PA test (P less than 0.05). There was 100% agreement of seropositivity between PA and a confirmatory indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test. In addition, the agglutination test was reproducible. Thus, the test should be useful for the mass screening of anti-HIV antibody in blood donors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation in Papua New Guinea of a urine coagglutination test and a Widal slide agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever.

Two simple rapid tests for the laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever were evaluated, a coagglutination test for detecting Salmonella typhi antigens in urine and a Widal slide agglutination for detecting serum antibodies. Ninety-two culture-confirmed typhoid cases were compared with 64 non-typhoid fever patients, 50 close contacts of typhoid patients, 30 vaccinated staff and 72 healthy community members. A strong urine Vi coagglutination was found to be 86.5% sensitive and 91.8% specific for typhoid, but was not always easy to read. The slide Widal H was found to be 99% sensitive and 95% specific whereas the slide Widal O was 98% sensitive and 98% specific. These data suggest that a single slide Widal O, at a reciprocal titre of 40, is the most suitable rapid test for the diagnosis of typhoid in a population with low typhoid antibody levels in the community, few other cross-reacting Salmonella infections, and a tendency for patients to present late in the infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of new agglutination test for identification of oxacillin-susceptible and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

A new agglutination test (Monostaph +; Bionor, Skien, Norway) has been developed. This new agglutination test has been compared with two other agglutination tests for the identification of 128 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 82 coagulase-negative staphylococci. The sensitivities of both Monostaph + and Pastorex Staph-Plus were excellent (98.7 and 97.4%, respectively) in detection of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The specificity was 96.4% (two Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates and one Staphylococcus hominis isolate were false positive).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1991

Immunoclinical correlation in diabetes mellitus. A preliminary report on the lectin-agglutination test.

Twenty cases with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied and compared with a control group with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and another group of nondiabetic healthy persons. Lymphocytes of each group were tested for agglutination with three sets of lectins: concavalin A (ConA), soyabean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA). SBA test, being highly positive in IDDM and persistently negative in NIDDM, is the most significant of the three tests for differentiating between the two types of diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gelatin particle indirect agglutination test for mass examination for strongyloidiasis.

An indirect agglutination test using recently developed gelatin particles was assessed to determine its applicability as a screening test for mass examination for strongyloidiasis. 1199 individuals in Sashiki Town, Okinawa Island, were screened by the test and 34.7% were determined to be antibody positive. Follow-up examination of the persons whose sera showed positive antibody responses demonstrated the presence of faecal larvae in 41.7%. The calculated infection rate (14.5%) was similar (14.1%) to that indicated by another survey using the micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA), conducted simultaneously among the inhabitants. The indirect agglutination test was simple to perform in a short time and without specialized equipment. Additionally, the gelatin particles have many advantages as an antigen carrier, e.g. in handling, reading of the resulting pattern, and stable, long-term preservation. The test was considered to be more convenient than the micro-ELISA for mass screening for strongyloidiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Application of the mixed cell agglutination test for cell surface antigens to renal cell carcinoma.

The mixed cell agglutination test is used to demonstrate the presence or absence of the A, B and H(O) blood group antigens on the surface of superficial bladder tumors. Absence of these antigens has been shown to correlate well with invasive disease. Therefore, the test has an important prognostic value in bladder cancer. To determine its clinical value in patients with renal cell carcinoma the mixed cell agglutination test was done on unstained sections of tumor from 42 patients for whom followup was available. Red cell adherence was determined independently by each of us and without knowledge of the clinical status of the patients. Only 3 tumors were graded negative, while 14 were each 2 and 3 plus, and 11 were 4 plus. Tumor stage and patient blood type did not correlate with the degree of agglutination. Over-all survival did correlate significantly with 4 plus agglutination (p less than 0.041) as did 1 and 5-year survival (p less than 0.049 and 0.046, respectively). All 11 patients whose tumors had 4 plus reactions are alive, with a median followup of 5.0 years. Currently, there is little to offer the patient who has metastatic disease or is at high risk for its development after nephrectomy. Our preliminary report suggests some degree of accuracy in predicting the latter group by excluding those at low risk. Further studies would seem warranted so that the mixed cell agglutination test might be applied when better adjuvant therapy is discovered.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1988

New rapid latex agglutination test for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection.

A newly developed latex agglutination test for Trichomonas vaginalis infection was compared for sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and positive and negative predictive values with microscopy, culture, and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of 395 women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. T vaginalis infection was diagnosed in 42 (11%) women. The sensitivities of both the latex agglutination test and the ELISA were 95% compared with 74% for microscopy and 76% for culture. The latex test was specific and showed no cross reaction with a wide range of other genital tract infections. The latex agglutination test can detect antigen in both soluble and insoluble forms, and as it is simple to perform, can be undertaken during routine examination without recourse to special equipment or training. Further evaluation is required.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed2001

A Shared noncapsular antigen is responsible for false-positive reactions by Staphylococcus epidermidis in commercial agglutination tests for Staphylococcus aureus.

Many of the commercial slide agglutination tests for Staphylococcus aureus incorporate antibodies against cell surface antigens associated with methicillin resistance, including capsular polysaccharides and an uncharacterized antigen, serotype 18. These tests are more sensitive than the first-generation agglutination procedures that detected only bound coagulase and protein A, but they suffer from false-positive reactions with some coagulase-negative staphylococci. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism for false-positive agglutination by S. epidermidis in these tests. A group of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, including a serotype 18 strain, that were not detectable in the first-generation tests were found to be of capsular polysaccharide type 8. All of these isolates were deficient in bound coagulase and/or protein A, and they possessed a heat-stable, proteinaceous antigen that was absent from a prototype capsule type 8 strain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agarose gel immunodiffusion experiments demonstrated that this proteinaceous antigen was also present on both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis clinical isolates. S. epidermidis strains that gave false-positive agglutination test results had a considerably higher level of this antigen than strains that gave the correct negative result. These findings reveal the importance of the careful selection of MRSA strains for raising anti-capsular type 8 antibodies for use in agglutination tests. Strains devoid of the antigen shared with S. epidermidis should be used to eliminate potential cross-reactions with this coagulase-negative coccus.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

Feasibility of Helicobacter pylori identification by a slide agglutination test.

Culture isolation and identification of Helicobacter pylori represents a considerable work load in clinical microbiology. The aim of this study was to test if antibody-mediated bacterial agglutination could be used for rapid identification of H. pylori. Rabbit antiserum against H. pylori strain I and against another strain, H. pylori 330, which was very weakly agglutinated (1+) by anti-H. pylori I serum, were mixed and used in a slide agglutination test. Of 107 consecutive clinical isolates tested, 101 (94%) strains showed 2+ or 3+ reaction using the antiserum mixture, whereas 6 (6%) strains could not be evaluated owing to autoagglutinability. Bacteria of a variety of other species, including Campylobacter spp., showed no agglutination with the antiserum mixture. The results support the notion that reliable identification of the majority of cultured H. pylori strains should be possible in less than 3 min by agglutination testing.

Agglutination Tests↗